Quercus grisea

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Fagaceae

Trees or rarely shrubs , monoecious, evergreen or deciduous. Stipules usually early deciduous. Leaves alternate, sometimes false-whorled in Cyclobalanopsis. Inflorescences unisexual or androgynous with female cupules at the base of an otherwise male inflorescence. Male inflorescences a pendulous head or erect or pendulous catkin, sometimes branched; flowers in dense cymules . Male flower: sepals 4-6(-9), scalelike, connate or distinct ; petals absent; filaments filiform ; anthers dorsifixed or versatile, opening by longitudinal slits; with or without a rudimentary pistil. Female inflorescences of 1-7 or more flowers subtended individually or collectively by a cupule formed from numerous fused bracts, arranged individually or in small groups along an axis or at base of an androgynous inflorescence or on a separate axis. Female flower: perianth 1-7 or more; pistil 1; ovary inferior, 3-6(-9) -loculed; style and carpels as many as locules; placentation axile ; ovules 2 per locule. Fruit a nut. Seed usually solitary by abortion (but may be more than 1 in Castanea, Castanopsis, Fagus, and Formanodendron), without endosperm; embryo large.

Seven to 12 genera (depending on interpretation) and 900-1000 species: worldwide except for tropical and S Africa; seven genera and 294 species (163 endemic, at least three introduced ) in China.

Many species are important timber trees. Nuts of Fagus, Castanea, and of most Castanopsis species are edible, and oil is extracted from nuts of Fagus. Nuts of most species of this family contain copious amounts of water soluble tannin. Members of the Fagaceae are the main element of both broad-leaved evergreen and mixed mesophytic forests from 500-3200 m. [1]

Genus Quercus

Trees or shrubs , evergreen or winter-deciduous, sometimes rhizomatous . Terminal buds spheric to ovoid , terete or angled , all scales imbricate. Leaves: stipules deciduous and inconspicuous (except in Quercus sadleriana ) . Leaf blade lobed or unlobed, thin or leathery, margins entire, toothed , or awned-toothed, secondary veins either unbranched, ± parallel, extending to margin, or branching and anastomosing before reaching margin. Inflorescences unisexual , in axils of leaves or bud scales, usually clustered at base of new growth; staminate inflorescences lax , spicate ; pistillate inflorescences usually stiff, with terminal cupule and sometimes 1-several sessile, lateral cupules. Staminate flowers : sepals connate ; stamens (2-) 6(-12), surrounding tuft of silky hairs (apparently a reduced pistillode ) . Pistillate flower 1 per cupule; sepals connate; carpels and styles 3(-6) . Fruits: maturation annual or biennial; cup variously shaped (saucer- to cup- or bowl- to goblet-shaped), without indication of valves , covering base of nut (rarely whole nut), scaly , scales imbricate or reduced to tubercles , not or weakly reflexed , never hooked ; nut 1 per cup, round in cross section , not winged . x = 12.

Species ca. 400: North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America (Colombia only), Eurasia , n Africa.

Quercus is without doubt one of the most important woody genera of the Northern Hemisphere. Historically, oaks have been an important source of fuel, fodder , and building materials throughout their range . Other products include tannins and dyes, and oak bark and leaves were often used for tanning leather . Acorns were historically an important food for indigenous people in North America, Central America, Europe, and Asia. In some areas, acorn consumption is still important, but in general, because of the intense preparation necessary to remove tannins and strong flavor of acorn products, they have fallen out of use as human food in developed areas. They do remain, however, an important mast for wildlife and domesticated animals in many rural areas.

Among the most important diagnostic characters within Quercus, and particularly the white oak group ( Quercus sect. Quercus), are features of the foliar trichomes . Often these can be seen with a 10× or 15× hand lens ; higher magnifications are sometimes required and are useful particularly when characters for a species or complex are first studied and mastered for later use in the field . Although these microscopic characters may seem intimidating, the alternative characters of leaf shape and dentition, so often used in the field, are unreliable in many cases. The large number of misidentified specimens in herbaria that can be easily identified properly with the use of trichome characters illustrates this point . Additionally, many specimens are encountered, both in field and herbarium , that lack fruit or have only immature fruit. Very few species require mature fruit for proper diagnosis ; most can be adequately identified with a representative selection of mature sun leaves attached, if possible, to twigs with mature buds. The combination of leaf vestiture, form of the margin (entire, lobed, toothed, spinose ), twig vestiture , and bud form and vestiture constitute the majority of diagnostic features minimally required at species level.

Staminate floral and inflorescence characters have not been used to any significant extent in the taxonomy of Quercus . Immature, flowering material is often difficult to identify with certainty, and floral features such as number and form of sepals, number of stamens, and pubescence of flowers or floral rachises seem to vary independently of species affinity within many groups. Because of these problems, descriptions of staminate features are excluded in this treatment as unreliable and of little diagnostic value. When collecting flowering oaks, make a point of gathering fallen fruit and mature leaves carefully from the ground , if available, and revisit such populations again when mature material is available to verify identifications.

The character of acorn maturation in the first year (annual maturation) or second year (biennial maturation) after pollination is commonly used to differentiate major groups within Quercus . All of the North American white oaks have annual maturation; all of the Protobalanus group have biennial maturation; and the vast majority of red oaks have biennial maturation, with one eastern North American and a few western species with annual maturation. In the field, this character can be observed throughout the growing season by examining a sample of twigs from the same tree. If developing fruits exhibit a single size class and are found only on the current year's growth, maturation is annual; if the developing fruits exhibit two size classes with small pistillate flowers on new growth and larger developing fruit on the previous year's twigs, maturation is biennial. In Quercus sect. Protobalanus, biennial maturation may be mistaken for annual maturation because all of the species are fully evergreen, and often the twigs bearing fruit do not produce new growth in the second year after pollination. In such cases, careful examination of a broad sample of twigs from within one tree and throughout a population will verify biennial maturation. Herbarium specimens are sometimes inadequate for this determination.

Hybridization among species of Quercus has been widely documented and even more widely suspected. An astounding number of hybrid combinations have been reported in the literature, and many of these have been given species names , either before or after their hybrid status was known (E. J. Palmer 1948) . Hybrids are known to occur in the wild only between members of the same section, and attempts at artificial crosses between species from different sections or subgenera within Quercus have failed with very few exceptions (W. P. Cottam et al. 1982) .

Hybridization in most cases results in solitary unusual trees or scattered clusters of intermediate individuals (J. W. Hardin 1975) . In some cases, however, populations of fairly broad distribution and extreme variability, often with a majority of intermediate types, may occur. Such instances occur in both the red oak and white oak groups, and to a lesser extent in the Protobalanus group.

When dealing with a suspected hybrid, therefore, one should first consider the possibility of intraspecific variation or environmental plasticity, and then seek parentage among sympatric members of the same section. Because of the almost infinite number of possible hybrid combinations, and the myriad names applied to them, only those that appear to be prominent either locally or in widespread areas are dealt with here. The interested reader is referred to various discussions of oak hybridization in the literature (e.g. , E. J. Palmer 1948; J. W. Hardin 1975) .[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Igneous or dolomitic slopes , oak woodlands, juniper woodlands, desert chaparral ; usually above 1500 m [3].

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Quercus chesosensis (Sarg.) C. H. Mull. • Quercus coccinea var. microcarpa Torr. • Quercus shumardii var. microcarpa (Torr.) Shinners • Quercus stellapila (Sarg.) Parks • Quercus texana var. chesosensis Sarg. • Quercus texana var. stellapila Sarg. • Quercus undulata var. grisea (Liebm.) Engelm. • Quercus undulata Torrey var. grisea (Liebmann) Engelmann • Trans. St. Louis Acad. 3: 393. 1877

Notes

Publishing author : Liebm. Publication : in Overs. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Forh. (1854) 171.

Similar Species

Members of the genus Quercus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 400 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

Q. acerifolia (Maple-Leaved Oak) · Q. acuta (Japanese Evergreen Oak) · Q. acutissima (Sawtooth Oak) · Q. acutissima acutissima (Sawtooth Oak) · Q. acutissima 'Gobbler' (Sawtooth Oak) · Q. agrifolia (California Live Oak) · Q. ajoensis (Ajo Mountain Scrub Oak) · Q. alba (Eastern White Oak) · Q. alba 'Brush Creek' (Oak) · Q. alba 'Gatton Grave' (Oak) · Q. alba 'Linclon' (Oak) · Q. aliena (Oriental White Oak) · Q. alnifolia (Golden Oak) · Q. alvordiana (Alvord Oak) · Q. arizonica (Arizona White Oak) · Q. arkansana (Arkansas Oak) · Q. ashei (Ash's Oak) · Q. atlantica (Atlantic Oak) · Q. austrina (Bastard White Oak) · Q. beadlei (Beadle's Oak) · Q. beaumontiana (Beaumont's Oak) · Q. bebbiana (Bebb's Oak) · Q. beckyae (Becky's Oak) · Q. benderi (Bender Oak) · Q. berberidifolia (Scrub Oak) · Q. bernardiensis (Bernard's Oak) · Q. bicolor (Swamp White Oak) · Q. bimundorum (Oak) · Q. blufftonensis (Bluffton's Oak) · Q. boyntonii (Boynton Sand Post Oak) · Q. brantii (Brant's Oak) · Q. brenesii (Roble) · Q. brittonii (Britton's Oak) · Q. buckleyi (Texas Red Oak) · Q. burnetensis (Burnet's Oak) · Q. bushii (Bush's Oak) · Q. byarsii (Byars' Oak) · Q. caduca (Oak) · Q. caesariensis (Caesar Oak) · Q. capesii (Cape Oak) · Q. carmenensis (Mexican Oak) · Q. castaneaefolia (Slender Maori Wrasse) · Q. castaneifolia (Chestnut-Leaved Oak) · Q. cedrosensis (Cedros Island Oak) · Q. cerrioides (Roble Pubescente) · Q. cerris (European Turkey Oak) · Q. chapmanii (Chapman Oak) · Q. chihuahuensis (Chihuahuan Oak) · Q. chrysolepis (Canyon Live Oak) · Q. chrysolepis Liebm. var. chrysolepis Liebm. (Canyon Live Oak) · Q. chrysolepis Liebm. var. nana (Jeps.) Jeps. (Canyon Live Oak) · Q. coccifera (Kermes Shrub Oak) · Q. coccinea (Scarlet Oak) · Q. coccinea var. coccinea Muenchh. (Scarlet Oak) · Q. coccinea var. tuberculata Sarg. (Scarlet Oak) · Q. cocksii (Cocks' Oak) · Q. columnaris (Column Oak) · Q. comptoniae (Compton's Oak) · Q. cornelius-mulleri (Muller Oak) · Q. costaricensis (Roble Negro) · Q. cravenensis (Oak) · Q. deamii (Deam's Oak) · Q. demareei (Oak) · Q. dentata (Daimyo Oak) · Q. dentata dentata (Daimyo Oak) · Q. dentata 'Pinnatifida' (Japanese Emperor Oak) · Q. depressipes (Davis Mountain Oak) · Q. discreta (Discreet Oak) · Q. diversiloba (Manylobed Oak) · Q. dolicholepis (Oak) · Q. douglasii (Blue Oak) · Q. dumosa (Coastal Sage Scrub Oak) · Q. dumosa Nutt. var. dumosa Nutt. (Coastal Sage Scrub Oak) · Q. dumosa Nutt. var. elegantula Jeps. (Coastal Sage Scrub Oak) · Q. dumosa turbinella (Coastal Sage Scrub Oak) · Q. durandii var. sinuata (Bastard White Oak) · Q. durata (Leather Oak) · Q. durata var. gabrielensis (San Gabriel Mountains Leather Oak) · Q. egglestonii (Eggleston's Oak) · Q. ellipsoidalis (Hill's Oak) · Q. emoryi (Blackjack Oak) · Q. engelmannii (Engelmann Oak) · Q. eplingii (Epling's Oak) · Q. exacta (Oak) · Q. faginea (Oak) · Q. falcata (Southern Red Oak) · Q. faxonii (Faxon's Oak) · Q. fernaldii (Fernald's Oak) · Q. fernowii (Fernow's Oak) · Q. filialis (Oak) · Q. floribunda (Mohroo) · Q. fontana (Fontana Oak) · Q. frainetto (Hungarian Oak) · Q. frainetto 'Forest Green' (Italian Oak) · Q. franchetii (Oak) · Q. fusiformis (Escarpment Live Oak) · Q. gambelii (Gambel Oak) · Q. gambelii Nutt. var. bonina Welsh (Gambel Oak) · Q. ganderi (Gander Oak) · Q. garlandensis (Garland Oak)

More Info

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Further Reading

• A list of mammals collected by Edmund Heller, in the San Pedro Martir and Hanson Laguna Mountains and the accompanying coast regions of Lower California, with descriptions of apparently new species, by D. G. Elliot. 3 1903 Chicago, 1903. url p. 200.
• Bartonia;proceedings of the Philadelphia botanical club. .. 42 - 46 1973 - 19 Philadelphia, Philadelphia Botanical Club, Academy of Natural Sciences. url p. 10.
• Botanical Museum leaflets, Harvard University. 1949-1951 Cambridge, Mass.: Botanical Museum, Harvard University, 1932- url p. 170, p. 179.
• Britton, N. L. (ed.). North American flora. [New York]New York Botanical Garden. url p. 692.
• Bulletin - United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.];1877-1971. url p. 590, p. 89.
• Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. 41 1902 Cambridge, Mass.: The Museum, 1863- url p. 78, p. 78, p. 8, p. 8.
• Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden. Lancaster, Pa.: Published for the Garden by the New Era Printing Co., url , p. 219, p. 221.
• Carnegie Institution of Washington publication. Washington, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1902- url p. 361.
• Catalog of hymenoptera in America north of Mexico / prepared cooperatively by specialists on the various groups of Hymenoptera under the direction of Karl V. Krombein. .. [et al.]. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979- url p. 1073, p. 1078, p. 1080, p. 1088, p. 1090, p. 1091.
• Contributions from the Herbarium of Columbia College. New York: Columbia College, 1886-1896. url p. 314.
• Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 1 1890-1895 Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1890- url p. 113, p. 133, p. 170, p. 171, p. 186, p. 326.
• Contributions from the University of Michigan Herbarium. 12 1974 Ann Arbor: University Herbarium, University of Michigan, 1939- url p. 48, p. 49, p. 50, p. 61, p. 92.
• Entomological news. [Philadelphia]American Entomological Society, 1925- url , , p. 132, p. 96.
• Flora of New Mexico / by E.O. Wooton and Paul C. Standley. Washington: G.P.O., 1915. url p. 170, p. 171, p. 326.
• Flora of New Mexico. By E.O. Wooton and Paul C. Standley. WashingtonGovt. Print. Off.1915 url p. 170, p. 171.
• Forestry quarterly. Ithaca N.Y. [etc.] url p. 214.
• Forestry quarterly. Ithaca, N.Y. [etc.] url p. 214.
• Garden and forest; a journal of horticulture, landscape art and forestry. New York: The Garden and forest publishing co., 1888-97. url p. 13, p. 142, p. 152, p. 182, p. 22, p. 226, p. 273, p. 317, p. 338, p. 441, p. 471, p. 92.
• Illustrations of West American oaks. From drawings by Albert Kellog; the text by Edward L. Greene. Published from funds provided by James M. McDonald. San Francisco[Printed by Bosqui Engraving and Print. Co.]1889 url p. 45, p. 51.
• Journal of Hymenoptera research. Washington, D.C.: International Society of Hymenopterists, [1992- url p. 95.
• Journal of ethnobiology. 11 1991 Flagstaff, Ariz.: Center for Western Studies, 1981- url p. 240, p. 244.
• Mammals of the Mexican boundary of the United States: a descriptive catalogue of the species of mammals occurring in that region; with a general summary of the natural history, and a list of trees / Washington: Govt. Print. Off., 1907. url .
• Memoirs of the American Entomological Society. Philadelphia, American Entomological Society, 1916- url p. 26.
• Native woody plants of the United States, their erosion-control and wildlife values. Washington, U. S. Govt. print. off., 1938. url , , , p. 216.
• Naturalist's guide to the Americas, prepared by the Committee on the Preservation of Natural Conditions of the Ecological Society of America, with assistance from numerous organizations and individuals, assembled and edited by chairman, Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1926. url p. 510, p. 510.
• North American fauna. Washington: Fish and Wildlife Service; for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U. S. Govt. Print. Off. url p. 33, p. 35, p. 35, p. 37, p. 38, p. 409, p. 64.
• North American trees (exclusive of Mexico and tropical United States) A handbook designed for field use, with plates and distribution maps. Ames, Iowa State University Press[1961] url p. 174.
• North American trees: being descriptions and illustrations of the trees growing independently of cultivation in North America, north of Mexico and the West Indies / New York: H. Holt and Co., 1908. url .
• Occasional papers of the California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco: California Academy of Sciences, url p. 9.
• Pacific States Floral Congress. [Papers] Edited by the Committee on Publication: Emory E. Smith [and others. San Francisco: Academy of sciences, 1901?] url p. 168.
• Pamphlets on silviculture. [1899- url p. 285, p. 285.
• Plant indicators: the relation of plant communities to process and practice. WashingtonCarnegie Institution of Washington1920 url p. 361.
• Popular science monthly. New York: D. Appleton, 1872-1950. url p. 316.
• Popular science news, formerly Boston journal of chemistry. A popular illustrated monthly devoted to the progress in zoology, botany, mineralogy, archaeology, hygiene, invention, with related physical sciences and general v. 1-36; July 1866-Dec. 1902. Boston, J.R. Nichols & co. [etc.]1866-[93]; New York, W. O. Allison [etc., 1894]-1902. url p. 115.
• Practical forestry. A treatise on the propagation, planting, and cultivation, with a description, and the botanical and popular names of all the indigenous trees of the United States. By Andrew S. Fuller. New York, Orange Judd company1884. url p. 296.
• Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. Washington, etc.: Entomological Society of Washington url p. 23, p. 240.
• Proceedings of the United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.] url , , p. 110, p. 195, p. 30, p. 481, p. 486, p. 490, p. 50, p. 504, p. 505, p. 522, p. 531, p. 59, p. 60, p. 62.
• Raising deer and other large game animals in the United States. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1910. url p. 47.
• Report on the Natal forests. .. [S.l.: s.n.], 1889. url p. 182.
• Report on the forests of North America (exclusive of Mexico) / by Charles S. Sargent. Washington [D.C.]: G.P.O., 1884. url p. 144, p. 604.
• The Annals and magazine of natural history; zoology, botany, and geology being a continuation of the Annals combined with Loudon and Charlesworth's Magazine of Natural History. London, Taylor and Francis, Ltd. url p. 253, p. 253.
• The Biological bulletin. Woods Hole, Mass.: Marine Biological Laboratory, url p. 92.
• The Canadian entomologist. Ottawa [etc.]Entomological Society of Canada [etc.] url p. 254, p. 254.
• The Garden: an illustrated weekly journal of gardening in all its branches. London: [s.n., url p. 222.
• The Gardeners' chronicle: a weekly illustrated journal of horticulture and allied subjects. London: [Gardeners Chronicle], 1874-1955. url p. 476.
• The Great Basin naturalist. Provo, Utah: M.L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, 1939-1999. url p. 107, severson & hayward, page 554.
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• The silva of North America a description of the tree which grow naturally in North America exclusive of Mexico / by Charles Sprague Sargent; illustrated with figures and analyses drawn from nature by Charles Edward Faxon. Boston;Houghton, Mifflin, 1895 url .
• The silva of North America: a description of the trees which grow naturally in North America exclusive of Mexico /by Charles Sprague Sargent. .. illustrated with figures and analyses drawn from nature by Charles Edward Faxon. .. 4 1893 Boston, New York: Houghton, Mifflin and company, 1891-1902. url p. 127, p. 141, p. 188, p. 59, p. 75, p. 76, p. 89, p. 90.
• The woods of the United States. With an account of their structure, qualities, and uses. With geographical and other notes upon the trees which produce them. By C.S. Sargent. New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1885. url p. 149, p. 153, p. 158, p. 165, p. 166, p. 170, p. 173, p. 196, p. 85.
• The woods of the United States: with an account of their structure, qualities and uses; with geographical and other notes upon the trees which produce them / by C.S. Sargent. New York: Appleton, 1885. url p. 153, p. 165, p. 166, p. 170, p. 173, p. 196, p. 85.
• Torrey, J. Report on the United States and Mexican boundary survey: made under the direction of the secretary of the Interior /by William H. Emory, major First Cavalry, and United States commissioner. Washington: C. Wendell, printer, 1857-59. url p. 206, p. 206.
• Torreya. Burlington, Vt., Torrey Botanical Club, 1901-1945. url p. 85.
• Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. [St. Louis: Academy of Science of St. Louis], 1860-1958. url p. 373.
• Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences. New York: New York Academy of Sciences. url p. 239, p. 76.
• Trees and shrubs of Mexico / By Paul C. Standley. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1920-1926. url p. 186.
• Zoe:a biological journal. 4 1893 San Diego, Calif. [etc.]Zoe Publishing Co. url p. 209.
• Huang Chengchiu, Chang Yongtian, Hsu Yongchun & Jen Hsienwei. 1998. Fagaceae. In: Chun Woonyong & Huang Chengchiu, eds. Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 22: 1-332.
• Hunt, D. M. 1989. A Systematic Review of Quercus Series Laurifoliae, Marilandicae and Nigrae. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Georgia.
• Muller, C. H. 1961. The live oaks of the series Virentes. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 65: 17-39.
• Muller, C. H. 1951. The oaks of Texas. Contr. Texas Res. Found., Bot. Stud. 1: 21-323.
• Nixon, K. C. 1993. Infrageneric classification of Quercus (Fagaceae) and typification of sectional names. Ann. Sci. Forest. 50(suppl.1): 25-34.
• Nixon, K. C. 1993b. The genus Quercus in Mexico. In: T. P. Ramamoorthy et al., eds. 1993. Biological Diversity of Mexico: Origin and Distribution. New York. Pp. 447-458.
• Palmer, E. J. 1948. Hybrid oaks of North America. J. Arnold Arbor. 29: 1-48.
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• Trelease, W. 1924. The American oaks. Mem. Natl. Acad. Sci. 20: 1-255.

Notes

Contributors

• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed March 27, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 19, 2007:

• Comisión nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad, Herbario del Instituto de Ecología, A.C., México
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Arizona State University Vascular Plant Herbarium
• School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, The Deaver Herbarium, Northern Arizona University
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2645957
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Kew-172998
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 14245159
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:296221-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 454417
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 19347
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 296221-1
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: QUGR3
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 59248

Footnotes

1. Chengjiu Huang, Yongtian Zhang & Bruce Bartholomew "Fagaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 4 Page 314. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Kevin C. Nixon "Quercus". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. "Quercus grisea". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.