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Pyrola americana

(American Wintergreen, Round-Leaved Wintergreen)

Conservation Status

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Population Analysis

  • For the 835,580 species in the Class Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons), we average 4.30 observations each in our database; for the Round-Leaved Wintergreen, we have 773 observations. Compared to other species in this Class, this species is extremely common.
  • A two-sample t-test can be used to determine whether the trend in observations of the Round-Leaved Wintergreen is the same as the trend in observations of Magnoliopsida. Is this species just as common, as a proportion of all observations, as it once was? The answer is no, changes in observation rate of this species significantly differ from changes in observation rate of its Class. (t=11.901, p<0.001)
  • How do observation rates of the Round-Leaved Wintergreen differ from those of Magnoliopsida? To answer this, we examined the percentage of observerations for Magnoliopsida that were observations of the Round-Leaved Wintergreen each year. We then correlated this percentage with observation year. If observations of the Round-Leaved Wintergreen are becoming more common relative to other species of Magnoliopsida, the correlation should be positive, but if it is becoming less common, the correlation should be negative. In fact, the correlation is negative (r=-.64), with a negative slope (m = -.001), suggesting that the Round-Leaved Wintergreen may be in decline relative to other species of Magnoliopsida. This correlation is statistically significant. (F = 81.32, p<.05)
  • The scatter chart to the right shows the percentage of all observations for Magnoliopsida each year that were observations of the Round-Leaved Wintergreen.

Taxonomy

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Unambiguous Synonyms:

  1. Pyrola asarifolia subsp. americana (Sweet) Krísa
  2. Pyrola obovata Bertol.
  3. Pyrola rotundifolia auct. p.p. non L.
  4. Pyrola rotundifolia subsp. americana (Sweet) Clausen
  5. Pyrola rotundifolia var. americana (Sweet) Fern.

Notes:

Publishing author: Fernald Publication: Rhodora 22: 122 1920

Basionym author: (Sweet)

Name Status: Accepted Name. Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication: Hort. brit. ed. 2, 341. 1830

Name verified on 03-Feb-2003 by ARS Systematic Botanists.

Physical Description

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Genus Pyrola:

Herbs suffruticose, evergreen, erect, glabrous. Rootstock long, slender, branched, with sparse fine roots. Aerial stem ascending, not branched, scaly at base. Leaves in a rosette at base of caudex, long petiolate; leaf blade abaxially light green, adaxially green, margin entire or serrate. Scapes long, slender, with scalelike bracts at base. Flowers many, nodding, in racemes. Calyx 5-lobed, persistent. Stamens glabrous; anthers opening by pores. Ovary depressed-globose; style exserted, usually curved distally and dilated apically into a ring; stigma capitate, shortly 5-lobed. Capsules nodding, valves connected by fibers at valve margins. Seeds many, small, with thin testa prolonged at both ends. n = 23, 46.

Between 30 and 40 species: N temperate regions, extending south to Indonesia (N Sumatra) ; 26 species (15 endemic) in China.[1]

Habit: Subshrub, Shrub

Flowers: Bloom Period: June. • Flower Color: near white, white

Images:

Distribution

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Range and Population

North America

Native: .

Reproduction

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Duration: Perennial

Growth

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Culture: Space 12-15" apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 5.1 • Maximum pH: 6.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun.

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b. (map)

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Pyrola:

There are approximately 154 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them: P. asarifolia americana · P. chlorantha fallax · P. minor faurieana · P. rotundifolia incarnata · P. alba · P. albo-reticulata · P. alboreticulata · P. alpestris · P. alpina · P. americana (American Wintergreen) · P. andresii · P. angustifolia · P. aphylla f. ramosa · P. arenaria · P. asarifolia (Alpine Shinleaf) · P. asarifolia incarnata · P. asarifolia subsp. bracteata · P. asarifolia subsp. incarnata · P. asarifolia var. asarifolia · P. asarifolia var. uliginosa · P. asarifolium · P. atropurpurea · P. atrovirens · P. calliantha · P. calliantha var. tibetana · P. carpatica · P. cespitosa · P. chimoides · P. chlorantha (Green Shinleaf) · P. chlorantha f. paucifolia · P. chlorantha subsp. fallax · P. chlorantha var. occidentalis · P. chlorantha var. saximontana · P. chouana · P. clorantha · P. conferta · P. convallariaefolia · P. corbieri · P. corymbosa · P. dahurica · P. declinata · P. decorata · P. denticulata · P. durandi · P. elatior · P. elegantula · P. elegantula var. jiangxiensis · P. elliptica (Shinleaf) · P. faurieana · P. forrestiana · P. frutescens · P. fruticosa · P. gracilis · P. graebneriana · P. grandiflora (Large Flowered Wintergreen) · P. grandiflora var. incarnata · P. grandiflora var. lutescens · P. groenlandica · P. halleri · P. handeliana ( ) · P. hopeiensis · P. hybrida · P. incarnata · P. incarnata var. ovatifolia · P. intermedia · P. japonica · P. japonicum · P. liebmannii · P. longifolia · P. macrocalyx · P. maculata · P. major · P. maritima · P. markonica · P. mattfeldiana · P. maximowicziana · P. media · P. medis · P. menziesii · P. minor (Common Wintergreen) · P. minor f. brevis · P. minor subsp. faurieana · P. minor var. conferta · P. minor var. parvifolia · P. minot · P. monophylla · P. montana · P. morrisonensis · P. nephrohylla · P. nephrophylla · P. norvegica · P. obtusata · P. oreodoxa · P. ovalifolia · P. ovata · P. pedemontana · P. picta (White-Vein Wintergreen) · P. picta dentata · P. picta f. aphylla · P. picta integra

Bibliography

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  • Gleason, H. A. & A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada, ed. 2. (Glea Cron ed2)
  • Kartesz, J. T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. (L US Can ed2) [accepts].
  • Magee, D. W. & H. E. Ahles. 1999. Flora of the Northeast. A manual of the vascular flora of New England and adjacent New York. (F NE US) [accepts].
  • McGuffin, M. et al., eds. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2. (Herbs Commerce ed2) [accepts].

More Info

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Notes

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Contributors:

  • African Regional Workshop (Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees, Zimbabwe) 1998. Pericopsis elata. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. &lt;www.iucnredlist.org&gt;. Downloaded on 20 October 2006.
  • Barneby RC and Forero E, 1994/1995 (from ILDIS).
  • Barneby RC & Forero E, 1994/1995 (from ILDIS).
  • Barneby RC & Grimes JW (Monograph 1996/97), 2001-05 (from ILDIS).
  • BioSystematic Database of World Diptera, 7.0, 2005.
  • Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
  • Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2005. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. [http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/]. Access date: Nov 23, 2005
  • Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2006. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed April 21, 2007.
  • Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2007. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed September 17, 2007.
  • Carr, Gerald
  • Chappill J, 2001-06 (from ILDIS).
  • Cristofolini G, 2001-06 (from ILDIS).
  • Fautin, Daphne G. (from Hexacorallians of the World).
  • Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed February 28, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from provider.
  • Hexacorallians of the World 2001.
  • Heyn CC & Heller D 1991/1993 (from ILDIS).
  • Home of the Xylariaceae 2006.
  • ILDIS World Database of Legumes, 10, Nov 2005
  • ILDIS World Database of LegumesNov 10, 2005.
  • Lewis GP, 1994/1995 (from ILDIS).
  • Light, Kris. East Tennessee Wildflowers
  • Nghia, N.H. 1998. Dalbergia entadoides. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. &lt;www.iucnredlist.org&gt;. Downloaded on 20 October 2006.
  • Nielsen IC and Rico ML, 1994 (from ILDIS).
  • Nielsen IC & Rico ML, 1994 (from ILDIS).
  • Nielsen IC and Rico ML, 1994 (from ILDIS World Database of Legumes).
  • Ocean Biogeographic Information System. Accessed March 01, 2006. www.iobis.org
  • Parhost World Database of FleasNov 2, 2005.
  • Pasquet RS, 2001-06 (from ILDIS).
  • Pippen, Jeffrey S. Jeff's Nature Page. Accessed December 8, 2007.
  • Podlech D, 1996 (from ILDIS).
  • Polhill RM, 1993 (from ILDIS).
  • Rhytismatales database 2006.
  • Ross JH, 2001-01 (from ILDIS).
  • Schrire BD, 1994-10 (from ILDIS).
  • Sokoloff DD, 2001-03 (from ILDIS).
  • Species Fungorum 2006.
  • Stirton CH, 2001-06 (from ILDIS).
  • The Global Lepidoptera Names Index2, 12.2, 2005.
  • The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Jan 19, 2007.
  • The Virtual Field Herbarium.
  • Thomson, Christian (from Diptera).
  • USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 30, 2008)
  • USDA, NRCS. 2005. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.
  • Vaz AMSF, 2001-05 (from ILDIS).
  • World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. Adenanthera intermedia. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. &lt;www.iucnredlist.org&gt;. Downloaded on 20 October 2006.
  • Zarucchi JL, 1993 (from ILDIS).
  • van der Maesen LJG, 1993 (from ILDIS).
  • van der Maesen, LJG, 2001-03 (from ILDIS).

Data Sources:

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal February 28, 2008:

  • Biologiezentrum der Oberoesterreichischen Landesmuseen: Biologiezentrum Linz
  • Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem: Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Herbarium
  • Bundesamt für Naturschutz / Zentralstelle für Phytodiversität Deutschland: Bundesamt fuer Naturschutz / Zentralstelle fuer Phytodiversitaet Deutschland
  • Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien: Observations du Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien.
  • European Environment Agency: EUNIS
  • Finnish Museum of Natural History: Hatikka Observation Data Gateway
  • GBIF-Spain: Real Jardin Botanico (Madrid), Vascular Plant Herbarium (MA)
  • GBIF-Spain: Univ. Herbarium SALAMANCA: SALA
  • GBIF-Sweden: Botany (UPS)
  • GBIF-Sweden: Herbarium of Oskarshamn (OHN)
  • GBIF-Sweden: Lund Botanical Museum (LD)
  • GBIF-Sweden: Plants (GBIF-SE:Artdatabanken)
  • inatura - Erlebnis Naturschau Dornbirn
  • Institute of Nature Conservation PAS: National System of Proetcted Areas
  • Jyväskylä University Museum - The Section of Natural Sciences: Vascular plant collection of Jyvaskyla University Museum
  • Karl Franzens University of Graz, Insitute for Botany - Herbarium GZU: Herbarium GZU
  • Missouri Botanical Garden
  • Natural History Museum, University of Oslo: Vascular Plant Herbarium, Oslo (O)
  • Natural History Museum, University of Oslo: Vascular Plants, Field notes, Oslo (O)
  • Steiermärkisches Landesmuseum Joanneum - Herbarium GJO: Herbarium GJO
  • The Danish Biodiversity Information Facility: Botany registration database by Danish botanists
  • Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum
  • UK National Biodiversity Network: Botanical Society of the British Isles - Vascular Plants Database
  • University Museums of Norway (MUSIT)
  • University of Alaska Museum of the North: University of Alaska Museum of the North Herbarium (ALA)
  • USDA PLANTS: USDA PLANTS Database

Identifiers:

Footnotes:

  1. Mingyuan Fang, Ruizheng Fang, Mingyou He, Linzheng Hu, Hanbi Yang, Haining Qin, Tianlu Min, David F. Chamberlain, Peter Stevens, Gary D. Wallace & Arne Anderberg "Pyrola". in Flora of China Vol. 14 Page 248. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.

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Last Revised: May 11, 2008