Saxifraga integrifolia

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Saxifragaceae

Herbs or shrubs , rarely trees or vines . Leaves simple or compound , usually alternate or opposite, usually exstipulate . Flowers usually in cymes, panicles, or racemes , rarely solitary, usually bisexual , rarely unisexual , hypogynous or ± epigynous , rarely perigynous, usually biperianthial, rarely monochlamydeous , actinomorphic , rarely zygomorphic, 4- or 5(-10) -merous. Sepals sometimes petal-like. Petals usually free , sometimes absent. Stamens (4 or) 5-10 or many; filaments free; anthers 2-loculed; staminodes often present. Carpels 2, rarely 3-5(-10), usually ± connate ; ovary superior or semi-inferior to inferior, 2- or 3-5(-10) -loculed with axile placentation , or 1-loculed with parietal placentation , rarely with apical placentation; ovules usually many, 2- to many seriate , crassinucellate or tenuinucellate , sometimes with transitional forms; integument 1- or 2-seriate; styles free or ± connate. Fruit a capsule or berry, rarely a follicle or drupe. Seeds albuminous , rarely not so; albumen of cellular type, rarely of nuclear type; embryo small.

About 80 genera and 1200 species: worldwide; 29 genera (two endemic), and 545 species (354 endemic, seven introduced ) in China.

During the past several years, cladistic analyses of morphological, chemical, and DNA data have made it clear that the recognition of the Saxifragaceae sensu lato (Engler, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 18a: 74-226. 1928) is untenable. Among the angiosperm families, Saxifragaceae sensu lato may in fact represent the most extreme example of a polyphyletic assemblage . For example, recent analyses of DNA sequence data indicate that these taxa represent at least ten separate evolutionary lines , many of which are only distantly related to one another (Morgan & Soltis, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 80: 631-660. 1993; Soltis & Soltis, Amer. J. Bot. 84: 504-522. 1997) . Furthermore, very large molecular phylogenetic analyses of hundreds of angiosperms indicate that these separate lineages are distributed among four of the six traditionally recognized subclasses of dicotyledons (Savolainen et al. , Syst. Biol. 49: 306-362. 2000; Soltis et al., Nature 402: 402-404. 1999) . These recent studies have also greatly clarified how this phylogenetically diverse assemblage should be divided into families and treated taxonomically (see The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG), Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85: 531-553. 1998) . Recent studies of DNA sequence data have clarified both the circumscription and affinities of a narrowly defined Saxifragaceae (Saxifragaceae sensu stricto) and Hydrangeaceae (Soltis et al., Amer. J. Bot. 82: 504-514. 1995; Savolainen et al., loc. cit. ; Soltis et al., loc. cit. 1999) . Saxifragaceae sensu stricto should consist only of Saxifragoideae, a group of about 30 herbaceous genera. Members of Saxifragaceae sensu stricto from the Chinese flora include Astilbe, Astilboides, Bergenia, Chrysosplenium, Mitella, Mukdenia, Oresitrophe, Rodgersia, Saxifraga, Tanakaea, Tiarella, and the recently described Saniculiphyllum. Close relatives of Saxifragaceae sensu stricto include Itea, Penthorum, and Ribes. These genera, the sole members of Iteoideae, Penthoroideae, and Ribesioideae, respectively, are also best treated in separate families: Iteaceae, Penthoraceae, and Grossulariaceae (see APG, loc. cit.) . These taxa, as well as several others, such as Crassulaceae, are basal to a large assemblage of taxa, most of which were traditionally placed in Rosidae . Sequence data also indicate that Parnassia (the sole member of the Parnassioideae) is a more derived member of the rosid alliance , most closely related to Brexia and Lepuropetalon (also part of Saxifragaceae sensu lato) and Celastraceae. Parnassia and Lepuropetalon should be placed in Parnassiaceae with Brexia part of an expanded Celastraceae (APG, loc. cit.) .

Both morphological and molecular data indicate that Hydrangeoideae and Escallonioideae are, in contrast, allied with taxa traditionally placed in Asteridae. Hydrangeoideae are a well-defined, monophyletic lineage that should be treated as Hydrangeaceae. In China they include Cardiandra, Decumaria, Deinanthe, Deutzia, Dichroa, Hydrangea, Kirengeshoma, Philadelphus, Pileostegia, Platycrater, and Schizophragma, and are closely allied with families such as Cornaceae, Loasaceae, and Nyssaceae. Escallonioideae appear to be polyphyletic, and this group of approximately 14 genera is in need of thorough study. Members of this subfamily are allied with several different lineages of higher asterids. Polyosma, the only member of Escallonioideae in China, appears closely allied with Caprifoliaceae (Xiang & Soltis in Boufford & Ohba, Sino-Japanese Flora: its Characteristics and Diversification, 1998) .[1]

Genus Saxifraga

Herbs perennial , rarely annual or biennial. Stem cespitose or simple . Leaves both basal and cauline, petiolate or not; leaf blade simple, entire, margin dentate or lobate ; cauline leaves usually alternate, rarely opposite. Inflorescence a solitary flower or few- to many-flowered cyme, bracteate . Flowers usually bisexual , sometimes unisexual , actinomorphic , rarely zygomorphic; receptacle cyathiform or saucer-shaped . Sepals (4 or) 5(or 7 or 8) . Petals (4 or) 5, yellow, orange, white, or red to purple, callose or not, distinctly veined, margin usually entire. Stamens (8 or) 10; filaments subulate or clavate . Carpels 2, usually connate at least in placental region; ovary superior to inferior, usually 2-loculed; placentation usually axile ; ovules many; integuments 1 or 2; nectary disc sometimes well developed, annular or semiannular. Fruit a 2-valved capsule. Seeds many.

About 450 species: Asia, Europe, North America, South America (Andes), mainly in alpine areas; 216 species (139 endemic) in China.[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,174 meters (0 to 7,133 feet).[3]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Micranthes bidens Small • Micranthes integrifolia Small • Saxifraga bracteosa Suksdorf • Saxifraga bracteosa var. angustifolia Suksdorf • Saxifraga fragosa var. leucandra Suksdorf • Saxifraga laevicarpa A. M. Johnson

Notes

Publishing author : Hook. Publication : Fl. Bor.-Amer. (Hooker) i. 249. t. 86.

Similar Species

Members of the genus Saxifraga

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 228 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

S. adscendens oregonensis (Rock Saxifrage) · S. adscendens subsp. oregonensis (Small Saxifrage) · S. aizoides (Yellow Mountain Saxifrage) · S. aleutica (Aleutian Saxifrage) · S. apetala (Western Swamp Saxifrage) · S. aprica (Sierra Saxifrage) · S. arendsii (Mossy Saxifrage) · S. bronchialis (Matted Saxifrage) · S. bronchialis funstonii (Funston's Saxifrage) · S. bronchialis vespertina (Yellowdot Saxifrage) · S. bronchialis subsp. austromontana (Matted Saxifrage) · S. bronchialis subsp. cherlerioides (Yellowdot Saxifrage) · S. bronchialis subsp. funstonii (Funston's Saxifrage) · S. bronchialis subsp. vespertina (Yellowdot Saxifrage) · S. bryophora (Bud Saxifrage) · S. bryophora var. bryophora (Bud Saxifrage) · S. bryophora var. tobiasiae (Tobias' Saxifrage) · S. burseriana (Kabschia Saxifrage) · S. caespitosa caespitosa (Tufted Alpine Saxifrage) · S. caespitosa sileneflora (Tufted Alpine Saxifrage) · S. caespitosa subgemmifera (Tufted Alpine Saxifrage) · S. californica (California Saxifrage) · S. callosa (Encrusted Saxifrage) · S. calycina (Alaska Saxifrage) · S. calycina subsp. unalaschcensis (Alaska Saxifrage) · S. careyana (Carey's Saxifrage) · S. caroliniana (Carolina Saxifrage) · S. cespitosa emarginata (Tufted Alpine Saxifrage) · S. cespitosa exaratoides (Nodding Saxifrage) · S. cespitosa subsp. exaratoides (Tufted Alpine Saxifrage) · S. chrysantha (Goldbloom Saxifrage) · S. cochlearis (Encrusted Saxifrage) · S. codyanus codyanus (Yellowdot Saxifrage) · S. cotyledon (Encrusted Saxifrage) · S. cotyledon 'Pyramidalis' (Encrusted Saxifrage) · S. cotyledon 'Southside Seedling' (Encrusted Saxifrage) · S. crassifolia (Siberian-Tea) · S. crustata (Encrusted Saxifrage) · S. cuneifolia (Robertsoniana Saxifrage) · S. cuneifolia 'Variegata' (Robertsoniana Saxifrage) · S. cuscutaeformis (Dwarf Strawberry Begonia) · S. delicatula (Tufted Alpine Saxifrage) · S. eriophora (Red-Fuzz Saxifrage) · S. eschscholtzii (Ciliate Saxifrage) · S. ferdinandi-coburgi (Kabschia Saxifrage) · S. ferdinandi-coburgi 'Dracula' (Kabschia Saxifrage) · S. ferruginea (Alaska Saxifrage) · S. ferruginea var. ferruginea (Russethair Saxifrage) · S. ferruginea var. newcombei (Newcombe's Saxifrage) · S. ferruginea var. vreelandii (Vreeland's Saxifrage) · S. flagellaris crandallii (Whiplash Saxifrage) · S. flagellaris setigera (Whiplash Saxifrage) · S. flagellaris subsp. crandallii (Crandall's Saxifrage) · S. flagellaris subsp. setigera (Whiplash Saxifrage) · S. foliolosa (Leafystem Saxifrage) · S. fortunei 'Beni Fuji' (Saxifrage) · S. fortunei 'Black Ruby' (Saxifrage) · S. fortunei 'Silver Velvet' (Saxifrage) · S. funstonii funstonii (Funston's Saxifrage) · S. geum (Geum Saxifrage) · S. gormanii (Gorman's Saxifrage) · S. granulata (Fair Maids of France) · S. grisebachii (Engleria Saxifrage) · S. hieraciifolia (Stiffstem Saxifrage) · S. hieraciifolia var. angusticapsula (Stiffstem Saxifrage) · S. hieraciifolia var. hieraciifolia (Stiffstem Saxifrage) · S. hieraciifolia var. rufopilosa (Stiffstem Saxifrage) · S. hirculus coloradensis (Yellow Marsh Saxifrage) · S. hirculus subsp. coloradensis (Yellow Marsh Saxifrage) · S. hirculus subsp. compacta (Yellow Marsh Saxifrage) · S. hirculus subsp. propinqua (Yellow Marsh Saxifrage) · S. hirsuta (Kidney Saxifrage) · S. hitchcockiana (Saddle Mountain Saxifrage) · S. hostii (Encrusted Saxifrage) · S. howellii (Howell's Saxifrage) · S. hyperborea (Pygmy Saxifrage) · S. idahoensis (Idaho Saxifrage) · S. integrifolia (Swamp Saxifrage) · S. iranica (Kabschia Saxifrage) · S. juniperifolia (Kabschia Saxifrage) · S. lilacina (Kabschia Saxifrage) · S. longifolia (Encrusted Saxifrage) · S. luteoviridis (Engleria Saxifrage) · S. lyallii (Redstem Saxifrage) · S. lyallii hultenii (Hulten's Saxifrage) · S. lyallii subsp. hultenii (Hulten's Saxifrage) · S. marginata (Kabschia Saxifrage) · S. marshallii (Marshall's Saxifrage) · S. media (Engleria Saxifrage) · S. mertensiana (Wood Saxifrage) · S. michauxii (Michaux's Saxifrage) · S. micranthidifolia (Brook Lettuce) · S. mutata (Encrusted Saxifrage) · S. nathorstii (East Greenland Saxifrage) · S. nelsoniana carlottae (Brook Saxifrage) · S. nelsoniana cascadensis (Heartleaf Saxifrage) · S. nelsoniana insularis (Heartleaf Saxifrage) · S. nelsoniana pacifica (Pacific Saxifrage) · S. nelsoniana porsildiana (Porsild's Saxifrage) · S. nelsoniana subsp. carlottae (Heartleaf Saxifrage)

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Further Reading

• A Yosemite flora; a descriptive account of the ferns and flowering plants, including the trees, of the Yosemite National Park; with simple keys for their identification. .. by Harvey Monroe Hall and Carlotta Case Hall. San Francisco, Elder, 1912. url p. 115.
• A flora of California, by Willis Linn Jepson. San Francisco, Calif., Cunningham, Curtis & Welch, 1909- url p. 118.
• A flora of northwest America: containing brief descriptions of all the known indigenous and naturalized plants growing without cultivation north of California, west of Utah, and south of British Columbia / by Thomas Howell. Vol. 1, Phanerogamae. Portland, Or.: [s.n.], 1903. url p. 193.
• A flora of the South Fork of Kings River: from Millwood to the head waters of Bubbs Creek / by Alice Eastwood. [San Francisco]: Sierra Club, 1902. url p. 35.
• A manual of the flora of northern Idaho /Carl Epling and Joe Ewan. 1 1941 1941. url p. 25, p. 27, p. 428.
• A revision of the North American species of the section Boraphila Engler of the genus Saxifraga (Tourn) L. Minneapolis, 1923 url p. 2, p. 39, p. 45, p. 46, p. 52, p. 53.
• An illustrated flora of the Pacific States: Washington, Oregon, and California. Stanford University, Stanford University Press, 1923-[60] url p. 363, p. 365.
• Bibliographical index to North American botany; or, Citations of authorities for all the recorded indigenous and naturalized species of the flora of North America, with a chronological arrangement of the synonymy. by Sereno Watson. Washington, Smithsonian Institution, 1878. url p. 342.
• Botany Cambridge, Mass., John Wilson and Son, 1880 url p. 194, p. 528.
• Botany. Cambridge, Mass., Welch, Bigelow, University Press, 1876-80. url p. 194, p. 194, p. 528.
• Botany. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1871. url .
• Britton, N. L. (ed.). North American flora. 22 1905 [New York]New York Botanical Garden. url p. 138, p. 19, p. 553, p. 803.
• Bulletin / University of Montana. Missoula: University of Montana, 1901-1910. url p. 32.
• Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 1896 New York: Torrey Botanical Club, 1870-1996 url p. 366, p. 367.
• Catalog of hymenoptera in America north of Mexico / prepared cooperatively by specialists on the various groups of Hymenoptera under the direction of Karl V. Krombein. .. [et al.]. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979- url , p. 1795, p. 1829.
• Contributions from the Department of Botany of Columbia University. [New York, N.Y.: s.n.], 1896- url p. 365.
• Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 3 1892-1896 Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1890- url p. 224, p. 256, p. 277, p. 280, p. 316, p. 570, p. 98.
• Contributions from the herbarium of the Geological Survey of Canada / by James M. Macoun. [Ottawa?: s.n.], 1894-1906. url p. 2.
• Contributions to Canadian botany / by Jas. M. Macoun. Ottawa: [s. n.], 1894-1906. url p. 2.
• Erythea. a journal of botany, West American and general. 3 1895 Berkeley, Calif., University of California, 1893-1922. url p. 34.
• Experiment station record. Washington: G.P.O., 1889-1946. url p. 1117.
• First report on the flora of Wyoming / Aven Nelson. Laramie: Wyoming Experiment Station, 1896. url p. 106.
• Flora of southern British Columbia and Vancouver Island: with many references to Alaska and northern species / by Joseph Kaye Henry. Toronto: W.J. Gage, c1915. url p. v.
• Flora of the Yellowstone National Park / by Frank Tweedy. Washington, D.C.: F. Tweedy, 1886. url p. 18, p. 18, p. 37, p. 37.
• Flora of the northwest coast, including the area west of the summit of the Cascade Mountains, from the forty-ninth parallel south to the Calapooia Mountains on the south border of Lane County, Oregon. Lancaster, Pa., Press of the New Era Printing Company, 1915. url .
• Flora of the northwest coast: including the area west of the summit of the Cascade Mountains, from the forty-ninth parallel south to the Calapooia Mountains on the south border of Lane County, Oregon / by Charles V. Piper and R. Kent Beattie. Lancaster, Pa.: Press of the New era printing company, 1915. url p. 191.
• Flora of the state of Washington / by Charles V. Piper. Washington: G.P.O., 1906 url p. 316.
• Hand-list of herbaceous plants cultivated in the Royal Botanic Gardens. London, Printed for H. M. Stationery Off. by Darling, 1902. url p. 1005.
• Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden. New York: The Garden, 1900- url p. 194, p. 194.
• New manual of botany of the central Rocky mountains (vascular plants) by John M. Coulter, rev. by Aven Nelson. Cincinnati [etc.]American book company[c1909] url p. 240.
• Pittonia: a series of papers relating to botany and botanists /by Edward L. Greene. 3 1896 Berkeley, Calif. [etc.]: Doxey & Co. [etc.], 1887-1905. url p. 64.
• Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Boston: Metcalf and Co., 1846-1958 url p. 382.
• Report for the year - British Columbia Provincial Museum. [Victoria]; Printed by A. Sutton [etc.], for the Queen. url .
• Report of the geological exploration of the fortieth parallel / Washington, D.C.: G.P.O., 1870-80 url , p. 93.
• Report upon United States Geographical surveys west of the one hundredth meridian, Washington, Govt. print. off., 1875-89. url .
• Reports of explorations and surveys, to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. Made under the direction of the secretary of war, in 1853-[6]. .. Washington, A.O.P. Nicholson, Printer [etc.]1855-60. url p. 101, p. 180, p. 61, p. 61, p. 75, p. 75, p. 89.
• Science studies, v.1, no. 1-3. Bozeman, Mont.1905. url p. 65.
• Sensitive plant survey in the Horse Prairie Creek drainage, Beaverhead County, Montana, Butte District, Bureau of Land Management / prepared by Jim Vanderhorst; prepared for United States Department of Interior, Bureau of Land management, Dillon Resource Area. Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, c1995. url p. 42.
• Sensitive plant survey in the Tendoy Mountains, Beaverhead County, Montana / prepared by Jim Vanderhorst and Peter Lesica; prepared for Bureau of Land Management, Butte District. Helena, Mt.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, [1994]. url .
• Sensitive plant surveys in the Big Belt and Elkhorn Mountains, U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Region 1, Helena National Forest, Montana / prepared by Jackie M. Poole and Bonnie L. Heidel; prepared for Helena National Forest. Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, [1993] url .
• Sensitive plant surveys in the Gallatin National Forest, Montana / prepared by Jim Vanderhorst; prepared for U.S. Forest Service, Gallatin National Forest. Helena, MT: Montana Natural Heritage Program, [1994]. url p. 79.
• Smithsonian miscellaneous collections. 15 1878 Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1862-1968. url p. 342.
• The American journal of science. 23 (2) 1857 New Haven, Kline Geology Laboratory, Yale University. url p. 371.
• The Canadian naturalist and quarterly journal of science: with proceedings of the Natural History Society of Montreal. Montreal: Dawson, 1869-1883. url p. 92.
• The Canadian record of science. Montreal: Natural History Society, 1884-1916. url , p. 184.
• The English rock-garden, by Reginald Farrer. London, Jack, 1919. url p. 285.
• The Garden: an illustrated weekly journal of gardening in all its branches. London: [s.n., url p. 193.
• The natural history of Washington territory, with much relating to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oregon, and California, between the thirty-sixth and forty-ninth parallels of latitude, being those parts of the final reports on the survey of the N By J. G. Cooper, M. D., and Dr. G. Suckley. .. This edition contains a new preface, giving a sketch of the explorations, a classified table of contents, and the latest additions by the authors. With f London, Baillière brothers, 1859. url p. 58.
• The standard cyclopedia of horticulture; a discussion, for the amateur, and the professional and commercial grower, of the kinds, characteristics and methods of cultivation of the species of plants grown in the regions of the United States a Illustrated with colored plates, four thousand engravings in the text, and ninety-six full-page cuts. New York, Macmillan, 1919 [c1914] url p. 1475.
• VIII.
• Watson, S. Botany /by Sereno Watson, aided by Daniel C. Eaton, and others. 5 1871 Washington, D.C.: G.P.O., 1871. url p. 93, p.
• Zoe:a biological journal. San Diego, Calif. [etc.]Zoe Publishing Co. url p. 111, p. 28, p. 28.
• Hwang Shu-mei, Wei Chao-fen, Lu Ling-ti, Ku Tsue-chih &
• Hwang Shu-mei, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 35(1): 1-406.
• Jin Shu-ying. 1995. Saxifragaceae (2) [Parnassioideae, Hydrangeoideae, Escallonioideae, Iteoideae, Ribesioideae]. In: Lu Ling-ti &
• Pan Jin-tang. 1992. Saxifragaceae (1) [Penthoroideae, Saxifragoideae]. In: Pan Jin-tang, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 34(2): 1-309
• Hwang Shu-mei, Wei Chao-fen, Lu Ling-ti, Ku Tsue-chih & Jin Shu-ying. 1995. Saxifragaceae (2) [Parnassioideae, Hydrangeoideae, Escallonioideae, Iteoideae, Ribesioideae]. In: Lu Ling-ti & Hwang Shu-mei, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 35(1): 1-406.
• Pan Jin-tang. 1992. Saxifragaceae (1) [Penthoroideae, Saxifragoideae]. In: Pan Jin-tang, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 34(2): 1-309

Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 30, 2012.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 20, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from provider.
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
• The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Dec 27, 2011.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 29, 2007:

• Berkeley Natural History Museums, University and Jepson Herbaria DiGIR provider
• Canadian Museum of Nature, Canadian Museum of Nature Herbarium
• Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
• University of Washington Burke Museum, Vascular Plant Collection - University of Washington Herbarium
• Utah State University, USU-UTC Specimen Database

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2649600
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-24278
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13742835
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:793868-1
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 24278
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 793868-1
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: SALA16
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 50183

Footnotes

1. Jin-tang Pan, Cuizhi Gu, Shumei Huang, Chao-fen Wei, Shu-ying Jin, Lingdi Lu, Shinobu Akiyama, Crinan Alexander, Bruce Bartholomew, James Cullen, Richard J. Gornall, Ulla-Maj Hultgård, Hideaki Ohba & Douglas E. Soltis "Saxifragaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 8 Page 269. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Pan Jintang , Richard Gornall, Hideaki Ohba "Saxifraga". in Flora of China Vol. 8 Page 280. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. Mean = 595.990 meters (1,955.348 feet), Standard Deviation = 540.540 based on 210 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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