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Senna obtusifolia

(Brusca Cimarrona, Brusca Hembra, Charamazca, Coffeeweed, Fedegosa, Fedegoso, Hediondilla, Java-Bean, Low Senna, Matapasto, Pistache Marron, Sicklepod)

Overview:

The leaves are used as a vegetable in Malaysia, but are purgative. Known as 'fawal a meat substitute (20% protein) in Sudan Disar (J, Econ Bot, 1984).

Conservation Status

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Population Analysis

  • For the 835,580 species in the Class Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons), we average 4.30 observations each in our database; for the Brusca Cimarrona, we have 221 observations. Compared to other species in this Class, this species is moderately common.
  • A two-sample t-test can be used to determine whether the trend in observations of the Brusca Cimarrona is the same as the trend in observations of Magnoliopsida. Is this species just as common, as a proportion of all observations, as it once was? The answer is no, changes in observation rate of this species significantly differ from changes in observation rate of its Class. (t=4.449, p<0.001)
  • How do observation rates of the Brusca Cimarrona differ from those of Magnoliopsida? To answer this, we examined the percentage of observerations for Magnoliopsida that were observations of the Brusca Cimarrona each year. We then correlated this percentage with observation year. If observations of the Brusca Cimarrona are becoming more common relative to other species of Magnoliopsida, the correlation should be positive, but if it is becoming less common, the correlation should be negative. In fact, the correlation is negative (r=-.42), with a negative slope (m = -.000), suggesting that the Brusca Cimarrona may be in decline relative to other species of Magnoliopsida. This correlation is statistically significant. (F = 49.44, p<.05)
  • The scatter chart to the right shows the percentage of all observations for Magnoliopsida each year that were observations of the Brusca Cimarrona.

Taxonomy

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  • Domain: Eukaryota Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
    • Kingdom: Plantae Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
      • Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae Cavalier-Smith, 1981 - Green Plants
        • Phylum: Magnoliophyta Cronquist, Takhtajan & W. Zimmermann, 1966 - Flowering Plants
          • Subphylum: Spermatophytina (auct.) Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Seed Plants
            • Infraphylum: Angiospermae auct.
              • Class: Magnoliopsida Brongniart, 1843 - Dicotyledons
                • Subclass: Rosidae Takhtajan, 1967
                  • Superorder: Fabanae R. Dahlgren ex Reveal, 1993
                    • Order: Fabales Bromhead, 1838
                      • Family: Fabaceae Lindley, 1836 - Bean Family
                        • Subfamily: Caesalpinioideae
                          • Tribe: Cassieae
                            • Genus: Senna (SEN-nuh) Mill. - Mariposa Lily
                              • Specific epithet: obtusifolia (L.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
                                • Botanical name: Senna obtusifolia (L.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby

Ambiguous Synonyms:

  1. Cassia tora sensu auct.

Unambiguous Synonyms:

  1. Cassia humilis Collad.
  2. Cassia obtusifolia L.
  3. Cassia tora var. b Wight & Arn.
  4. Cassia tora var. humilis (Collad.)Collad.
  5. Cassia tora var. obtusifolia (L.)Haines
  6. Cassia toroides Raf.
  7. Diallobus falcatus Raf.
  8. Diallobus uniflorus Raf.
  9. Senna toroides Roxb.

Notes:

Publishing author: Haines

Basionym author: (L.)

Publishing author: Collad.

Publishing author: L. Publication: Sp. Pl. 377 1753

Name Status: Accepted Name. Latest taxonomic scrutiny: –

Place of publication: Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35:252. 1982

Name verified on 09-Sep-2002 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 09-Sep-2002

Physical Description

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Family Fabaceae:

The Fabaceae are herbs, vines, shrubs, trees, and lianas found in both temperate and tropical areas. They comprise one of the largest families of flowering plants, numbering 630 genera and 18,000 species. The leaves are stipulate, nearly always alternate, and range from bipinnately or palmately compound to simple. The petiole base is commonly enlarged into a pulvinus that commonly functions in orientation of the leaves (sometimes very responsively, as in the sensitive plant, Mimosa pudica). The flowers are usually bisexual, actinomorphic to zygomorphic, slightly to strongly perigynous, and commonly in racemes, spikes, or heads. The perianth commonly consists of a calyx and corolla of 5 segments each. The androecium consists of commonly 1- many stamens (most commonly 10), distinct or variously united, sometimes some of them reduced to staminodes. The pistil is simple, often stipitate, comprising a single style and stigma, and a superior ovary with one locule containing 2-many marginal ovules. The fruit is usually a legume, sometimes a samara, loment, follicle, indehiscent pod, achene, drupe, or berry. The seeds often have a hard coat with hourglass-shaped cells, and sometimes bear a u-shaped line called a pleurogram. [Carr]

Subfamily Caesalpinioideae:

Mostly trees or shrubs. Leaves mostly pinnate, sometimes bipinnate, rarely apparently simple. Corolla usually showy, zygomorphic, the petals imbricate, posterior (upper or banner) petal innermost in bud. Stamens 10 or fewer, distinct, usually not showy, some commonly reduced to staminodes. Pollen released in monads. Seeds with u-shaped line (pleurogram) usually lacking. [Carr]

Species Senna obtusifolia:

2-3 pairs obovate lflets; gland on rachis between lowest pair of leafelts only. Yellow flowers in pairs; pods slightly 4-angled with 20-24 seeds.

Habit: Herb, Shrub • Climbing: Not Climbing

Flowers: Bloom Period: July, August, September. • Flower Color: yellow

Images:

Distribution

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Range and Population

Native: Also Widely Naturalized.

Reproduction

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Duration: Annual

Growth

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Soil: Minimum pH: 5.1 • Maximum pH: 8.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun.

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b, 11. (map)

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Senna:

There are approximately 656 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them: S. cardiosperma manicula · S. cardiosperma microphylla · S. glutinosa luerssenii · S. gundlachii esmeraldensis · S. multijuga lindleyana · S. silvestris bifaria · S. silvestris silvestris · S. anthoxantha · S. hirsuta var. puberula · S. timoriensis · S. divaricata · S. acanthoclada (Senna) · S. acclinis · S. aciphylla · S. aculeata · S. acunae · S. acuparata · S. acuruensis · S. acuruensis var. acuruensis · S. acuruensis var. catingae · S. acuruensis var. interjecta · S. acuta · S. acutisepala · S. affinis · S. alata (Candelabra Bush) · S. alcaparra · S. alexandrina (Alexandrian Senna) · S. alexandrina var. obtusata · S. andrieuxii · S. angulata · S. angulata var. angulata · S. angulata var. miscadena · S. angustisiligua · S. angustisiliqua (Carga Agua) · S. angustisiliqua var. angustisiliqua · S. angustisiliqua var. fulgens · S. angustisiliqua var. inaguensis · S. ankaranensis · S. anthoxantha · S. aphyla · S. aphylla · S. aphylla divaricata · S. aphylla subsp. divaricata · S. apiculata · S. apiculata var. apiculata · S. apiculata var. longipes · S. appendiculata · S. apsidoneura · S. araucarietorum · S. argentea · S. arida · S. aristeguiatae · S. aristeguietae · S. armata (Desert Senna) · S. arnottiana · S. artemesioides · S. artemisioides (Feathery Cassia) · S. artemisioides alicia · S. artemisioides artemisioides · S. artemisioides coriacea · S. artemisioides filifolia · S. artemisioides glaucifolia · S. artemisioides hamersleyensis · S. artemisioides helmsii · S. artemisioides nothoartemisioides · S. artemisioides nothocoriacea · S. artemisioides oligophylla · S. artemisioides petiolaris (Cassia) · S. artemisioides quadrifolia · S. artemisioides ssp. · S. artemisioides stricta · S. artemisioides sturtii · S. artemisioides subsp. alicia · S. artemisioides subsp. artemisioides · S. artemisioides subsp. circinnata · S. artemisioides subsp. coriacea · S. artemisioides subsp. filifolia · S. artemisioides subsp. glaucifolia · S. artemisioides subsp. hamersleyensis · S. artemisioides subsp. helmsii · S. artemisioides subsp. oligophylla · S. artemisioides subsp. petiolaris · S. artemisioides subsp. quadrifolia · S. artemisioides subsp. stricta · S. artemisioides subsp. sturtii · S. artemisioides subsp. symonii · S. artemisioides subsp. zygophylla · S. artemisioides symonii · S. artemisioides x · S. artemisioides zygophylla · S. atomaria (Flor De San Jose) · S. atomeria · S. aurantia · S. auriculata (Avaram) · S. aversiflora · S. aversifolia · S. aymara · S. baccarinii · S. bacillaris (Whitebark Senna) · S. bacillaris var. bacillaris

Bibliography

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  • Colla,L.A. 1834 Herb.Pedem.Vol.2
  • George, A. S., ed. 1980–. Flora of Australia, new ed. (F Aust)
  • Ghazanfar, S. A. 1992. An annotated catalogue of the vascular plants of Oman. Scripta Botanica Belgica 2. (L Oman)
  • Holm, L. et al. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds. (Atlas WWeed) [= Cassia tora].
  • Howard, R. 1974–1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles. (F LAnt)
  • Lewis, G. P. & P. E. Owen. 1989. Legumes of the Ilha de Maraca. (Leg Maraca)
  • Lewis, G. P. 1987. Legumes of Bahia. (Leg Bahia)
  • Lock, J. M. 1988. Cassia sens. lat. (Leguminosae - Caesalpinioideae) in Africa. Kew Bull. 43:340.
  • McGuffin, M. et al., eds. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2. (Herbs Commerce ed2)
  • McVaugh, R. 1983–. Flora Novo-Galiciana. (F NGalicia)
  • PROTABASE, the information base of PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa) - on-line resource. (PROTABASE)
  • Parsons, W. T. & E. G. Cuthbertson. 1992. Noxious weeds of Australia. (Noxweed Aust)
  • Randell, B. R. 1988. Revision of the Cassiinae in Australia. 1. Senna Miller sect. Chamaefistula (Colladon) Irwin and Barneby. J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 11:45.
  • Seed Regulatory and Testing Branch, Agricultural Marketing Service, U.S.D.A. 1999. State noxious-weed seed requirements recognized in the administration of the Federal Seed Act. (State Noxweed Seed)
  • Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plant species of the world: a reference guide to environmental weeds. (Invasive Pl Spec)

More Info

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Notes

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Contributors:

Data Sources:

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal February 28, 2008:

  • Australian National Herbarium (CANB)
  • Bioversity International: The System-wide Information Network for Genetic Resources (SINGER)
  • Comisión nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad: Herbario del Instituto de Ecología, A.C., México (IE-BAJÍO)
  • Comisión nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad: Herbario del Instituto de Ecología, A.C., México (IE-XAL)
  • GBIF-Spain: Real Jardin Botanico (Madrid), Vascular Plant Herbarium (MA)
  • Herbarium of the University of Aarhus: The AAU Herbarium Database
  • Herbier de la Guyane
  • Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (Costa Rica): Biodiversidad de Costa Rica
  • Missouri Botanical Garden
  • National Herbarium of New South Wales: NSW herbarium collection
  • National Herbarium of New South Wales: Plants of Papua New Guinea
  • Natural History Museum, University of Oslo: Vascular Plant Herbarium, Oslo (O)
  • SysTax
  • SysTax: Herbarium Universitat Ulm
  • SysTax: Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso
  • UK National Biodiversity Network: Botanical Society of the British Isles - Vascular Plants Database
  • University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics: Herbarium (UNA)
  • University of Vienna, Institute for Botany - Herbarium WU: Herbarium WU
  • USDA PLANTS: USDA PLANTS Database

Identifiers:

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Last Revised: May 05, 2008