Salix lucida

(Pacific Willow, Shining Willow, Whiplash Willow, Yellow Willow)

Conservation Status

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Population Analysis

For the 835,580 species in the Class Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons), we average 4.30 observations each in our database; for the Whiplash Willow, we have 403 observations. Compared to other species in this Class, this species is moderately common.
A two-sample t-test can be used to determine whether the trend in observations of the Whiplash Willow is the same as the trend in observations of Magnoliopsida. Is this species just as common, as a proportion of all observations, as it once was? The answer is no, changes in observation rate of this species significantly differ from changes in observation rate of its Class. (t=1.434, p<0.1)
How do observation rates of the Whiplash Willow differ from those of Magnoliopsida? To answer this, we examined the percentage of observerations for Magnoliopsida that were observations of the Whiplash Willow each year. We then correlated this percentage with observation year. If observations of the Whiplash Willow are becoming more common relative to other species of Magnoliopsida, the correlation should be positive, but if it is becoming less common, the correlation should be negative. In fact, the correlation is negative (r=-.07), with a negative slope (m = -9.33), suggesting that the Whiplash Willow may be in decline relative to other species of Magnoliopsida. This correlation is statistically significant. (F = 23.69, p<.05)
The scatter chart to the right shows the percentage of all observations for Magnoliopsida each year that were observations of the Whiplash Willow.

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae Cavalier-Smith, 1981 - Green Plants
    - Phylum: Magnoliophyta Cronquist, Takhtajan & W. Zimmermann, 1966 - Flowering Plants
      - Subphylum: Spermatophytina (auct.) Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Seed Plants
        Infraphylum: Angiospermae auct.
        Class: Magnoliopsida Brongniart, 1843 - Dicotyledons
        Subclass: Dilleniidae Takhtajan, 1967
        Superorder: Violanae R. Dahlgren ex Reveal, 1992
        Order: Salicales Lindley, 1833
        Family: Salicaceae Mirbel, 1815 - Willow Family
        Genus: Salix (SAL-iks) Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1015. 1753. - Willow
        Specific epithet: lucida Muhl.
        Botanical name: Salix lucida Muhl.

Notes:

Publishing author: Anderss. Publication: Vet. Akad. Handl. Stockh. vi. (1867) n. I. 32

Publishing author: Bebb in W.H.Brewer & S.Watson Publication: Bot. California 2: 84 1879

Basionym author: (Andersson)

Publishing author: Bebb

Basionym author: (Andersson)

Publishing author: Sudw. Publication: Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 20: 43 1893

Basionym author: (Nutt.)

Publishing author: Anderss. Publication: in Oefvers. Ver. Akad. Foerhandl. xv. (1858) 115

Publishing author: Ball Publication: Bot. Gaz. 72: 225 1921

Publishing author: Ball & Bracelin ex E.H.Graham Publication: Ann. Carnegie Mus. 26: 163 1937

Publishing author: A.Heller Publication: Muhlenbergia ii. 186 (1906).

Publishing author: A.Heller Publication: Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 1898, 580.

Publishing author: Benth. Publication: Pl. Hartw. 335 1857

A tentatively accepted name in the RHS Horticultural Database.

Publishing author: Kuntze Publication: Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 643 1891

Publishing author: Nutt. Publication: N. Amer. Sylv. (Nuttall) 1: 61, t 1842

Publishing author: Andersson in DC. Publication: Prodr. (DC.) 16(2.2): 205 1868 [mid Jul 1868]

Publishing author: Fernald Publication: Rhodora 6: 2. Issued in advance 1903 (Dec. 29, 1903)

Publishing author: Andersson Publication: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 4: 54 1858

Publishing author: Raup Publication: Sargentia 6: 149 1947

Publishing author: Little

Basionym author: (Andersson)

Publishing author: Sarg. Publication: Gard. & Forest 8: 463 1855

Publishing author: Andersson in DC. Publication: Prodr. (DC.) 16(2.2): 206 1868 [mid Jul 1868]

Basionym author: (Benth.)

Publishing author: Andersson in DC. Publication: Prodr. (DC.) 16(2.2): 206 1868 [mid Jul 1868]

Name Status: Accepted Name. Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication: Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin Neue Schriften 4:239. 1803

Name verified on 09-Jan-1996 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 22-May-1997

Physical Description

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Family Salicaceae:

Trees or shrubs, deciduous or rarely evergreen, dioecious, rarely polygamous. Leaves alternate, rarely subopposite, usually petiolate, simple; stipules persistent or caducous. Catkins erect or pendulous; each flower usually with a cupular disc or 1 or 2(or 3) nectariferous glands. Male flowers with 2-many stamens; filaments filiform, free or united; to connate; anthers 2(or 4) -loculed, dehiscing longitudinally. Female flowers with 1 pistil, sessile or stipitate; ovary superior, 1- or 2-loculed; ovules several to many, anatropous, with a 1 integument; style 1, 2 in Chosenia; stigmas 2-4. Capsule dehiscing by 2-4(or 5) valves; placenta and inside wall of ovary with long hairs. Seeds 4-numerous, glabrous; hairs and seeds simultaneously deciduous when capsule matures.

Three genera and about 620 species: mainly N hemisphere, a few in S hemisphere; three genera and 347 species (236 endemic) in China, including at least nine hybrids and at least one introduced species.^[1]

Genus Salix:

Trees or shrubs deciduous, rarely evergreen (if shrubs, then erect, ascending procumbent, creeping, or cushion-shaped) ; pith terete. Branches terete. Terminal bud usually absent; buds with single scale. Leaves alternate, rarely subopposite or opposite; stipules small, free, deciduous or persistent, developed mainly on vigorous branchlets; petiole short; leaf blade variously shaped, often long and narrow. Flowering precocious, coetaneous, or serotinous; catkins upright or spreading, rarely pendulous; bracts entire, persistent or caducous. Flowers entomophilous or anemophilous, each with 1 or 2 glands: 1 abaxial (dorsal) or absent and 1 adaxial (ventral), i.e., abaxial gland between bract and stipe, adaxial gland between stipe and rachis. Male flower: stamens 2-many; filaments free or partly to completely connate, usually exceeding bracts; anthers 2-loculed (rarely 4-loculed if filaments connate), opening lengthwise. Female flower: ovary 2-loculed, sessile or stipitate; style 1, short, slender, or absent, entire or 2-cleft; stigmas 1 or 2, lobed or entire. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds mostly green or gray-green, small, surrounded by fine hairs.

About 520 species: cold and temperate regions of N hemisphere, a few in S hemisphere; 275 species (189 endemic, at least one introduced) in China.^[2]

Habit: Deciduous.

Flowers: Bloom Period: March.

Images:

Salix lucida Salix lucida Photographer: Brother Alfred Brousseau Courtesy of St. Mary\'s College of California. ZipcodeZoo Photo ID: 94985

Salix lucida Salix lucida Photographer: Brother Alfred Brousseau Courtesy of St. Mary\'s College of California. ZipcodeZoo Photo ID: 94984

Salix lucida Salix lucida Photographer: Brother Alfred Brousseau Courtesy of St. Mary\'s College of California. ZipcodeZoo Photo ID: 94983

Salix lucida Salix lucida Photographer: Brother Alfred Brousseau Courtesy of St. Mary\'s College of California. ZipcodeZoo Photo ID: 94986

Salix lucida Salix lucida Photographer: Brother Alfred Brousseau Courtesy of St. Mary\'s College of California. ZipcodeZoo Photo ID: 95063

Salix lucida Salix lucida Photographer: Brother Alfred Brousseau Courtesy of St. Mary\'s College of California. ZipcodeZoo Photo ID: 94988

Salix lucida Salix lucida Photographer: Brother Alfred Brousseau Courtesy of St. Mary\'s College of California. ZipcodeZoo Photo ID: 95064

Salix lucida Salix lucida Photographer: Brother Alfred Brousseau Courtesy of St. Mary\'s College of California. ZipcodeZoo Photo ID: 95066

Salix lucida Salix lucida Photographer: Brother Alfred Brousseau Courtesy of St. Mary\'s College of California. ZipcodeZoo Photo ID: 94987

Salix lucida Salix lucida Photographer: Brother Alfred Brousseau Courtesy of St. Mary\'s College of California. ZipcodeZoo Photo ID: 95065

Distribution

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Range and Population

California (Southwestern U.S.A., Northern America) North America

Native: Connecticut, Iowa, Maine, Manitoba, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Brunswick, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Newfoundland, North Dakota, Nova Scotia, Ohio, Ontario, Pennsylvania, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Vermont, Wisconsin.

Reproduction

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Duration: Perennial

Growth

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Culture: Space 15-20' apart.

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun.

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b. (map)

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Salix:

There are approximately 3,451 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them: S. alba coerulea · S. arctica jamu-taridensis · S. atrocinerea jahandiezii · S. berberifolia tschuktschorum · S. bicolor basaltica · S. brachycarpa brachycarpa · S. brachycarpa brachycarpa brachycarpa · S. brachycarpa brachycarpa fullertonensis · S. brachycarpa brachycarpa psammophila · S. brachycarpa niphoclada · S. breviserrata fontqueri · S. chamissonis integerrima · S. commutata mixta · S. cordifolia callicarpaea · S. denticulata hazarica · S. divaricata pulchra · S. geyerana argentea · S. geyeriana argentea · S. glauca glauca · S. hastata hastatella · S. hastata picoeuropeana · S. hastata sierrae-nevadae · S. hastatella picoeuropeana · S. hegetschweileri vosegiaca · S. jessoensis serissifolia · S. lasiandra lyallii · S. miyabeana gilgiana · S. mucronata capensis · S. mucronata hirsuta · S. mucronata subserrata · S. mucronata wilmsii · S. mucronata woodii · S. myrsinites alpina · S. ovalifolia arctolitoralis · S. ovalifolia cyclophylla · S. ovalifolia glacialis · S. phylicifolia basaltica · S. phylicifolia divaricata · S. phylicifolia planifolia · S. planifolia tyrrellii · S. purpurea eburnea · S. reinii tontomussirensis · S. repens brachypoda · S. rotundifolia rotundifolia · S. saxatilis stoloniferoides · S. schwerinii yezoensis · S. starkeana bebbiana · S. stolonifera carbonicola · S. strakeana bebbiana · S. tschuktschorum kamtschatica · S. viminalis rossica · S. algovica · S. ambigua · S. antverpiensis · S. arbusculoides · S. argentinensis · S. argusii · S. atroelaeagnos · S. beckii · S. beschelii · S. besseri · S. bifax · S. brachypurpurea · S. buseri · S. canthiana · S. coenocarpetana · S. compacta · S. dutillyi · S. eriocataphylloides · S. erythroclados · S. fraserii · S. gemmia · S. grayi · S. hankensonii · S. hapala · S. heimerli · S. huguenini · S. iwahisana · S. jaccardi · S. jamesensis · S. jesupii · S. kalmthoutensis · S. kawamurana · S. kerneri · S. ketoiensis · S. koidzumii · S. kudoi · S. legionensis · S. macrophylla · S. mairei · S. marchiaca · S. margaretae · S. margarita · S. mariana · S. matritensis · S. merxmuelleri · S. misaoana · S. mixta · S. moorei · S. nasuensis

Bibliography

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Argus, G. W. 1986. The genus Salix (Salicaceae) in the southeastern United States. Syst. Bot. Monogr. 9:66–69.
Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening. (Dict Gard)
Jones, G. N. & G. D. Fuller. 1955. Vascular plants of Illinois. (F IllJones)
Krüssmann, G. 1984. Handbuch de Laubgeholze, Engl. translat. (Krussmann)
Krüssmann, G. (1978a): Handbuch der Laubgehölze, vol. III, Berlin, Hamburg: Parey
Newsholme, C. 1992. Willows, the genus Salix. (Willows)
Scoggan, H. J. 1978–1979. The flora of Canada, 4 vol. (F Canada)
Wang Chan and Fang Cheng-fu, eds. 1984. Salicaceae. Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 20(2): 1-403.

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Notes

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Contributors:

Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2007. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed April 2, 2007.
Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed May 25, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 2 providers.
The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Jan 19, 2007.
USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 30, 2008)

Data Sources:

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 22, 2007:

Berkeley Natural History Museums, University and Jepson Herbaria DiGIR provider
Canadian Museum of Nature, Canadian Museum of Nature Herbarium
Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Herbarium of Oskarshamn
USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium
University of Alaska Museum of the North, University of Alaska Museum of the North Herbarium
University of Washington Burke Museum, Vascular Plant Collection - University of Washington Herbarium
Utah Valley State College
, Utah Valley State College Herbarium

Identifiers:

Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 22554
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13741106
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:778091-1
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: SALAF2 SAP
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 60724

Footnotes:

Cheng-fu Fang, Shi-dong Zhao & Alexei K. Skvortsov "Salicaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 4 Page 139. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
"Salix". in Flora of China Vol. 4 Page 162. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.

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Last Revised: May 05, 2008