• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• Bibliography
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• Notes

Common Names

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Description

Family Brassicaceae

Herbs annual , biennial, or perennial , sometimes subshrubs or shrubs , with a pungent , watery juice. Eglandular trichomes unicellular, simple , stalked or sessile, 2- to many forked , stellate , dendritic , or malpighiaceous (medifixed , bifid, appressed ), rarely peltate and scalelike; glandular trichomes multicellular, with uniseriate or multiseriate stalk . Stems erect , ascending , or prostrate , sometimes absent. Leaves exstipulate , simple, entire or variously pinnately dissected , rarely trifoliolate or pinnately, palmately, or bipinnately compound ; basal leaf rosette present or absent; cauline leaves almost always alternate, rarely opposite or whorled , petiolate or sessile, sometimes absent. Inflorescence bracteate or ebracteate racemes , corymbs, or panicles, sometimes flowers solitary on long pedicels originating from axils of rosette leaves . Flowers hypogynous, mostly actinomorphic . Sepals 4, in 2 decussate pairs, free or rarely united , not saccate or lateral (inner) pair saccate. Petals 4, alternate with sepals, arranged in the form of a cross (cruciform ; hence the earlier family name Cruciferae), rarely rudimentary or absent. Stamens 6, in 2 whorls, tetradynamous (lateral (outer) pair shorter than median (inner) 2 pairs), rarely equal or in 3 pairs of unequal length, sometimes stamens 2 or 4, very rarely 8-24; filaments slender, winged , or appendaged, median pairs free or rarely united; anthers dithecal , dehiscing by longitudinal slits. Pollen grains 3-colpate, trinucleate . Nectar glands receptacular , highly diversified in number, shape , size, and disposition around base of filaments, always present opposite bases of lateral filaments, median glands present or absent. Pistil 2-carpelled; ovary superior, sessile or borne on a distinct gynophore , mostly 2-locular and with a false septum connecting 2 placentae; placentation parietal , rarely apical; ovules anatropous or campylotropous, bitegmic, 1 to many per locule. Fruit typically a 2-valved capsule, generally termed silique (siliqua) when length 3 × or more than width , or silicle (silicula) when length less than 3 × width, dehiscent or indehiscent, sometimes schizocarpic, nutletlike, lomentaceous , or samaroid , segmented or not, terete , angled , or flattened parallel to septum (latiseptate ) or at a right angle to septum (angustiseptate) ; valves 2(or 3-6) ; replum (persistent placenta) rounded , rarely flattened or winged; septum complete, perforated, reduced to a rim , or lacking; style 1, distinct, obsolete , or absent; stigma capitate or conical , entire or 2-lobed, sometimes lobes decurrent and free or connate . Seeds without endosperm, uniseriately or biseriately arranged in each locule, aseriate when 1, winged or wingless, mucilaginous or not when wetted; cotyledons incumbent (embryo notorrhizal: radicle lying along back of 1 cotyledon), accumbent (embryo pleurorrhizal: radicle applied to margins of both cotyledons), or conduplicate (embryo orthoplocal: cotyledons folded longitudinally around radicle), rarely spirally coiled (embryo spirolobal) . Germination epigeal.

About 330 genera and 3500 species: all continents except Antarctica, mainly in temperate areas, with highest diversity in Irano-Turanian, Mediterranean, and W North American regions; 102 genera (eight endemic) and 412 species (115 endemic) in China.

Because of lack of a comprehensive classification based on phylogenetic relationships among genera, and in order to facilitate direct comparison between the accounts in FOC and FRPS, the sequence of genera follows Schulz (Nat. Pflanzenfam. 17b: 227-658. 1936) . However, it should be emphasized that his system is largely artificial because he placed closely related genera in different tribes and remotely related genera in the same tribe. For example, Arabis, Aubrieta, Draba, and Macropodium, which are very closely related on the basis of recent molecular studies, were placed by Schulz in four different tribes, whereas the unrelated Capsella, Lepidium, and Thlaspi were placed in one tribe. The delimitation of genera is often difficult, and mature fruits are needed for reliable identification.

The Brassicaceae include many important crop plants that are grown as vegetables (Brassica, Nasturtium, Raphanus) and sources of vegetable oils (Brassica) and condiments (Armoracia, Brassica, Eutrema, Sinapis) . Oils of Brassica probably rank first in terms of tonnage of the world's production of edible oils. The family includes many ornamentals in the genera Erysimum, Iberis Linnaeus, Lobularia, Malcolmia, and Matthiola. Of these, only Lobularia maritima has become naturalized in China. The family also includes more than 120 species of weeds . Arabidopsis thaliana, which is naturalized in China, has become the model organism in many fields of experimental biology .

The delimitation of genera in the Brassicaceae is often difficult because of the frequent independent evolution of what appear to be similar character states , the variability of a given character in one genus and its fixture in another, and the inadequate sampling of material by most authors . Fruit characters are essential in the identification of genera. However, a key emphasizing flowering material is given in addition to the one emphasizing fruit. The most reliable determination of genera can be achieved when the material has both fruit and flowers and when both keys are successfully used to reach the same genus.

The types of cotyledonary position, which in reality is the position of the radicle in relation to the cotyledons (e.g. , radicle accumbent, incumbent, or conduplicate, though radicle referred to as "cotyledon" throughout) are important in the separation of many genera, and a cross section of the seed provides the easiest and simplest way of determining that position. The exact number of ovules per ovary can easily be determined from the fruit because aborted ovules persist through fruit dehiscence. However, it is more laborious to determine the ovule number from pistils and young fruit.Tai-yien Cheo, Lianli Lu, Guang Yang, Ihsan Al-Shehbaz & Vladimir Dorofeev "Brassicaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 8 Page 1. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.

Genus Sinapis

Herbs annual or rarely perennial . Trichomes absent or simple . Stems erect or ascending , often branched apically, leafy. Basal leaves petiolate , not rosulate, simple, lyrate, pinnatifid , pinnatisect , bipinnatisect or/and dentate . Cauline leaves petiolate or sessile, not auriculate , entire , dentate, or shallowly lobed . Racemes ebracteate , elongated considerably in fruit. Fruiting pedicels slender or thickened, erect, ascending, divaricate , or reflexed . Sepals oblong or linear , spreading or reflexed, not saccate . Petals yellow, spreading; blade obovate , apex obtuse or emarginate ; claw subequaling sepals. Stamens 6, tetradynamous ; anthers oblong, obtuse at apex. Nectar glands 4, distinct ; median pair ovoid ; lateral pair prismatic , flat, or rarely lobed. Ovules 4-20 per ovary. Fruit dehiscent siliques, linear, lanceolate, or oblong, terete , somewhat 4-angled, or latiseptate , sessile, segmented ; valvular segment dehiscent , few to many seeded, longer or shorter than terminal segment, torulose ; valves with 3-7, prominent , longitudinal veins, thin or thick and obscurely veined; terminal segment indehiscent, seedless or 1- or 2-seeded, flattened and ensiform , or terete and conical or subulate , sometimes corky; replum rounded ; septum complete , membranous; style distinct; stigma capitate, 2-lobed. Seeds uniseriate , wingless, globose , plump or rarely slightly flattened; seed coat reticulate , mucilaginous or not when wetted; cotyledons conduplicate .

Seven species: Mediterranean region, especially N Africa; two species in China.Tai-yien Cheo, Lianli Lu, Guang Yang, Ihsan Al-Shehbaz & Vladimir Dorofeev "Sinapis". in Flora of China Vol. 8 Page 22. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.

Physical Description

Habitat

Roadsides, waste places, fields , pastures; 400-1800 m (Ref. 52526).

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,632 meters (0 to 8,635 feet).Mean = 146.560 meters (480.840 feet), Standard Deviation = 199.170 based on 18,897 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre.

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Annual

Growth

Culture: Space 6-9" apart.

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Taxonomy

Unambiguous Synonyms

1. B. kaber (de Candolle) L. C. Wheeler
2. B. sinapistrum Boissier
3. B. xinjiangensis Y. C. Lan & T. Y. Cheo
4. Brassica arvensis (L.) Rabenh.
5. Brassica arvensis (Linnaeus) Rabenhorst
6. Brassica arvensis Rabenh., non L.
7. Brassica kaber (DC.) L.C. Wheeler
8. Brassica kaber var. pinnatifida (Stokes) L.C. Wheeler
9. Brassica kaber var. schkuhriana (Reichenb.) L.C. Wheeler
10. Eruca arvensis
11. Eruca arvensis (L.) Noulet
12. Raphanus arvensis
13. Raphanus arvensis (L.) Crantz
14. Rhamphospermum arvense (L.) Andrz. ex Besser
15. Sinapis kaber de Candolle.

Notes

Publishing author : L.C.Wheeler Publication : Rhodora 40: 308 1938 Basionym author: (Rchb.) Publishing author: L.C.Wheeler Publication: Rhodora 40: 308 1938 Basionym author: (Stokes) Publishing author: L.C.Wheeler Publication: Rhodora 40: 306 1938 Basionym author: (DC.) Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication: Sp. pl. 2:668. 1753

Name verified on 15-May-1992 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 09-Jan-1998

Similar Species

Members of the genus Sinapis

There are approximately 148 species in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

S. abyssinica · S. adpressa · S. alba (White Mustard) · S. alba 'Caralba' · S. alba 'Cargold' · S. alba 'Carnaval' · S. alba 'Esprit' · S. alba 'Medicus' · S. alba 'Sunshine' · S. alba alba · S. alba mairei · S. allionii · S. alpina · S. amplexicaulis · S. angustifolia · S. aphanoneura · S. apula · S. aristidis · S. arvenis · S. arvensis (Canola) · S. arvensis f. orientalis · S. arvensis subsp. allionii · S. arvensis var. orientalis · S. arvensis var. pinnatifida · S. arvensis var. schkuhriana · S. arvensis var. stricta · S. arvernensis · S. assurgens · S. aucheri · S. auriculata · S. baetica · S. benghalensis · S. bipinnata · S. boivinii · S. bracteata · S. bracteolata · S. brassica · S. brassicata · S. burmanni · S. campestris · S. candollei · S. caspica · S. cernua · S. cheiranthus · S. chelidonifolia · S. chinensis · S. choulettiana · S. circinnata · S. communis · S. corbariensis · S. crassifolia · S. cuneifolia · S. dichotoma · S. dissecta · S. divaricata · S. elongata · S. eruca · S. erucastrum · S. erucoides · S. erysimoides · S. flexuosa · S. foliosa · S. frutescens · S. geniculata · S. glauca · S. gorraea · S. harra · S. hastata · S. heterophylla · S. hispanica · S. hispida · S. indurata · S. inflexa · S. integrifolia · S. japonica · S. kaber · S. laevigata · S. lanceolata · S. leptopetala · S. longirostris · S. mairei · S. maritima · S. mesopotamica · S. millefolia · S. monensis · S. montana · S. muralis · S. napus · S. nasturtiifolia · S. nudicaulis · S. nuttalliana · S. obtusangula · S. oleracea · S. oliveriana · S. orgyalis · S. orientalis · S. oxyrrhina · S. paniculata ·