Quercus wislizeni

• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Fagaceae

Trees or rarely shrubs , monoecious, evergreen or deciduous. Stipules usually early deciduous. Leaves alternate, sometimes false-whorled in Cyclobalanopsis. Inflorescences unisexual or androgynous with female cupules at the base of an otherwise male inflorescence. Male inflorescences a pendulous head or erect or pendulous catkin, sometimes branched; flowers in dense cymules . Male flower: sepals 4-6(-9), scalelike, connate or distinct ; petals absent; filaments filiform ; anthers dorsifixed or versatile, opening by longitudinal slits; with or without a rudimentary pistil. Female inflorescences of 1-7 or more flowers subtended individually or collectively by a cupule formed from numerous fused bracts, arranged individually or in small groups along an axis or at base of an androgynous inflorescence or on a separate axis. Female flower: perianth 1-7 or more; pistil 1; ovary inferior, 3-6(-9) -loculed; style and carpels as many as locules; placentation axile ; ovules 2 per locule. Fruit a nut. Seed usually solitary by abortion (but may be more than 1 in Castanea, Castanopsis, Fagus, and Formanodendron), without endosperm; embryo large.

Seven to 12 genera (depending on interpretation) and 900-1000 species: worldwide except for tropical and S Africa; seven genera and 294 species (163 endemic, at least three introduced ) in China.

Many species are important timber trees. Nuts of Fagus, Castanea, and of most Castanopsis species are edible, and oil is extracted from nuts of Fagus. Nuts of most species of this family contain copious amounts of water soluble tannin. Members of the Fagaceae are the main element of both broad-leaved evergreen and mixed mesophytic forests from 500-3200 m. [1]

Genus Quercus

Trees or shrubs , evergreen or winter-deciduous, sometimes rhizomatous . Terminal buds spheric to ovoid , terete or angled , all scales imbricate. Leaves: stipules deciduous and inconspicuous (except in Quercus sadleriana ) . Leaf blade lobed or unlobed, thin or leathery, margins entire, toothed , or awned-toothed, secondary veins either unbranched, ± parallel, extending to margin, or branching and anastomosing before reaching margin. Inflorescences unisexual , in axils of leaves or bud scales, usually clustered at base of new growth; staminate inflorescences lax , spicate ; pistillate inflorescences usually stiff, with terminal cupule and sometimes 1-several sessile, lateral cupules. Staminate flowers : sepals connate ; stamens (2-) 6(-12), surrounding tuft of silky hairs (apparently a reduced pistillode ) . Pistillate flower 1 per cupule; sepals connate; carpels and styles 3(-6) . Fruits: maturation annual or biennial; cup variously shaped (saucer- to cup- or bowl- to goblet-shaped), without indication of valves , covering base of nut (rarely whole nut), scaly , scales imbricate or reduced to tubercles , not or weakly reflexed , never hooked ; nut 1 per cup, round in cross section , not winged . x = 12.

Species ca. 400: North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America (Colombia only), Eurasia , n Africa.

Quercus is without doubt one of the most important woody genera of the Northern Hemisphere. Historically, oaks have been an important source of fuel, fodder , and building materials throughout their range . Other products include tannins and dyes, and oak bark and leaves were often used for tanning leather . Acorns were historically an important food for indigenous people in North America, Central America, Europe, and Asia. In some areas, acorn consumption is still important, but in general, because of the intense preparation necessary to remove tannins and strong flavor of acorn products, they have fallen out of use as human food in developed areas. They do remain, however, an important mast for wildlife and domesticated animals in many rural areas.

Among the most important diagnostic characters within Quercus, and particularly the white oak group ( Quercus sect. Quercus), are features of the foliar trichomes . Often these can be seen with a 10× or 15× hand lens ; higher magnifications are sometimes required and are useful particularly when characters for a species or complex are first studied and mastered for later use in the field . Although these microscopic characters may seem intimidating, the alternative characters of leaf shape and dentition, so often used in the field, are unreliable in many cases. The large number of misidentified specimens in herbaria that can be easily identified properly with the use of trichome characters illustrates this point . Additionally, many specimens are encountered, both in field and herbarium , that lack fruit or have only immature fruit. Very few species require mature fruit for proper diagnosis ; most can be adequately identified with a representative selection of mature sun leaves attached, if possible, to twigs with mature buds. The combination of leaf vestiture, form of the margin (entire, lobed, toothed, spinose ), twig vestiture , and bud form and vestiture constitute the majority of diagnostic features minimally required at species level.

Staminate floral and inflorescence characters have not been used to any significant extent in the taxonomy of Quercus . Immature, flowering material is often difficult to identify with certainty, and floral features such as number and form of sepals, number of stamens, and pubescence of flowers or floral rachises seem to vary independently of species affinity within many groups. Because of these problems, descriptions of staminate features are excluded in this treatment as unreliable and of little diagnostic value. When collecting flowering oaks, make a point of gathering fallen fruit and mature leaves carefully from the ground , if available, and revisit such populations again when mature material is available to verify identifications.

The character of acorn maturation in the first year (annual maturation) or second year (biennial maturation) after pollination is commonly used to differentiate major groups within Quercus . All of the North American white oaks have annual maturation; all of the Protobalanus group have biennial maturation; and the vast majority of red oaks have biennial maturation, with one eastern North American and a few western species with annual maturation. In the field, this character can be observed throughout the growing season by examining a sample of twigs from the same tree. If developing fruits exhibit a single size class and are found only on the current year's growth, maturation is annual; if the developing fruits exhibit two size classes with small pistillate flowers on new growth and larger developing fruit on the previous year's twigs, maturation is biennial. In Quercus sect. Protobalanus, biennial maturation may be mistaken for annual maturation because all of the species are fully evergreen, and often the twigs bearing fruit do not produce new growth in the second year after pollination. In such cases, careful examination of a broad sample of twigs from within one tree and throughout a population will verify biennial maturation. Herbarium specimens are sometimes inadequate for this determination.

Hybridization among species of Quercus has been widely documented and even more widely suspected. An astounding number of hybrid combinations have been reported in the literature, and many of these have been given species names , either before or after their hybrid status was known (E. J. Palmer 1948) . Hybrids are known to occur in the wild only between members of the same section, and attempts at artificial crosses between species from different sections or subgenera within Quercus have failed with very few exceptions (W. P. Cottam et al. 1982) .

Hybridization in most cases results in solitary unusual trees or scattered clusters of intermediate individuals (J. W. Hardin 1975) . In some cases, however, populations of fairly broad distribution and extreme variability, often with a majority of intermediate types, may occur. Such instances occur in both the red oak and white oak groups, and to a lesser extent in the Protobalanus group.

When dealing with a suspected hybrid, therefore, one should first consider the possibility of intraspecific variation or environmental plasticity, and then seek parentage among sympatric members of the same section. Because of the almost infinite number of possible hybrid combinations, and the myriad names applied to them, only those that appear to be prominent either locally or in widespread areas are dealt with here. The interested reader is referred to various discussions of oak hybridization in the literature (e.g. , E. J. Palmer 1948; J. W. Hardin 1975) .[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,147 meters (0 to 7,044 feet).[3]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 20-30' apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 6.1 • Maximum pH: 8.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Sun to Partial Shade.

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b. (map)

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Quercus wislizeni A. Dc.

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 11-Nov-2003

Similar Species

Members of the genus Quercus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 400 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

Q. acerifolia (Maple-Leaved Oak) · Q. acuta (Japanese Evergreen Oak) · Q. acutissima (Sawtooth Oak) · Q. acutissima acutissima (Sawtooth Oak) · Q. acutissima 'Gobbler' (Sawtooth Oak) · Q. agrifolia (California Live Oak) · Q. ajoensis (Ajo Mountain Scrub Oak) · Q. alba (Eastern White Oak) · Q. alba 'Brush Creek' (Oak) · Q. alba 'Gatton Grave' (Oak) · Q. alba 'Linclon' (Oak) · Q. aliena (Oriental White Oak) · Q. alnifolia (Golden Oak) · Q. alvordiana (Alvord Oak) · Q. arizonica (Arizona White Oak) · Q. arkansana (Arkansas Oak) · Q. ashei (Ash's Oak) · Q. atlantica (Atlantic Oak) · Q. austrina (Bastard White Oak) · Q. beadlei (Beadle's Oak) · Q. beaumontiana (Beaumont's Oak) · Q. bebbiana (Bebb's Oak) · Q. beckyae (Becky's Oak) · Q. benderi (Bender Oak) · Q. berberidifolia (Scrub Oak) · Q. bernardiensis (Bernard's Oak) · Q. bicolor (Swamp White Oak) · Q. bimundorum (Oak) · Q. blufftonensis (Bluffton's Oak) · Q. boyntonii (Boynton Sand Post Oak) · Q. brantii (Brant's Oak) · Q. brenesii (Roble) · Q. brittonii (Britton's Oak) · Q. buckleyi (Texas Red Oak) · Q. burnetensis (Burnet's Oak) · Q. bushii (Bush's Oak) · Q. byarsii (Byars' Oak) · Q. caduca (Oak) · Q. caesariensis (Caesar Oak) · Q. capesii (Cape Oak) · Q. carmenensis (Mexican Oak) · Q. castaneaefolia (Slender Maori Wrasse) · Q. castaneifolia (Chestnut-Leaved Oak) · Q. cedrosensis (Cedros Island Oak) · Q. cerrioides (Roble Pubescente) · Q. cerris (European Turkey Oak) · Q. chapmanii (Chapman Oak) · Q. chihuahuensis (Chihuahuan Oak) · Q. chrysolepis (Canyon Live Oak) · Q. chrysolepis Liebm. var. chrysolepis Liebm. (Canyon Live Oak) · Q. chrysolepis Liebm. var. nana (Jeps.) Jeps. (Canyon Live Oak) · Q. coccifera (Kermes Shrub Oak) · Q. coccinea (Scarlet Oak) · Q. coccinea var. coccinea Muenchh. (Scarlet Oak) · Q. coccinea var. tuberculata Sarg. (Scarlet Oak) · Q. cocksii (Cocks' Oak) · Q. columnaris (Column Oak) · Q. comptoniae (Compton's Oak) · Q. cornelius-mulleri (Muller Oak) · Q. costaricensis (Roble Negro) · Q. cravenensis (Oak) · Q. deamii (Deam's Oak) · Q. demareei (Oak) · Q. dentata (Daimyo Oak) · Q. dentata dentata (Daimyo Oak) · Q. dentata 'Pinnatifida' (Japanese Emperor Oak) · Q. depressipes (Davis Mountain Oak) · Q. discreta (Discreet Oak) · Q. diversiloba (Manylobed Oak) · Q. dolicholepis (Oak) · Q. douglasii (Blue Oak) · Q. dumosa (Coastal Sage Scrub Oak) · Q. dumosa Nutt. var. dumosa Nutt. (Coastal Sage Scrub Oak) · Q. dumosa Nutt. var. elegantula Jeps. (Coastal Sage Scrub Oak) · Q. dumosa turbinella (Coastal Sage Scrub Oak) · Q. durandii var. sinuata (Bastard White Oak) · Q. durata (Leather Oak) · Q. durata var. gabrielensis (San Gabriel Mountains Leather Oak) · Q. egglestonii (Eggleston's Oak) · Q. ellipsoidalis (Hill's Oak) · Q. emoryi (Blackjack Oak) · Q. engelmannii (Engelmann Oak) · Q. eplingii (Epling's Oak) · Q. exacta (Oak) · Q. faginea (Oak) · Q. falcata (Southern Red Oak) · Q. faxonii (Faxon's Oak) · Q. fernaldii (Fernald's Oak) · Q. fernowii (Fernow's Oak) · Q. filialis (Oak) · Q. floribunda (Mohroo) · Q. fontana (Fontana Oak) · Q. frainetto (Hungarian Oak) · Q. frainetto 'Forest Green' (Italian Oak) · Q. franchetii (Oak) · Q. fusiformis (Escarpment Live Oak) · Q. gambelii (Gambel Oak) · Q. gambelii Nutt. var. bonina Welsh (Gambel Oak) · Q. ganderi (Gander Oak) · Q. garlandensis (Garland Oak)

More Info

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Further Reading

• A list of mammals collected by Edmund Heller, in the San Pedro Martir and Hanson Laguna Mountains and the accompanying coast regions of Lower California, with descriptions of apparently new species, by D. G. Elliot. 3 1903 Chicago, 1903. url p. 205.
• American forest trees, by Henry H. Gibson; ed. by Hu Maxwell. Chicago, Hardwood record, 1913. url , p. 14, p. 259, p. 259, p. 296, p. 296.
• American forest trees; edited by Hu Maxwell. ChicagoHardwood Record1913 url , p. 296.
• American forestry. Washington, D.C.: American Forestry Association, 1910-1923. url p. 684.
• American plants. .. [Descriptions, bibliographical notes, synonymy, and other information, comp. from many sources] Charles Russell Orcutt, editor. San Diego, Calif., [1907]-1910. url p. 339.
• Bulletin - United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.];1877-1971. url , p. 54.
• Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden. 6 1908-1910 Lancaster, Pa.: Published for the Garden by the New Era Printing Co., url p. 344.
• Bulletin of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1915 [Washington, D.C.?]: Supt. of Docs., Govt. Print. Off., 1913-1923. url p. 11, p. 11, p. 11.
• Carnegie Institution of Washington publication. Washington, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1902- url , , p. 15, p. 23, p. 34, p. 35, p. 35, p. 36, p. 41, p. 48, p. 77, p. 96, p. 97.
• Catalog of hymenoptera in America north of Mexico / prepared cooperatively by specialists on the various groups of Hymenoptera under the direction of Karl V. Krombein. .. [et al.]. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979- url p. 1102.
• Check list of the forest trees of the United States: their names and ranges / by George B. Sudworth. Washington, D.C.: Dept. of Agriculture, Forestry Division, 1898. url p. 122.
• Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 4 1893 Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1890- url p. 197, p. 323, p. 8.
• Erythea. a journal of botany, West American and general. 1 1893 Berkeley, Calif., University of California, 1893-1922. url p. 178.
• Forest trees of the Pacific slope. By George B. Sudworth. .. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1908. url p. 307, p. 311.
• Great Basin naturalist memoirs. 1982 [Provo, Utah]Brigham Young University, 1976-1992. url p. 975.
• Handbook of birds of the western United States, including the great plains, great basin, Pacific slope, and lower Rio Grande Valley, by Florence Merriam Bailey; with thirty-three full-page plates by Louis Agassiz Fuertes, and over six hundred cuts in the text. BostonHoughton, Mifflin and company, 1902. url .
• Hardwood record. Chicago: Hardwood Co., 1902-1939. url .
• Identification of the economic woods of the United States, including a discussion of the structural and physical properties of wood, New York, John Wiley & sons, inc.; [etc., etc.]1919. url , p. 98.
• Illustrations of West American oaks. From drawings by Albert Kellog; the text by Edward L. Greene. Published from funds provided by James M. McDonald. San Francisco[Printed by Bosqui Engraving and Print. Co.]1889 url p. 2, p. 5.
• Journal of agricultural research. Washington, U.S. Govt. Printing Office, 1913-1949.. url p. 75.
• Journal of economic entomology. [College Park, Md., etc.]Entomological Society of America [etc.] url p. 329.
• Mammals of the Mexican boundary of the United States: a descriptive catalogue of the species of mammals occurring in that region; with a general summary of the natural history, and a list of trees / Washington: Govt. Print. Off., 1907. url , .
• Maryland geological survey. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1901-1923. url p. 818.
• North American fauna. Washington: Fish and Wildlife Service; for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U. S. Govt. Print. Off. url p. 334.
• Pamphlets on forestry in California. [1900?- url p. 18, p. 9.
• Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 4th series. San Francisco, California Academy of Sciences. url p. 600, p. 628, p. 694.
• Proceedings of the United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.] url p. 222, p. 243, p. 336, p. 337.
• Scale insects of the Santa Cruz peninsula. Stanford University: The University, 1920. url p. 27.
• Stanford University publications. University series. Biological sciences. Stanford University, Calif.University Press, 1920-53. url p. 27.
• The American woods: exhibited by actual specimens and with copious explanatory text / by Romeyn B. Hough. Lowville, N.Y.: Pub., and sections prepared by the author, 1910, c1888 url , p. 48, p. 7, p. 8.
• The Great Basin naturalist. 40 1980 Provo, Utah: M.L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, 1939-1999. url p. 397.
• The Review of applied entomology. Farnham Royal, Eng., etc.: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, etc. url p. 788.
• The broad-sclerophyll vegetation of California; an ecological study of the chaparral and its related communities. WashingtonCornegie Institution of Washington1922 url p. 114, p. 15, p. 23, p. 25, p. 34, p. 35, p. 36, p. 41, p. 77, p. 96, p. 97.
• The distribution of vegetation in the United States, as related to climatic conditions [by] Burton E. Livingston and Forrest Shreve. [Washington]Carnegie institution of Washington, 1921. url p. 48.
• The identification of important North American oak woods, based on a study of the anatomy of the secondary wood. By George B. Sudworth. .. and Clayton D. Mell. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1911. url p. 18, p. 24, p. 4, p. 51, p. 52.
• The mountain trees of southern California; a simple guide-book for tree lovers, by Edmund C. Jaeger; illustrated with line drawings by the author. Pasadena, Calif., Printed by Post Printing & Binding Co., 1920 url p. 81.
• The silva of North America: a description of the trees which grow naturally in North America exclusive of Mexico /by Charles Sprague Sargent. .. illustrated with figures and analyses drawn from nature by Charles Edward Faxon. .. 8 1895 Boston, New York: Houghton, Mifflin and company, 1891-1902. url p. 119, p. 122, tab. CDVI, tab. CDVII, p. v.
• The trees of Great Britain & Ireland / by Henry John Elwes and Augustine Henry. Edinburgh: Priv. print., 1906-13. url p. 1253.
• Timber conditions in the pine region of Minnesota, Washington, Govt. print. off., 1900. url p. 707.
• Yosemite nature notes. [Yosemite National Park, Calif.: Yosemite Natural History Association url p. 18.
• Huang Chengchiu, Chang Yongtian, Hsu Yongchun & Jen Hsienwei. 1998. Fagaceae. In: Chun Woonyong & Huang Chengchiu, eds. Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 22: 1-332.
• Hunt, D. M. 1989. A Systematic Review of Quercus Series Laurifoliae, Marilandicae and Nigrae. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Georgia.
• Muller, C. H. 1961. The live oaks of the series Virentes. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 65: 17-39.
• Muller, C. H. 1951. The oaks of Texas. Contr. Texas Res. Found., Bot. Stud. 1: 21-323.
• Nixon, K. C. 1993. Infrageneric classification of Quercus (Fagaceae) and typification of sectional names. Ann. Sci. Forest. 50(suppl.1): 25-34.
• Nixon, K. C. 1993b. The genus Quercus in Mexico. In: T. P. Ramamoorthy et al., eds. 1993. Biological Diversity of Mexico: Origin and Distribution. New York. Pp. 447-458.
• Palmer, E. J. 1948. Hybrid oaks of North America. J. Arnold Arbor. 29: 1-48.
• Sargent, C. S. 1918. Notes on North American trees. I. Quercus. Bot. Gaz. 65: 423-459.
• Tillson, A. H. and C. H. Muller. 1942. Anatomical and taxonomic approaches to subgeneric segregation in American Quercus. Amer. J. Bot. 29: 523-529.
• Trelease, W. 1924. The American oaks. Mem. Natl. Acad. Sci. 20: 1-255.

Notes

Contributors

• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed March 27, 2012.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed February 29, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 3 providers.
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 30, 2008)
• USDA, NRCS. 2005. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.
• World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Release date: November 27, 2009

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal February 29, 2008:

• Berkeley Natural History Museums: University and Jepson Herbaria DiGIR provider
• Missouri Botanical Garden
• USDA PLANTS: USDA PLANTS Database

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2668955
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Kew-175769
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:296923-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 30772
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 504720
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 296923-1
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: QUWIW
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 59367

Footnotes

1. Chengjiu Huang, Yongtian Zhang & Bruce Bartholomew "Fagaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 4 Page 314. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Kevin C. Nixon "Quercus". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. Mean = 391.180 meters (1,283.399 feet), Standard Deviation = 574.280 based on 222 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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