Sisymbrium altissimum

• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Brassicaceae

Herbs annual , biennial, or perennial , sometimes subshrubs or shrubs , with a pungent , watery juice. Eglandular trichomes unicellular, simple , stalked or sessile, 2- to many forked , stellate , dendritic , or malpighiaceous (medifixed , bifid, appressed ), rarely peltate and scalelike; glandular trichomes multicellular, with uniseriate or multiseriate stalk . Stems erect , ascending , or prostrate , sometimes absent. Leaves exstipulate , simple, entire or variously pinnately dissected , rarely trifoliolate or pinnately, palmately, or bipinnately compound ; basal leaf rosette present or absent; cauline leaves almost always alternate, rarely opposite or whorled , petiolate or sessile, sometimes absent. Inflorescence bracteate or ebracteate racemes , corymbs, or panicles, sometimes flowers solitary on long pedicels originating from axils of rosette leaves . Flowers hypogynous, mostly actinomorphic . Sepals 4, in 2 decussate pairs, free or rarely united , not saccate or lateral (inner) pair saccate. Petals 4, alternate with sepals, arranged in the form of a cross (cruciform ; hence the earlier family name Cruciferae), rarely rudimentary or absent. Stamens 6, in 2 whorls, tetradynamous (lateral (outer) pair shorter than median (inner) 2 pairs), rarely equal or in 3 pairs of unequal length , sometimes stamens 2 or 4, very rarely 8-24; filaments slender, winged , or appendaged, median pairs free or rarely united; anthers dithecal , dehiscing by longitudinal slits. Pollen grains 3-colpate, trinucleate . Nectar glands receptacular , highly diversified in number, shape , size, and disposition around base of filaments, always present opposite bases of lateral filaments, median glands present or absent. Pistil 2-carpelled; ovary superior, sessile or borne on a distinct gynophore , mostly 2-locular and with a false septum connecting 2 placentae; placentation parietal , rarely apical; ovules anatropous or campylotropous, bitegmic, 1 to many per locule. Fruit typically a 2-valved capsule, generally termed silique (siliqua) when length 3 × or more than width , or silicle (silicula) when length less than 3 × width, dehiscent or indehiscent, sometimes schizocarpic, nutletlike, lomentaceous , or samaroid , segmented or not, terete , angled , or flattened parallel to septum (latiseptate ) or at a right angle to septum (angustiseptate) ; valves 2(or 3-6) ; replum (persistent placenta) rounded , rarely flattened or winged; septum complete, perforated, reduced to a rim , or lacking; style 1, distinct, obsolete , or absent; stigma capitate or conical , entire or 2-lobed, sometimes lobes decurrent and free or connate . Seeds without endosperm, uniseriately or biseriately arranged in each locule, aseriate when 1, winged or wingless, mucilaginous or not when wetted; cotyledons incumbent (embryo notorrhizal: radicle lying along back of 1 cotyledon), accumbent (embryo pleurorrhizal: radicle applied to margins of both cotyledons), or conduplicate (embryo orthoplocal: cotyledons folded longitudinally around radicle), rarely spirally coiled (embryo spirolobal) . Germination epigeal.

About 330 genera and 3500 species: all continents except Antarctica, mainly in temperate areas, with highest diversity in Irano-Turanian, Mediterranean, and W North American regions; 102 genera (eight endemic) and 412 species (115 endemic) in China.

Because of lack of a comprehensive classification based on phylogenetic relationships among genera, and in order to facilitate direct comparison between the accounts in FOC and FRPS, the sequence of genera follows Schulz (Nat. Pflanzenfam. 17b: 227-658. 1936) . However, it should be emphasized that his system is largely artificial because he placed closely related genera in different tribes and remotely related genera in the same tribe. For example, Arabis, Aubrieta, Draba, and Macropodium, which are very closely related on the basis of recent molecular studies, were placed by Schulz in four different tribes, whereas the unrelated Capsella, Lepidium, and Thlaspi were placed in one tribe. The delimitation of genera is often difficult, and mature fruits are needed for reliable identification.

The Brassicaceae include many important crop plants that are grown as vegetables (Brassica, Nasturtium, Raphanus) and sources of vegetable oils (Brassica) and condiments (Armoracia, Brassica, Eutrema, Sinapis) . Oils of Brassica probably rank first in terms of tonnage of the world's production of edible oils. The family includes many ornamentals in the genera Erysimum, Iberis Linnaeus, Lobularia, Malcolmia, and Matthiola. Of these, only Lobularia maritima has become naturalized in China. The family also includes more than 120 species of weeds . Arabidopsis thaliana, which is naturalized in China, has become the model organism in many fields of experimental biology .

The delimitation of genera in the Brassicaceae is often difficult because of the frequent independent evolution of what appear to be similar character states , the variability of a given character in one genus and its fixture in another, and the inadequate sampling of material by most authors . Fruit characters are essential in the identification of genera. However, a key emphasizing flowering material is given in addition to the one emphasizing fruit. The most reliable determination of genera can be achieved when the material has both fruit and flowers and when both keys are successfully used to reach the same genus.

The types of cotyledonary position, which in reality is the position of the radicle in relation to the cotyledons (e.g. , radicle accumbent, incumbent, or conduplicate, though radicle referred to as "cotyledon" throughout) are important in the separation of many genera, and a cross section of the seed provides the easiest and simplest way of determining that position. The exact number of ovules per ovary can easily be determined from the fruit because aborted ovules persist through fruit dehiscence. However, it is more laborious to determine the ovule number from pistils and young fruit.[1]

Subfamily Faboideae

Mostly herbs, shrubs , or trees . Leaves pinnate or palmate to trifoliolate or apparently simple . Corolla usually, showy, zygomorphic, the petals imbricate, posterior (upper or banner ) petal outermost in bud. Stamens 10 or 9 + 1 (diadelphous ), not showy. Pollen released in monads . Seeds with u-shaped line (pleurogram) lacking. [Carr]

Genus Sisymbrium

Herbs annual , biennial, or perennial , rarely subshrubs . Trichomes absent or simple . Stems erect , rarely prostrate or decumbent , often branched apically. Basal leaves petiolate , rosulate or not, simple, entire or variously pinnately dissected . Cauline leaves petiolate or sessile, often similar to basal. Racemes ebracteate or rarely bracteate , often elongated considerably in fruit. Fruiting pedicels slender or thickened and nearly as wide as fruit. Sepals ovate or oblong , erect or spreading , base of lateral pair sometimes subsaccate. Petals yellow, white, pink, or purple, obovate , spatulate , oblong, or suborbicular , apex obtuse or emarginate ; claw often subequaling or longer than sepals. Stamens 6, tetradynamous ; filaments not dilated at base; anthers oblong, obtuse at apex. Nectar glands confluent and subtending bases of all stamens; median glands present. Ovules 6-160 per ovary. Fruit dehiscent siliques, linear or rarely lanceolate or subulate , terete or rarely slightly latiseptate ; valves papery to subleathery, with a prominent midvein and 2 conspicuous marginal veins, smooth or torulose ; replum rounded ; septum complete , membranous or rarely thickened, translucent or opaque , veinless or with a midvein; style cylindric , conical , or clavate , persistent , rarely obsolete ; stigma capitate, 2-lobed, lobes not decurrent. Seeds uniseriate , wingless, oblong or ovate, plump; seed coat reticulate or papillate , not mucilaginous when wetted; cotyledons incumbent or obliquely so.

About 40 species: N Africa, Asia, Europe, a few species in S Africa and the New World; ten species (one endemic, one introduced ) in China.[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Roadsides, fields , pastures, waste grounds , disturbed sites, grasslands; sea level to 2500 m [3].

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 4,653 meters (0 to 15,266 feet).[4]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Annual , Biennial

Growth

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full sun .

Taxonomy

Unambiguous Synonyms

1. Crucifera altissima (L.) E. H. L. Krause
2. Hesperis altissima (L.) Kuntze
3. Lenormandia pulchella (Borrer) A. Massal. 1856
4. Normandina jungermanniae Nyl. 1885
5. Norta altissima (L.) Britton
6. Verrucaria pulchella Borrer 1831

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication : Sp. pl. 2:659. 1753

Name verified on 15-May-1992 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 15-Nov-1998

Similar Species

Members of the genus Sisymbrium

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 316 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

S. abyssinicum · S. acre · S. aculeolatum · S. acutangulum · S. adpressum · S. afghanicum · S. album · S. alliaceum · S. alliaria · S. allioni · S. alpinum · S. altissimum (Tall Hedge-Mustard) · S. amarum · S. ambiguam · S. ameghinoi · S. amphibium · S. amphibium L. var. palustre L. · S. amplexicaule · S. anceps · S. andinum · S. angustifolium · S. anomalum · S. apetalum · S. aquaticum · S. arabidoides · S. arenosum · S. arequipanum · S. arnottianum · S. arundanum · S. asperum · S. assoanum · S. atrovirens · S. aureum · S. auriculatum (Sisymbrium Auriculatum) · S. austriacum (Jeweled Rocket) · S. austriacum chrysanthum · S. balearicum · S. barbarea · S. barbareae · S. barbareaefolium · S. barrelieri · S. berningeri · S. bilobum · S. binerve · S. blennodia · S. boryi · S. bourgaeanum · S. bourgeanum · S. brachycarpon · S. brachycarpum · S. brachycarpum brachycarpa · S. brassicaeforme · S. brassiciforme · S. brevicaule · S. brevipes · S. burchellii · S. bursifolium · S. californicum · S. canescens · S. capense · S. cardaminoides · S. castellanosii · S. catholicum · S. cavanillesianum · S. cheiranthoides · S. choiquense · S. chrysanthum · S. cinereum · S. columnae · S. commune · S. confertum · S. contortum · S. contortuplicatum · S. corniculatum · S. coronopifolium · S. corymbosum · S. costei · S. coulteri · S. crassifoium · S. crassifolium · S. crassifolium crassifolium · S. crenatum · S. cumingianum · S. curvisiliqua · S. daghestanicum · S. damascenum · S. decipiens · S. deflexum · S. densiflora · S. dentatum · S. diffusum · S. dinteri · S. dissitiflorum · S. doumetianum · S. dubium · S. effusum · S. ekmanii · S. elatum · S. elegans · S. elongatum (Elongated Mustard)

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Further Reading

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Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 18, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 42 providers.
• "Sisymbrium altissimum". in Flora of China Vol. 8 Page 179. Published by Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 29, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 18, 2007:

• Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Bishop Museum Natural History Specimen Data
• Biologiezentrum der Oberoesterreichischen Landesmuseen, Biologiezentrum Linz
• Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem, GEO Biodiversity Day
• Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Herbarium Willing
• Comisión nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad, Herbario del Instituto de Ecología, A.C., México
• Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien, Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien
• Jyväskylä University Museum - The Section of Natural Sciences, Vascular plant collection of Jyvaskyla University Museum
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plant Herbarium, Oslo
• Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plants, Field notes, Oslo
• Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
• School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, The Deaver Herbarium, Northern Arizona University
• Steiermärkisches Landesmuseum Joanneum - Herbarium GJO, Herbarium GJO
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Botany
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Herbarium of Oskarshamn
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Lund Botanical Museum
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Plants
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
• University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium
• University of Alaska Museum of the North, University of Alaska Museum of the North Herbarium
• Utah Valley State College
• , Utah Valley State College Herbarium

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2648902
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-23312
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13805040
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:94259-3
• GRIN Nomen Number: 34451
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 23312
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: NOAL3
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 51864

Footnotes

1. Tai-yien Cheo, Lianli Lu, Guang Yang, Ihsan Al-Shehbaz & Vladimir Dorofeev "Brassicaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 8 Page 1. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. "Sisymbrium". in Flora of China Vol. 8 Page 177. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. "Sisymbrium altissimum". in Flora of China Vol. 8 Page 179. Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
4. Mean = 196.520 meters (644.751 feet), Standard Deviation = 374.260 based on 5,002 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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