Rumex acetosa (Dock)

Overview

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Common Sorrel, Hever Grange meadow, W Kent, England. 17 June 2003

Perennial herb.

Interesting Facts

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Famous for sorrel soup , its large, succulent, slightly acidic leaves give a lemony zest to salads , sauces, and omelettes. The moderately acidic young leaves are used in salads, while the stronger old leaves are used to make soups and sauces to accompany lamb, veal, chicken, and fish. The flowers may be eaten as a vegetable or used for garnish.
The leaf juice is used to remove rust, mold, and ink stains .

Common Names

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Click on the language to view common names.

Common Names in Arabic:

Houmadhe (Egypt)

Common Names in Bulgarian:

Kiselets

Common Names in Chinese:

Suan Mo

Common Names in Danish:

Almindelig Syre, Dusksyre, Syre

Common Names in Dutch:

Veldzuring

Common Names in English:

Dock, Acid Sorrel, Bread-And-Cheese, Brown Sugar, Cock Sorrel, Common Sorrel, Cuckoo´s Mest, Cuckoo´s Sorrel, Cuckoo´s Sorrow, Dock Seed, Donkey´s Oats, Field Sorrel, Garden Sorrel, Gipsy´s Baccy, Green Sauce, Green Snob, Green Sorrel, Lammie Sourocks, Lonondon Green Suce, Redshank, Sallet, Sheep Sorrel, Soldiers, Soorik, Sor Saps, Sor Sog, Sorrel, Sorrel Dock, Sorrow, Sour Dock, Sour Docken, Sour Grab, Sour Grass, Sour Leaves, Sour Sab, Sour Salves, Sour Sauce, Sour Sodge, Sour Sops, Sour Suds, Sourdock, Sourlick, Sourock, Sow-Sorrel, Spinach Dock, Tom Thumb´s Thousand Fingers

Common Names in Finnish:

Niittysuolaheinä

Common Names in French:

Aigrette, Grande Oseille, Oreille De Brebis, Oseille, Oseille Commune, Oseille Des Jardins, Oseille Des Prés, Patience, Patience Acide, Rumex à Feuilles Sagittées, Rumex Oseille, Surelle, Surette, Vinette

Common Names in German:

Garten-Sauerampfer, Große Sauerampfer, Großer Ampfer, Sauerampfer, Wiesensauerampfer

Common Names in Greek:

Oxalida, Oxilapatho, Oxilidi, Xinethra, Xinithra, Xinolapatho

Common Names in Icelandic:

Túnsúra

Common Names in Italian:

Acetosa Maggiore, Erba Brusca, Romice Acetosa, Saleggiola

Common Names in Japanese:

Suiba

Common Names in Norwegian:

Engsyre, Matsyre

Common Names in Polish:

Szczaw Pospolity, Szczaw Zwyczajny

Common Names in Portuguese:

Azeda, Azeda-Brava, Azedas, Azedas-Bravas, Erva-Vinagreira, Vinagreira

Common Names in Russian:

Shchavel Obyknovennyi (Avel Obyknovennyj)

Common Names in Slovenian:

Tiav Lúny

Common Names in Spanish:

Acedera Común, Acedera De Lagarto, Acedera De Sapo, Acetosa, Agreta, Agrilla, Alacamines, Alcalamines, Azedinha Da Horta, Vinagrera, Vinagrera Común, Vinagrerilla, Vinagrerita, Vinagreta, Zarrampín

Common Names in Swedish:

ängssyra, Trädgårdssyra

Common Names in Turkish:

Koca Kuzu Kula, Kuzukula

Common Names in Vietnamese:

Cây Chút Chít, Chút Chít

Description

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Family Polygonaceae

Herbs, shrubs , or small trees , sometimes monoecious or dioecious. Stems erect , prostrate , twining , or scandent , often with swollen nodes, striate , grooved , or prickly. Leaves simple , alternate, rarely opposite or whorled , petiolate or subsessile ; stipules often united to a sheath (ocrea) . Inflorescence terminal or axillary , spicate , racemose, paniculate , or capitate. Pedicel occasionally articulate . Flowers small, actinomorphic , bisexual , rarely unisexual . Perianth 3-6-merous, in 1 or 2 series, herbaceous, often enlarged in fruit or inner tepals enlarged, with wings , tubercles , or spines. Stamens usually (3-) 6-9, rarely more; filaments free or united at base ; anthers 2-loculed, opening lengthwise; disk annular (often lobed ) . Ovary superior, 1-loculed; styles 2 or 3, rarely 4, free or connate at lower part. Fruit a trigonous , biconvex , or biconcave achene; seed with straight or curved embryo and copious endosperm.

About 50 genera and 1120 species: worldwide, but primarily N temperate with a few species in tropical regions ; 13 genera (two endemic) and 238 species (65 endemic) in China.[1]

Genus Rumex

Herbs, perennial , biennial, or annual , synoecious (subg. Rumex and Platypodium) or dioecious (subg. Acetosa and Acetosella), occasionally polygamomonoecious, with taproots and usually short caudex , or sometimes rhizomatous and/or stoloniferous . Stems erect , ascending , or prostrate , glabrous or papillose-pubescent. Leaves basal (in some species) and cauline, alternate, petiolate ; ocrea persistent or partially deciduous, membranous; petioles present on basal and proximal cauline leaves, absent on distal cauline leaves, bases not articulated; blades variable in shape , basal (if present) and proximal cauline leaves from broadly ovate or almost orbiculate to linear , becoming progressively smaller and narrower distally, margins entire (or basally lobate ), flat, or occasionally undulate or crisped . Inflorescences terminal , sometimes terminal and axillary , paniclelike, rarely simple . Pedicels present. Flowers bisexual or unisexual , (1-) 4-30 per ocreate fascicle, base stipelike; perianth green, pinkish, or red, campanulate , glabrous; tepals (5-) 6, connate proximally, sepaloid , dimorphic , outer 3 remaining small, inner 3 usually enlarging, sometimes 1-3 with central vein transformed into tuberculate callosity (tubercle) ; stamens 6; filaments distinct , free , glabrous; anthers , yellow to brownish yellow, ovate to elongate ; styles 3, spreading or reflexed , distinct; stigmas 3, fimbriate or plumose . Achenes included in accrescent and usually veiny perianth, tan to dark brown, unwinged to weakly winged , 3-gonous, sometimes compressed-3-gonous or nearly pyramidal , glabrous. Seeds: embryo straight. x = 7, 8, 9, 10 (polyploidy widespread in the genus).

Species 190-200: almost worldwide, but mostly in temperate regions of both hemispheres; some taxa occur in many regions of the world as naturalized or casual aliens .

Carefully collected mature specimens with well-developed inner tepals are desirable for reliable identification of Rumex species. Vegetative characters (in particular, growth habit, basal and proximal cauline leaves, and inflorescences) also are crucial.

In Rumex the distal part of a functional pedicel (below the articulation with a true pedicel) is formed by the narrowed connate basal parts of the outer tepals (also known as a stipelike hypanthium base or pseudopedicel). However, for simplification of the keys and descriptions , the whole functional pedicel (including pseudopedicel) is referred to simply as pedicel.

The genus Rumex in the broad sense may be divided into at least four segregate genera: Rumex in the narrow sense, Acetosa, Acetosella, and Bucephalophora (see e.g. , Á. Löve 1983; Löve and B . M. Kapoor 1967; N. N. Tzvelev 1987b, 1989b). These taxa probably represent distinct phylogenetic lineages ; they have, however, not been generally accepted as separate genera by most taxonomists, including K . H. Rechinger (1937, 1949), monographer of Rumex in the broad sense. Moreover, in some cases they are connected by intermediate forms (especially Acetosa and Acetosella) and evidently are more closely related to each other than to any outgroup genus.

Many Old World species of Rumex may be divided in their native areas of distribution into quite distinct subspecies or varieties. However, the same species occurring in North America as introduced aliens often are represented by atypical , intermediate specimens or even populations (as is true also for many native North American taxa occurring as aliens in Europe), which in many cases obscures those taxonomic distinctions.[2]

Physical Description

Species Rumex acetosa

Plants perennial , glabrous or nearly so, with short and relatively thin, horizontal or slightly oblique rootstock (usually not reaching deep into substrate) and ± crowded 2d-order roots . Stems erect or rarely ascending , 1 to several from base , branched in distal 2 (in inflorescence), (25-) 30-90(-110) cm. Leaves: ocrea normally laciniate ; blade oblong-ovate, ovate-lanceolate, to lanceolate, 4-10(-15) × 1-4(-6) cm, normally more than 2.5 times as long as wide, base sagittate (with acute lobes directed downward, ± parallel to petiole ), margins entire, normally flat, apex acute or subacute . Inflorescences terminal , occupying distal 3 of stem, usually lax and interrupted especially in proximal part, narrowly paniculate , cylindric (with 1st-order branches simple , or with few 2d-order branches). Pedicels articulated near middle , filiform , 2-5(-6) mm, articulation distinct . Flowers (2-) 4-8(-10) in whorls; inner tepals orbiculate, occasionally broadly ovate , 3-4(-5) × 3-4 mm, base rounded or cordate, apex obtuse ; tubercles small or occasionally absent. Achenes black to dark brown, 1.8-2.5 × 1.2-1.5 mm, shiny, smooth . 2n = 14 (pistillate plants ), 15 (staminate plants). [source]

Rumex acetosa is morphologically uniform in North America. It sometimes is misidentified as R. hastatulus orR. acetosella. Collections from North America are few in herbaria, and this species probably is not as common in the flora area as has been generally assumed. Some literature reports for R. acetosa may refer to other taxa of the species group. [source]

Habit: Forb/herb

Flowers: Bloom Period: February, March, April, May. • Flower Color: green

Size/Age/Growth

Size: Height to 18".

Habitat

Waste places, meadows, cultivated fields , alluvial habitats ; 0-1000 m [3].

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 4,653 meters (0 to 15,266 feet).[4]

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 12" apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 5.6 • Maximum pH: 6.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Sun to part shade.

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b. (map)

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Infraphylum: Radiatopses () - Kenrick & Crane, 1997
        Class: Spermatopsida () - Brongniart, 1843
        Subclass: Caryophyllidae () - Takhtajan, 1967
        Superorder: Polygonanae () - Takhtajan Ex Reveal, 1992
        Order: Caryophyllales () - Perleb, 1826
        Family: Polygonaceae () - A.L. de Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. - knotweed, renouées
        Subfamily: Polygonoideae ()
        Tribe: Rumiceae ()
        Genus: Rumex () - C. Linnaeus, 1753 - Dock, sorrel [classical Latin name for sorrel, probably derived from rumo, to suck, alluding to the practice among Romans of sucking the leaves to allay thirst]
        Subgenus: nom ()
        Specific epithet: acetosa - L.
        Botanical name: - Rumex acetosa L.

Synonyms

Acetosa pratensis Miller • Rumex acetosa pratensis (Miller) A. Blytt & O. C. Dahl

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Rumex

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 107 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

More Info

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The Annals and magazine of natural history; zoology, botany, and geology being a continuation of the Annals combined with Loudon and Charlesworth's Magazine of Natural History. London, Taylor and Francis, Ltd. url p. 33, p. 356.
The Annals of Scottish natural history. Edinburgh: David Douglas, 1892-1911. url p. 112, p. 114, p. 155, p. 167, p. 173, p. 187, p. 235, p. 91.
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The British nature book; a complete handbook and guide to British nature study, embracing the mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, insects, plants, etc., in the United Kingdom, by S.N. Sedgwick. .. Edinburgh, T.C. & E.C. Jack, Ltd., 1922. url p. 445.
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Notes

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Contributors

Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.
Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 10, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 3 providers.
Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
"Rumex acetosa". in Flora of North America Vol. 5. Published by Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Jan 19, 2007.
USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 30, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 14, 2007:

GBIF-Spain, Departamento de Biolog. Veg. II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid: MAF
Jyväskylä University Museum - The Section of Natural Sciences, Vascular plant collection of Jyvaskyla University Museum
The Danish Biodiversity Information Facility, Botany registration database by Danish botanists
UK National Biodiversity Network, Botanical Society of the British Isles - Vascular Plants Database
UK National Biodiversity Network, Environment and Heritage Service - EHS Species Datasets
UK National Biodiversity Network, Joint Nature Conservation Committee - Vegetation surveys of coastal shingle in Great Britain
UK National Biodiversity Network, Scottish Borders Biological Records Centre - SWT Scottish Borders Local Wildlife Site Survey data 1996-2000 - species information

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2669111
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-504901
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 5304283
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:696819-1
GRIN Nomen Number: 32518
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 504901
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: RUACT
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 60826

Footnotes

Anjen Li, Bojian Bao, Alisa E. Grabovskaya-Borodina, Suk-pyo Hong, John McNeill, Sergei L. Mosyakin, Hideaki Ohba & Chong-wook Park "Polygonaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 5 Page 277. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Sergei L. Mosyakin "Rumex". in Flora of North America Vol. 5. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
"Rumex acetosa". in Flora of North America Vol. 5. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Mean = 419.960 meters (1,377.822 feet), Standard Deviation = 637.270 based on 5,444 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Rumex acetosa

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Polygonaceae

Genus Rumex

Physical Description

Species Rumex acetosa

Size/Age/Growth

Habitat

Biology

Reproduction

Growth

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Notes

Similar Species

Members of the genus Rumex

More Info

Further Reading

Notes

Contributors

Data Sources

Identifiers

Footnotes