Salix fragilis

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Salicaceae

Trees or shrubs , deciduous or rarely evergreen , dioecious, rarely polygamous. Leaves alternate, rarely subopposite, usually petiolate , simple ; stipules persistent or caducous . Catkins erect or pendulous; each flower usually with a cupular disc or 1 or 2(or 3) nectariferous glands . Male flowers with 2-many stamens; filaments filiform , free or united ; to connate ; anthers 2(or 4) -loculed, dehiscing longitudinally. Female flowers with 1 pistil, sessile or stipitate ; ovary superior, 1- or 2-loculed; ovules several to many, anatropous , with a 1 integument; style 1, 2 in Chosenia; stigmas 2-4. Capsule dehiscing by 2-4(or 5) valves ; placenta and inside wall of ovary with long hairs . Seeds 4-numerous, glabrous ; hairs and seeds simultaneously deciduous when capsule matures.

Three genera and about 620 species: mainly N hemisphere, a few in S hemisphere; three genera and 347 species (236 endemic) in China, including at least nine hybrids and at least one introduced species .[1]

Genus Salix

Trees or shrubs deciduous, rarely evergreen (if shrubs, then erect , ascending procumbent , creeping , or cushion-shaped) ; pith terete . Branches terete. Terminal bud usually absent; buds with single scale. Leaves alternate, rarely subopposite or opposite; stipules small, free , deciduous or persistent , developed mainly on vigorous branchlets ; petiole short; leaf blade variously shaped, often long and narrow. Flowering precocious , coetaneous , or serotinous; catkins upright or spreading , rarely pendulous; bracts entire, persistent or caducous . Flowers entomophilous or anemophilous , each with 1 or 2 glands : 1 abaxial (dorsal) or absent and 1 adaxial (ventral), i.e. , abaxial gland between bract and stipe, adaxial gland between stipe and rachis. Male flower: stamens 2-many; filaments free or partly to completely connate , usually exceeding bracts; anthers 2-loculed (rarely 4-loculed if filaments connate), opening lengthwise. Female flower: ovary 2-loculed, sessile or stipitate ; style 1, short, slender, or absent, entire or 2-cleft; stigmas 1 or 2, lobed or entire. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds mostly green or gray-green, small, surrounded by fine hairs .

About 520 species: cold and temperate regions of N hemisphere, a few in S hemisphere; 275 species (189 endemic, at least one introduced ) in China.[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 1,617 meters (0 to 5,305 feet).[3]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space over 40' apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 5.1 • Maximum pH: 7.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b. (map)

Taxonomy

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Similar Species

Members of the genus Salix

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 277 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

S. acutifolia 'Pendulifolia' (Willow) · S. alaxensis (Feltleaf Willow) · S. alaxensis var. alaxensis (Feltleaf Willow) · S. alaxensis var. longistylis (Felt-Leaf Willow) · S. alba (White Willow) · S. albaforma tristis (Golden Weeping Willow) · S. alba 'Vitellina' (Golden Weeping Willow) · S. alba 'Chermesina' (White Willow) · S. alba 'Drakonburg' (White Willow 'drakonburg') · S. alba 'Flame' (Flame White Willow) · S. amoena (Willow) · S. amygdaloides (Peach-Leaf Willow) · S. angustifolia (Willow) · S. arbusculoides (A Willow) · S. arctica (Arctic Willow) · S. arctica arctica (Arctic Willow) · S. arctophila (Arctic Willow) · S. arenaria (Creeping Willow) · S. argentea (Willow) · S. argusii (Argus' Willow) · S. argyrocarpa (Labrador Willow) · S. arizonica (Arizona Willow) · S. athabascensis (Athabasca Willow) · S. aurita (Eared Willow) · S. babylonica (Weeping Willow) · S. babylonica var. glandulipilosa (Babylon Weeping Willow) · S. babylonica 'Crispa' (Weeping Willow) · S. ballii (Ball's Willow) · S. barclayi (Barclay's Willow) · S. barrattiana (Barratt Willow) · S. bebbiana (Beaked Willow) · S. bebbii (Bebb's Willow) · S. beschelii (Beschel's Willow) · S. bicolor (Willow) · S. bonplandiana (Bonpland Willow) · S. boothii (Blueberry Willow) · S. brachycarpa (Barrenground Willow) · S. brachycarpa psammophila (Sand-Dune Short-Capsuled Willow) · S. brachycarpa 'Blue Fox' (Barrenground Willow) · S. brachypurpurea (Willow) · S. breweri (Brewer's Willow) · S. caerulea (White Willow) · S. calcicola (Woolly Willow) · S. candida (Hoary Willow) · S. caprea (French Pussywillow) · S. caprea caprea (Goat Willow) · S. caprea var. Rosea (French Pussy Willow) · S. caprea 'Kilmarnock' (Kilmarnock Willow) · S. caprea 'Pendula' (Kilmarnock Willow) · S. caprea 'Weeping Sally' (French Pussywillow) · S. caroliniana (Carolina Willow) · S. cascadensis (Cascade Willow) · S. chaenomeloides (Giant Pussywillow) · S. chamissonis (Chamisso's Willow) · S. chlorolepis (Green-Scaled Willow) · S. cinerea (Grey Sallow) · S. cinerea cinerea (Large Gray Willow) · S. cinerea oleifolia (Large Gray Willow) · S. cinerea var. atrocinerea (Pussy Willow) · S. cinerea subsp. oleifolia (Large Gray Willow) · S. cinerea 'Variegata' (Grey Sallow) · S. coaetanea (Willow) · S. commutata (Undergreen Willow) · S. conifera (Conifer Willow) · S. cordata (Heartleaf Willow) · S. cottetii (Cottet Willow) · S. cryptodonta (Smalltoothed Willow) · S. daphnoides (Violet Willow) · S. daphnoides 'Henry' (Violet Willow 'henry') · S. delnortensis (Del Norte Willow) · S. dieckiana (Dieck's Willow) · S. discolor (American Pussy-Willow) · S. discolor 'Rosea' (American Pussy-Willow) · S. drummondiana (Drummond's Willow) · S. drummondiana var. subcoerulea (Drummond´s Willow) · S. dutillyi (Dutilly's Willow) · S. eastwoodiae (Eastwood's Willow) · S. ehrhartiana (Ehrhart's Willow) · S. elaeagnos (Elaeagnus Willow) · S. eriocephala (Diamond Willow) · S. eriocephala 'American Mckay' (Diamond Willow) · S. exigua (Coyote Willow) · S. fargesii (Chinese Willow) · S. farriae (Farr Willow) · S. floridana (Florida Willow) · S. fluviatilis (Columbia River Willow) · S. fragilis (Crack Willow) · S. fragilis L. 'Bullata' (Crack Willow) · S. fragilis var. decipiens (White Welsh Willow) · S. fuscescens (Alaska Bog Willow) · S. gaspeensis (Gaspeen Willow) · S. geyerana (Geyer Willow) · S. geyeriana (Geyer Willow) · S. glatfelteri (Glatfelter's Willow) · S. glauca (Grayleaf Willow) · S. glauca callicarpaea (Grayleaf Willow) · S. glauca var. acutifolia (Arctic Gray Willow) · S. glauca var. callicarpaea (Arctic Gray Willow) · S. glauca var. villosa (Grayleaf Willow) · S. glauca subsp. callicarpaea (Grayleaf Willow)

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Further Reading

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• A first report on the relations between climates and crops. By Cleveland Abbe. Washington [D.C.]: Govt. Print. Off., 1905. url p. 228.
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Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed March 27, 2012.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 18, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 36 providers.
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
• "Salix fragilis". in Flora of China Vol. 4 Page 184. Published by Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 30, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 18, 2007:

• Forest Research Institute, Department of Natural Forests, Herbarium
• Institute of Dendrology PAS, Institute of Dendrology PAS, Flora of Sudety Mountains
• Jyväskylä University Museum - The Section of Natural Sciences, Vascular plant collection of Jyvaskyla University Museum
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• Museum of Natural History, Wroclaw University, Museum of Natural History, Wroclaw University, Flora of the Stołowe Mts.
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Botany
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Herbarium of Oskarshamn
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Lund Botanical Museum
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Plants
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Environment and Heritage Service - EHS Species Datasets
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Scottish Borders Biological Records Centre - SWT Scottish Borders Local Wildlife Site Survey data 1996-2000 - species information
• Utah Valley State College
• , Utah Valley State College Herbarium

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 1
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-22535
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 4395043
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:777613-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 32711
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 22535
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 777613-1
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: SAFR
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 59035

Footnotes

1. Cheng-fu Fang, Shi-dong Zhao & Alexei K. Skvortsov "Salicaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 4 Page 139. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. "Salix". in Flora of China Vol. 4 Page 162. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. Mean = 144.570 meters (474.311 feet), Standard Deviation = 155.740 based on 10,232 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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