Overview
Interesting Facts
Common Names
Click on the language to view common names.
Common Names in Chinese:
Zhu Tou Cao, Zhu Ye Cao, Zong Mao, Zong Ye Cao, Zong Ye Gou Wei Cao
Common Names in Creoles and Pidgins, French:
Kru Belong Grass
Common Names in English:
Broadleaved Bristlegrass, Hailans Pitpit, Highland Pitpit, Malaysian Palm Grass, Palm Grass, Palmgrass, Short Pitpit
Common Names in Japanese:
Sasa Kibi
Common Names in Malay:
Lintabung (Indonesia), Rumput Daun Pisang
Common Names in Thai:
Ya Kap Phai
Description
Genus Setaria
Annuals
or perennials
. Culms
usually tufted
, slender to robust
or canelike. Leaf blades
linear
to lanceolate, sometimes plicate
or narrowed to a false petiole
; ligule ciliate
from a membranous base
. Inflorescence a panicle, dense and spikelike or open with the spikelets
contracted
around the primary
branches; spikelets (or some of them) subtended by one to several bristles
which persist on the branches after the spikelets fall
. Spikelets elliptic
, plano-convex
, sometimes gibbous
, awnless, florets
2; glumes
and lower lemma membranous to herbaceous; lower glume ovate from a clasping
base, usually less than 1/2 spikelet length, 3-5-veined; upper glume half as long to equaling spikelet, several-veined; lower floret staminate
or neuter
, sometimes sulcate
, its palea present, reduced or absent; upper lemma crustaceous, strongly convex
, rugose
, punctate
or smooth
, margins
inrolled
. x = 9.
About 130 species: tropics and subtropics, extending to warm-temperate regions of the world; 14 species (three endemic, one introduced
) in China.
The bristles in the inflorescence represent modified branchlets
. The genus includes pasture grasses, a cereal crop
, and a few noxious weeds
.[1]
Physical Description
Species Setaria palmifolia
Perennial
from a short knotty rhizome. Culms
erect
or slightly geniculate
,
75-200 cm tall, 3-7(-10) mm in diam. Leaf sheaths
usually sparsely
hispid
, margins
tuberculate-ciliate near ligule, otherwise glabrous
;
leaf blades fusiform-lanceolate, plicate
, 20-60 × 2-7 cm, glabrous
or hispid, narrowed toward base
, apex acuminate; ligule 2-3 mm, ciliate
.
Panicle 20-60 × 2-10 cm, branches up to 20 cm, laxly spreading
,
flexuous
, some spikelets
subtended by a single 5-15 mm bristle
. Spikelets
broadly lanceolate, 3-4 mm, acute; lower glume
triangular-ovate,
1/3-1/2 as long as spikelet, obtuse
to acute; upper glume ovate,
1/2-3/4 as long as spikelet, 5-7-veined, acute; lower lemma neuter
,
often distinctly longer
than upper floret, 5-veined, tipped with
a short incurved
beak
; lower palea narrow, hyaline
, 2/3 as long as
lemma; upper lemma indistinctly rugulose
to almost smooth
, slightly
shiny, apex apiculate
, green and compressed
. Fl.
and fr. Aug-Dec.
2n = 36, 54. [source]
Panicum palmifolium Willdenow ex
Poiret (1816) is a nomen
novum for the illegitimate
later homonym
P. plicatum Willdenow
(1809), not Lamarck (1791), but is itself illegitimate as a later
homonym of P. palmifolium J. König (1788). Both Chaemaeraphis
palmifolia and Chaetochloa palmifolia are based
on P. palmifolium Willdenow ex Poiret, but must be treated
as nomina nova rather than new combinations
. [source]
Habit: Evergreen .
Flowers: Bloom Period: September, October, November. • Flower Color: cream, tan
Size/Age/Growth
Size: 4-6' tall.
Habitat
Open forests , thicket margins , shady pathsides.[2].
Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 3,613 meters (0 to 11,854 feet).[3]
Biology
Growth
Culture: Space 24-36" apart.
Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full sun to partial shade.
Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b, 11. (map)
Taxonomy
- Domain:
Eukaryota
(
)
- Whittaker & Margulis,1978
- eukaryotes
- Kingdom:
Plantae
()
- Haeckel, 1866
- Plants
- Subkingdom:
Viridaeplantae
()
- Cavalier-Smith, 1981
- Phylum:
Tracheophyta
()
- Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998
- Vascular Plants
- Subphylum:
Euphyllophytina
()
- (Auct.) Cavalier-Smith, 1998
- Infraphylum:
Angiospermae
()
- Auct.
- Class:
Spermatopsida
()
- Brongniart, 1843
- Subclass:
Commelinidae
()
- Takhtajan, 1967
- Superorder:
Juncanae
()
- Takhtajan, 1967
- Order:
Poales
()
- Small, 1903
- Family:
Gramineae
()
- A.L. de Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons., nom. alt.
- Subfamily:
Panicoideae
()
- Tribe:
Paniceae
()
- Subtribe:
Setariinae
()
- Genus:
Setaria
()
- Palisot de Beauvois, 1812, nom. cons.
- Five Eyes
- Specific epithet:
palmifolia
- (Koenig) Stapf
- Botanical name: - Setaria palmifolia (Koenig) Stapf
- Specific epithet:
palmifolia
- (Koenig) Stapf
- Genus:
Setaria
(
- Subtribe:
Setariinae
(
- Tribe:
Paniceae
(
- Subfamily:
Panicoideae
(
- Family:
Gramineae
(
- Order:
Poales
(
- Superorder:
Juncanae
(
- Subclass:
Commelinidae
(
- Class:
Spermatopsida
(
- Infraphylum:
Angiospermae
(
- Subphylum:
Euphyllophytina
(
- Phylum:
Tracheophyta
(
- Subkingdom:
Viridaeplantae
(
- Kingdom:
Plantae
(
Synonyms
Chaetochloa palmifolia Hitchcock & Chase; Panicum Neurodes Schultes • Chamaeraphis palmifolia Kuntze • Naturforscher 23: 208. 1788 ["palmaefolium" ;] • P. palmifolium Willdenow ex Poiret (1816) • P. plicatum Willdenow (1809) • Panicum palmifolium J. König • Panicum palmifolium Koenig • Setaria palmifolia auct. non (Koenig) Stapf • Setaria palmifolia< /i> (J. Kã¶nig) Stapf{?}
Notes
Name
Status: Accepted Name
.
Last scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000
Similar Species
Members of the genus Setaria
ZipcodeZoo has pages for 47 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:
S. adhaerens (Burr Bristlegrass) · S. arizonica (Arizona Bristlegrass) · S. barbata (East Indian Bristlegrass) · S. corrugata (Coastal Bristlegrass) · S. faberi (Chinese Foxtail) · S. faberii (Faber´s Bristlegrass) · S. firmula (Knot Grass) · S. glauca sensu (Yellow Bristlegrass) · S. grisebachii (Grisebach Bristlegrass) · S. italica (Foxtail Bristlegrass) · S. italica var. italica (Foxtail Bristlegrass) · S. italica var. maxima (Tall Foxtail Millet) · S. italica viridis (Green Bristle Grass) · S. italica 'Highlander' (Foxtail Millet) · S. italica 'Lime Light Spray' (Foxtail Millet) · S. leucopila (Bristlegrass) · S. liebmannii (Liebmann Bristlegrass) · S. macrosperma (Coral Bristlegrass) · S. magna (Giant Bristlegrass) · S. megaphylla (Bigleaf Bristlegrass) · S. nigrirostris (Black Bristlegrass) · S. palmifolia (Broadleaved Bristlegrass) · S. palmifolia 'Variegata' (Malaysian Palm Grass) · S. parviflora (Knotroot Bristlegrass) · S. plicata (Wrinkle-Leaved Bristlegrass) · S. pradana (Roadside Bristlegrass) · S. pumila (Cattail Grass) · S. pumila pallidifusca (Yellow Bristlegrass) · S. ramiseta (Bristle Panicum) · S. rariflora (Brazilian Bristlegrass) · S. reverchonii (Reverchon Bristlegrass) · S. scheelei (Southwestern Bristlegrass) · S. setosa (West Indian Bristlegrass) · S. setosa var. leiophylla (West Indian Bristlegrass) · S. setosa var. setosa (West Indian Bristlegrass) · S. sphacelata (African Bristlegrass) · S. tenacissima (Tropical Bristlegrass) · S. texana (Texas Bristlegrass) · S. utowanaea (Caribbean Bristlegrass) · S. verticillata (Bristly Foxtail) · S. verticillata var. verticillata (Bristly Foxtail) · S. verticilliformis (Barbed Bristlegrass) · S. villosissima (Hairy Bristlegrass) · S. viridis (Bottle Grass) · S. viridis var. major (Bottle Grass) · S. viridis var. viridis (Green Bristlegrass) · S. vulpiseta (Plains Bristlegrass)
More Info
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- Search for Scholarly Articles: Google Scholar
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- Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books
Further Reading
- A bibliographic enumeration of Bornean plants, by E. D. Merrill. Singapore, Printed by Fraser & Neave, ltd., 1921 url p. 48, p. 48.
- A hand-book to the flora of Ceylon: containing descriptions of all the species of flowering plants indigenous to the island, and notes on their history, distribution, and uses: with an atlas of plates illustrating some of the more inte by Henry Trimen. London: Dulau, 1893-1931. url p. 325.
- An annotated catalogue of types of the University of Illinois mycological collections (ILL) / Urbana: University of Illinois Press, c1997. url p. 211.
- Annales du Jardin botanique de Buitenzorg. 32 1923 Leiden [etc.]: E. J. Brill [etc.] url p. 165, p. 181.
- Botanical publications of E.D. Merrill. [New York, etc., 1899- url p. 48.
- Britton, N. L. (ed.). North American flora. [New York]New York Botanical Garden. url p. 316, p. 318.
- Chloroplast pigments and chromatographic analysis. University Park, Pennsylvania State University[1958] url p. 145.
- Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 45 2003 Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1890- url p. 112, p. 153, p. 155, p. 156, p. 157, p. 158, p. 162, p. 378, p. 384, p. 390, p. 391, p. 397, p. 413, p. 415, p. 415, p. 422, p. 440, p. 573, p. 576, p. 581, p. 582, p. 584, p. 588.
- Emergency food plants and poisonous plants of the islands of the Pacific / [E.D. Merrill] Washington, D.C.: U.S. Govt. Print. Office, 1943. url , p. 142, p. 147, p. 28.
- Flora Vitiensis nova: a new Flora of Fiji (spermatophytes only) / Albert C. Smith. Lawaii, Hawaii: Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, 1979- url p. 350.
- Flora of Japan: in English: combined, much revised and extended translation / by the author of his Flora of Japan (1953) and Flora of Japan, Pteridophyta (1957); edited by Frederick G. Meyer and Egbert H. Walker. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1965. url p. 180.
- Journal of ethnobiology. 8-9 1988-1989 Flagstaff, Ariz.: Center for Western Studies, 1981- url p. 162.
- Manual of the grasses of the United States / by A.S. Hitchcock. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1935. url p. 704, p. 947.
- Manual of vascular plants of the lower Yangtze Valley, China. Corvallis, Oregon State College[1958] url p. 473.
- Phytologia. Bronx Park, New York, H.A. Gleason and H.N. Moldenke, url p. 118, p. 247.
- Taxonomy of Setaria (Gramineae) in North America. Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 1962. url p. 14, p. 15, p. 20, p. 4, p. 7, p. 9.
- The Asa Gray bulletin. 3 1955-1961 Ann Arbor, Mich. url p. 98.
- The Journal of the Linnean Society. Botany. 42 1914 London: the Society: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts & Green: ||Williams and Norgate, 1865-1968. url p. 15, p. 186.
Notes
Contributors
- Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed March 27, 2012.
Data Sources
Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 15, 2007:
- Australian National Herbarium
- , Australian National Herbarium
- Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Bishop Museum Natural History Specimen Data
- Herbarium of the University of Aarhus, The AAU Herbarium Database
- Herbier de la Guyane, Herbier de la Guyane
- Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
- National Herbarium of New South Wales, NSW herbarium collection
- National Herbarium of New South Wales, Plants of Papua New Guinea
- USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
Identifiers
- Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2661329
- Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-41262
- Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13752886
- Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:indexfungorum.org:names:454240
- GRIN Nomen Number: 33832
- U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: SEPA6
- Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 62850
Footnotes
- Shou-liang Chen & Sylvia M. Phillips "Setaria". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 1, 499, 531, 537, 549. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
- "Setaria palmifolia". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 531, 532. Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
- Mean = 988.940 meters (3,244.554 feet), Standard Deviation = 914.940 based on 207 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
