Punica granatum

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Spiny shrub from Iran, with large edible fruits the size of a baseball.

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Lythraceae

Herbs, shrubs , or trees ; young stems often quadrangular . Leaves opposite, often decussate, or whorled , rarely subalternate to alternate, simple , entire; pinnately veined, secondary veins typically joined in a series of intramarginal arches; stipules vestigial or absent. Inflorescences racemes , cymes, or panicles; flowers axillary or terminal , usually 4-, 6- or 8-merous, sometimes 3- or 5-merous, bisexual , regular or irregular. Floral tube perigynous, hemi-epigynous, or epigynous , persistent in fruit, membranous to leathery, often 6-12-ribbed; sepals valvate , equal to much shorter than floral tube, membranous to thickly leathery, persistent; epicalyx alternating with sepals or absent. Petals inserted at rim of floral tube, alternating with sepals, crinkled , clawed or not, frequently caducous , rarely absent. Stamens usually biseriate and 2 × as many as sepals, sometimes uniseriate , inserted near base of floral tube or higher, or numerous , multiseriate, with at least some inserted at floral rim just below sepals (Punica, Sonneratia, and some Duabanga) ; anthers versatile [rarely basifixed ]. Ovary superior, half-inferior, or inferior, 2-6- or multi-loculed, with many ovules per locule; style simple; stigma capitate, conic-peltate, or punctiform ; placentation axile , sometimes free central at fruit maturity. Fruit partly or completely surrounded by persistent floral tube , loculicidally dehiscent or irregularly dehiscent capsules, infrequently indehiscent, leathery, or berrylike. Seeds usually numerous, without endosperm; embryo straight, cotyledons flat or convolute.

About 31 genera and 625-650 species: widespread in tropical regions , less common in temperate regions ; ten genera and 43 species (ten endemic, four introduced ) in China.

From the morphological standpoint, the Lythraceae sensu lato (including Trapaceae) have a very generalized morphology, without a single unique, defining character, i.e. , there is no morphological synapomorphy that defines the family . At the same time, the genera are distinct . The position of the ovary in Duabanga, Punica, Sonneratia, and Trapa is variable: superior to partly inferior in Sonneratia; partly inferior in Duabanga; and partly, nearly, or completely inferior in Punica and Trapa. Several other features ally these genera to the Lythraceae sensu stricto, including opposite and simple leaves, commonly held wood anatomical characters (true for the Myrtales generally), development of a persistent floral tube, valvate sepals, 4- or 6-merous flowers, introrse and versatile anthers, axile placentation , and seeds without endosperm. Of the four genera, Trapa is the most divergent, but still sufficiently similar to the Lythraceae and Onagraceae to have been considered for membership within either family, or as a closely related family (as has been done in the present Flora ) . The inclusion of Sonneratia, Duabanga, and Punica in the Lythraceae adds some additional derived features to the definition of the family, but at the same time, brings together taxa that we know, from molecular sequence data, represent a single historical lineage . That knowledge of evolutionary relationship is lost if the genera are maintained as separate families, whereas the taxonomic utility of the Flora is not affected by their inclusion in an expanded Lythraceae.

The molecular data from four genes (three chloroplast and one nuclear ) unquestionably place not only Duabanga, Punica, and Sonneratia, but also Trapa, within the Lythraceae. Punica is well supported as a member of a clade of genera that includes Capuronia Lourteig, Galpinia N. E. Brown, and Pemphis (from East Africa and Madagascar) . Duabanga and Lagerstroemia are sister genera, and Sonneratia and Trapa, as unlikely as it may seem morphologically, are also sister genera. Duabanga, Lagerstroemia, Sonneratia, and Trapa together form one of seven clades in the family.[1]

Genus Punica

Shrubs or small trees ; branches often terminating as spines. Leaves opposite or subopposite, sometimes crowded on short lateral shoots , simple , entire, estipulate. Flowers solitary, terminal or 1-5 in axillary or terminal clusters, actinomorphic , bisexual . Floral tube thick, leathery, adnate to ovary and produced above it; sepals thick, valvate , persistent . Petals showy, red [or white], strongly crumpled. Stamens numerous , covering inner surface of floral tube from rim to ovary. Ovary inferior, multiloculed; style exserted; stigma capitate. Fruit berrylike, with leathery rind , retaining a crown of sepals. Seeds many, with translucent , juicy sarcotesta ; cotyledons spirally rolled.

Two species: one endemic to the Indian Ocean island of Socotra; one of uncertain native origin , probably from C and SW Asia, now widespread in cultivation.[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 4,653 meters (0 to 15,266 feet).[3]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial • Coppice Potential: No • Progagated by Bulbs: No • Propagated by Bare Root: Yes • Propagated by Container: Yes • Propagated by Corms: No • Propagated by Cuttings: No • Propagated by Seed: Yes • Propagated by Sod: No • Propagated by Sprigs: No • Propagated by Tubers: No • Fruit/Seed Period Begin: Summer • Fruit/Seed Period End: Fall • Fruit/Seed Persistence: Yes

Growth

Culture: Space 15-20' apart.

Soil: Adapted to Medium Textured: Adapted to Medium Textured Soils • Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils: No • Anaerobic Tolerance: None • Salinity Tolerance: Medium • CaCO3 Tolerance: None • Minimum pH: 6.0 • Maximum pH: 6.9 • Fertility Requirement: Medium

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Sun to Partial Shade. • Shade Tolerance: Intermediate

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: None • Minimum Precipitation: 30 • Maximum Precipitation: 60 • Moisture Use: Medium

Temperature: Minimum Temperature (F): -13°F. • Minimum Frost Free Days: 140 • Cold Hardiness: 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b, 11. (map)

Taxonomy

Similar Species

Members of the genus Punica

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 26 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

P. granatum (Granate Apple) · P. granatum f. plena (Pomegranate) · P. granatum var. nana (Dwarf Pomegranate) · P. granatum var. Sweet (Sweet Pomegranate) · P. granatum 'Ambrosia' (Pomegranate) · P. granatum 'Ato Shibori' (Pomegranate) · P. granatum 'California Sunset' (California Sunset Pomegranate) · P. granatum 'Emperor' (Dwarf Pomegranate) · P. granatum 'Garnet Sash' (Pomegranate) · P. granatum 'Hiza Kuro' (Pomegranate) · P. granatum 'Judai Zakuro' (Pomegranate) · P. granatum 'Kashmir' (Pomegranate) · P. granatum 'Lone Pine' (Dwarf Pomegranate) · P. granatum 'Nochi Shibari' (Nochi Shibari Pomegranate) · P. granatum 'Omi' (Pomegranate) · P. granatum 'Orange Master' (Dwarf Pomegranate) · P. granatum 'Piipg-i' (Pomegranate 'piipg-I') · P. granatum 'Pink Satin' (Pomegranate) · P. granatum 'Red Silk' (Pomegranate) · P. granatum 'Sarasa Shibori' (Pomegranate) · P. granatum 'Sharp Velvet' (Pomegranate) · P. granatum 'Shirobotan' (Pomegranate) · P. granatum 'Toyosho' (Pomegranate) · P. granatum 'Twisted Trunk' (Pomegranate) · P. granatum 'Wonderful' (Fruiting Pomegranate) · P. protopunica (Pomegranate Tree)

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Further Reading

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Notes

Contributors

• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 15, 2012.
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.
• Participants of the FFI/IUCN SSC Central Asian regional tree Red Listing workshop, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan (11-13 July 2006) 2007. Punica granatum. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 04February2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 14, 2007:

• Berkeley Natural History Museums, University and Jepson Herbaria DiGIR provider
• Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Bishop Museum Natural History Specimen Data
• GBIF-Spain, BDBCV BioBlitz in Penyagolosa
• GBIF-Spain, Dirección General de Investigación, Desarrollo Tecnológico e Innovación de la Junta de Extremadura(DGIDTI): HSS
• GBIF-Spain, Herbario Universidad de Málaga: MGC-Cormófitos
• GBIF-Spain, Hortus Botanicus Sollerensis Herbarium
• GBIF-Spain, Universidad de Almería, HUAL
• Herbarium of the University of Aarhus, The AAU Herbarium Database
• International Plant Genetic Resources Institute(IPGRI), EURISCO
• Israel Nature and Parks Authority, Israel Nature and Parks Authority
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• National Herbarium of New South Wales, NSW herbarium collection
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Lund Botanical Museum
• Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum, Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum
• US National Plant Germplasm System, United States National Plant Germplasm System Collection
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
• University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium
• University of Vienna, Institute for Botany - Herbarium WU, Herbarium WU
• Utah State University, USU-UTC Specimen Database
• Utah Valley State College
• , Utah Valley State College Herbarium
• inatura - Erlebnis Naturschau Dornbirn, inatura - Erlebnis Naturschau Dornbirn

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 3874764
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-27278
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13633693
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:554129-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 30372
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 27278
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 554129-1
• IUCN ID: 238111
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: PUGR2
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 58814

Footnotes

1. Haining Qin, Shirley A. Graham & Michael G. Gilbert "Lythraceae". in Flora of China Vol. 13 Page 274, 290, 400. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Haining Qin & Shirley A. Graham "Punica". in Flora of China Vol. 13 Page 274, 275, 283. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. Mean = 400.300 meters (1,313.320 feet), Standard Deviation = 1,080.570 based on 212 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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