Rhynchospora alba (White Beaksedge)

Overview

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Interesting Facts

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Common Names

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Click on the language to view common names.

Common Names in English:

White Beaksedge, White Beak-Rush

Common Names in French:

Rhynchospore Blanc

Description

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Family Cyperaceae

Herbs, annual or perennial , cespitose or not, rhizomatous or not, stoloniferous or not. Roots fibrous , principally adventitious. Stems (culms ) usually trigonous , occasionally terete , rarely compressed , usually solid, rarely hollow or septate . Leaves basal and/or cauline, alternate, usually 3-ranked, rarely 2-ranked or multi-ranked, bases forming cylindric sheaths enclosing stem, margins usually fused; junction of sheaths and blades often with adaxial flaps of tissue or fringes of hair (ligules) ; blades frequently absent from some basal leaves , rarely from cauline leaves, when present divergent or ascending , flat, folded, plicate , rolled, or terete, linear , venation parallel. Primary inflorescences (spikelets ) a shortened axis; glumaceous bracts (scales ) 1-many, spirally arranged , sometimes 2-ranked, usually appressed or ascending; scales usually all fertile , each subtending a single flower, sometimes proximal and/or distal scales empty; lateral spikes often with basal, usually empty, usually 2-keeled scale (prophyll) ; occasionally prophyll subtending and enclosing rachilla, bearing 1 pistillate , sometimes (0-) 3 staminate flowers and empty scales (Carex, Cymophyllus, and Kobresia) . Secondary inflorescences panicles, often modified to corymb, pseudoumbel, cyme (anthela), raceme , spike, or capitulum (head ), rarely single spike, usually subtended by foliaceous or, less frequently, glumaceous bracts; secondary inflorescences sometimes simulating spikelets (Carex, Cymophyllus, and Kobresia) . Flowers hypogynous, bisexual in most genera, unisexual in Scleria, Carex, Cymophyllus, and Kobresia; perianth absent or with (1-) 3-6(-30) bristles and/or scales, usually falling off with fruit; stamens usually (1-) 3, rarely more, usually distinct ; anthers basifixed ; pistils 1, 2-3(-4) -carpellate, fused, locule 1; style undivided or branches 2-3(-4) ; stigma sometimes papillate . Fruits achenes, usually trigonous or biconvex ; pericarps thin (except in Scleria) . Seeds 1; testa thin, free from pericarp; embryo basal; endosperm abundant. x = 5-ca. 100.

Genera ca. 100, species ca. 5000 (27 genera, 843 species in the flora ) : worldwide.

No consensus exists regarding the number of genera and the overall relationships of genera within Cyperaceae. The most recent account of the family (P. Goetghebeur 1998) recognized 104 genera distributed among 4 subfamilies and 14 tribes . That arrangement differs somewhat from that of J. Bruhl (1995) . With one minor exception the arrangement of the family here follows that of Goetghebeur.

The family is characterized by the occurrence of a number of unusual cytological features including: (1) chromosomes with diffuse centromeres , (2) post-reductional meiosis, and (3) pollen grains formed from tetrads in which 3 of the 4 microspores fail to develop. The first two features are found in at least some Juncaceae and are unique to the two families. Juncaceae also have pollen in tetrads, but in that family all four microspores produce pollen grains. Some species in some genera of Cyperaceae (particularly Eleocharis) possess chromosomes with localized centromeres (S. S. Bir et al. 1993) . The wide range of chromosome numbers found in Cyperaceae is largely because of agmatoploidy; polyploidy has been hypothesized for some genera, especially Eleocharis, although polyploidy has not been demonstrated unequivocally.

Because of morphologic similarities in vegetative and inflorescence characters, the family has commonly been associated with Poaceae. Cytological features discussed above clearly indicate that to be a superficial similarity . Data from rbcL studies also support the view that Cyperaceae and Poaceae are not closely related (M. R. Duvall et al. 1993b; G. M. Plunkett et al. 1995) ; they do support the concept of close relationship between Cyperaceae and Juncaceae.

For most families of flowering plants the phenological data given are flowering times. Because most Cyperaceae cannot be reliably identified when in flower, in this volume fruiting time is given for all species by season , sometimes qualified by early, mid, or late, or by months. The fruiting time has been interpreted broadly to include the period when the fruit is more or less fully formed but not yet ripe . The fruiting period provided covers the entire range of the taxon . Quite a difference between fruiting periods in different parts of the range of the species may well occur, especially for widespread species and species with extensive elevation range.

For a recent, comprehensive review of the economic importance of Cyperaceae, see D. A. Simpson and C. A. Inglis (2001) .[1]

Genus Rhynchospora

Herbs, annual or perennial , cespitose or not, often scaly-rhizomatous. Culms procumbent to erect , usually trigonous , wiry to stout. Leaves basal and cauline, polystichous , mostly 3-ranked; sheaths open apically, glabrous ; ligules present or absent; blades flat, V-shaped in cross section or terete , typically keeled abaxially, margins involute or revolute , usually scabrid or scabridulous . Inflorescences terminal , rarely pseudolateral, paniculate , corymbose , anthelate , racemose, or capitate; spikelets 3-100 or more; involucral bracts 1-6, spreading or rarely the proximal erect, leaflike. Spikelets: scales spirally or distichously arranged, each subtending flower; 1 or more proximal scales empty. Flowers all bisexual or sometimes distalmost staminate ; perianth absent or of 2-12(-20) bristles , usually persistent in fruit, rarely deciduous, variously barbed or plumed, shorter or longer than achene, seldom smooth ; stamens 2-3; styles undivided or shallowly 2-fid, or deeply cleft into 2(-3) linear stigmatic branches; style base persistent as tubercle on fruit, usually articulate to achene apex, distinct , enlarged. Fruits achenes, borne on pedicellar joint , directly distal to compact , dilated receptacle; body various shades of brown, flattened, lenticular (biconvex ), or nearly terete, smooth and lustrous or variously ridged , pitted , alveolate (honeycombed ), cancellate (netted , latticed), papillate , or warty; tubercle mostly conic or variously triangular, terete or flattened and 2-edged, sometimes longitudinally sulcate , widest across base ; base along narrow transverse suture, lunate , 2-lobed, or topping achenial "neck" or buttress , much narrower, as wide as, or wider than achene apex, decurrent down achene margins.

Species over 250: worldwide, mostly in sunny places with wet, acidic soils.

The working basis for the classification used here is from G. Kükenthal, the first modern monographer of Rhynchospora worldwide (19491951). He divided the genus into two subgenera , Haplostylae (Nees) Bentham and Diplostylae Bentham, based on degree of stylar branching. In subg. Haplostylae the stylar apex is virtually unlobed, surmounted by two tubercle like stigmas, or shallowly bifid with the stigmatic branches rarely approaching 1 mm. Thus the stigmatic area is small compared to that of plants in subg. Diplostylae, in which the stylar apex is divided into two narrowly linear, elongate stigma branches.

Most members of Rhynchospora are cespitose. This does not preclude the possibility of some species (e.g. , R. caduca, R. mixta) from having well developed scaly rhizomes or others (e.g., R. oligantha, R. breviseta, R. rariflora, R. stenophylla) from forming dense, hard-based tufts from packed, intertwined short rhizomes. Only a few species are strongly clonal by elongate rhizomes; those are mostly in subg. Haplostylae (e.g., R. tracyi, R. careyana, R. inundata) or subg. Diplostylae sect. Dichromena (e.g., R. colorata).

Rhynchosporas are often dominant or co-dominant herbaceous graminoids in marshlands and savannas . Many species occuring in marshlands provide food for migratory waterfowl.[2]

Physical Description

Species Rhynchospora alba

Plants perennial , densely cespitose, 6-75 cm; rhizomes mostly absent. Culms erect to curved , leafy, obscurely trigonous to nearly terete , few ribbed , slender. Principal leaves mostly overtopped by culm; blades narrowly linear to filiform , proximally flat, 0.5-1.5 mm, apex tapering, trigonous. Inflorescences: clusters 1 or 2-3, then widely spaced, narrowly turbinate to hemispheric , 1.5-2.5 cm wide; subtending leafy bracts often exceeded by distal cluster. Spikelets pale brown to nearly white, ellipsoid , 3.5-5.5 mm, apex acute; fertile scales elliptic , 3-3.5(-4) mm, apex acute or acuminate, midrib excurrent as mucro . Flowers: perianth bristles 10-12, slightly overtopping tubercle, retrorsely barbellate or rarely smooth , base often setose . Fruits 1(-2) per spikelet, (2.3-) 2.5-3 mm; body pale brown with paler center, stipitate obovoid , lenticular , 1.5-1.8(-2) × 0.9-1.2 mm; surfaces transversely striate , relatively smooth, rim narrow, flowing to tubercle base; tubercle narrowly triangular subulate , 0.5-1.2 mm. [source]

The smooth-bristled Rhynchospora alba forma laeviseta Gale mostly occurs with the typical antrorsely barbellate type in Pennsylvania, the Great Lakes , British Columbia, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia. [source]

Habit: Graminoid

Flowers: Bloom Period: May, June, July, August, September, October.

Habitat

Acid, sphagnous , boggy, open sites, poor fens , often on floating mats or peaty interstices of rocky shores ; 0-2000 m [3].

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 1,840 meters (0 to 6,037 feet).[4]

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Infraphylum: Radiatopses () - Kenrick & Crane, 1997
        Class: Spermatopsida () - Brongniart, 1843
        Subclass: Commelinidae () - Takhtajan, 1967
        Superorder: Juncanae () - Takhtajan, 1967
        Order: Poales () - Small, 1903
        Family: Cyperaceae () - A.L. de Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. - Sedge Family
        Subfamily: Cyperoideae ()
        Tribe: Schoeneae ()
        Genus: Rhynchospora () - Vahl, 1806, nom. cons., orth. cons. - Beak-rush, rhynchospore [Greek rhynchos, snout, and spora, seed]
        Specific epithet: alba - (L.) Vahl
        Botanical name: - Rhynchospora alba (L.) Vahl

Synonyms

Dichromena alba (L.) J. F. Macbr. • Dichromena alba (Linnaeus) J. F. Macbride • Phaeocephalum album (L.) House • Phaeocephalum album (Linnaeus) House • Rhynchospora luguillensis Britton • Rhynchospora luquillensis Britt. • Schoenus albus L. • Schoenus albus Linnaeus • Triodon albus (L.) Farw. • Triodon albus (Linnaeus) Farwell

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 21-Jun-2005

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Rhynchospora

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 112 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

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Notes

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Contributors

Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 11, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 18, 2007:

Jyväskylä University Museum - The Section of Natural Sciences, Vascular plant collection of Jyvaskyla University Museum
Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
The Danish Biodiversity Information Facility, Botany registration database by Danish botanists
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Botany
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Herbarium of Oskarshamn
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Lund Botanical Museum
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Plants
UK National Biodiversity Network, Dorset Environmental Records Centre - Bryophyte Survey of the Poole Basin Mires - NBN South West Pilot Project Case Studies
UK National Biodiversity Network, Environment and Heritage Service - EHS Species Datasets
University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium
University of Alaska Museum of the North, University of Alaska Museum of the North Herbarium

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2660611
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Kew-261498
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 2704925
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:311997-1
GRIN Nomen Number: 416475
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 40151
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: RHAL3
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 59906

Footnotes

Peter W. Ball, A. A. Reznicek, David F. Murray "Cyperaceae". in Flora of North America Vol. 23 Page 3, 4, 192, 243, 252. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Robert Kral "Rhynchospora". in Flora of North America Vol. 23 Page 6, 7, 200, 201, 231, 238. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
"Rhynchospora". in Flora of North America Vol. 23 Page 202, 213, 214, 230. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Mean = 172.570 meters (566.175 feet), Standard Deviation = 192.240 based on 7,975 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Rhynchospora alba

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Cyperaceae

Genus Rhynchospora

Physical Description

Species Rhynchospora alba

Habitat

Biology

Reproduction

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Notes

Similar Species

Members of the genus Rhynchospora

More Info

Further Reading

Notes

Contributors

Data Sources

Identifiers

Footnotes