Pulsatilla vulgaris

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Ranunculaceae

Herbs perennial or annual , sometimes subshrubs or herbaceous or woody vines . Leaves basal and cauline, alternate, rarely opposite or whorled , simple or variously compound , palmately nerved, rarely penninerved , with or without stipules. Inflorescence a simple or compound monochasium, dichasium, simple or compound raceme, or flowers solitary. Flowers bisexual , sometimes unisexual , actinomorphic , rarely zygomorphic, hypogynous. Sepals 3--6 or more, free , petaloid or sepaloid , imbricate or sometimes valvate in bud. Petals present or absent, 2--8 or more, free, usually with nectaries. Stamens numerous , rarely few, free; filaments linear or filiform ; anthers latrorse , introrse , or extrorse ; sometimes some sterile stamens becoming staminodes. Carpels numerous or few, rarely 1, free, rarely connate to various degrees ; ovary with 1 to many ovules. Fruit follicles or achenes, rarely capsules or berries . Seeds small, with abundant endosperm and minute embryo.

About 60 genera and 2500 species: worldwide, but richly represented in N temperate regions , particularly in E Asia; 38 genera (four endemic) and 921 species (604 endemic) in China.[1]

Genus Pulsatilla

Herbs perennial , often covered with long soft hairs . Rhizome erect . Leaves basal, rosulate; petiole long; leaf blade palmately or odd pinnately divided ; veins palmate. Scape with 3 bracts forming a bell-shaped involucre; involucral bracts basally connate and apically ± deeply divided into numerous lobes . Flower solitary, bisexual . Sepals 5 or 6. Petals absent. Stamens numerous, outermost whorl staminodial except in Pulsatilla kostyczewii; anthers yellow or purple, oblong , narrowly ellipsoid , filiform , or linear , with one longitudinal vein . Pistils numerous; ovule 1 per ovary. Styles long linear, pilose , strongly elongated and plumose when mature . Infructescence globose . Achenes small, spindle-shaped , pilose, with a long plumose beak formed by persistent style.

About 33 species: Asia, Europe, North America; 11 species (one endemic) in China.

Although Pulsatilla can easily be distinguished from Anemone by the former having a long, plumose beak on the achenes formed by the persistent style, phylogenetic studies have shown that they are probably congeneric .[2]

Physical Description

Landscaping

Landscape Uses: Rockeries. Borders . • Care: Drought tolerant .

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 915 meters (0 to 3,002 feet).[3]

Biology

Growth

Culture: Space 6-9" apart.

Soil: Well-drained soil essential. • Minimum pH: 6.1 • Maximum pH: 7.8

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Sun to Partial Shade.

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: High

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b. (map)

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Anemone pulsatilla L.

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Similar Species

Members of the genus Pulsatilla

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 21 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

P. albana 'Lutea' (Albania Pasque-Flower) · P. bungeana (Pasque Flower) · P. grandis (Greater Pasque Flower) · P. halleri (Hallers Pasque-Flower) · P. occidentalis (Western Pasque Flower) · P. patens (American Pasque Flower) · P. patens multifida (American Pasqueflower) · P. patens patens (American Pasqueflower) · P. patens subsp. multifida (American Pasqueflower) · P. slavica (Slovak Pasque Flower) · P. subslavica (Intermediate Pasque Flower) · P. vulgaris (European Pasque Flower) · P. vulgaris Mill. 'Rubra' (Pasque Flower) · P. vulgaris 'Alba' (Pasque Flower) · P. vulgaris 'Blaue Glocke' (Pasque Flower) · P. vulgaris 'Heiler Hybrids' (Heiler Hybrids Pasque Flower) · P. vulgaris 'Papageno' (Pasqueflower) · P. vulgaris 'Perlen Glocke' (Windflower 'perlen Glocke') · P. vulgaris 'Rode Klokke' (Rode Klokke Pasqueflower) · P. vulgaris 'Rote Glocke' (Pasque Flower) · P. vulgaris 'Watermelon Pink' (Pasque Flower)

More Info

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Further Reading

• 1997 IUCN red list of threatened plants Cambridge: IUCN, World Conservation Union, 1998 url p. 483.
• A manual of poisonous plants, chiefly of eastern North America, with brief notes on economic and medicinal plants, and numerous illustrations, Cedar Rapids, Ia., The Torch Press, 1911. url .
• A manual of poisonous plants: chiefly of eastern North America, with brief notes on economic and medicinal plants, and numerous illustrations / by L.H. Pammel. Cedar Rapids, Iowa: Torch Press, 1910-1911. url p. 4.
• A natural arrangement of British plants: according to their relations to each other as pointed out by Jussieu, De Candolle, Brown, &c.. .. / with an introduction to botany. .. By Samuel Frederick Gray. .. London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, 1821. url p. 154, p. 725.
• A practical guide to garden plants, containing descriptions of the hardiest and most beautiful annuals and biennials, hardy herbaceous and bulbous perennials, hardy water and bog plants, flowering and ornamental trees and shrubs, conife London;Longmans, Green, 1901. url , p. 143.
• Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica. Helsinki: Societas, 1875-1980. url p. 105, p. 132, p. 169, p. 172, p. 24, p. 54, p. 630, p. 73, p. 81.
• Anales de la Sociedad Española de Historia Natural. Madrid: La Sociedad, url p. 16.
• Botanisk tidsskrift / utgivet af den Botaniske forening i København. København: G.E.C. Gads Forlag, 1866-1981. url p. 342, p. 358.
• Botaniska notiser. Upsala: Wahlstro?m, 1857-c1980. url p. 123, p. 169, p. 38.
• Catalogue of scientific papers (1800-1900) Comp. by the Royal society of London. Cambridge, C. J. Clay and sons, 1867-1902; url p. 453, p. 515.
• Catalogue of scientific papers, 1800-1900. Compiled by the Royal Society of London. London, C.J. Clay and Sons, 1867-1902 [etc.] Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1914-25. url p. 453, p. 515.
• Cryptogamic plants of the USSR. (Flora sporovykh rastenii SSSR) Translated from Russian. Jerusalem[Published for the National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C. by the Israel Program for Scientific Translations, 19 - url p. 389.
• Cyclopedia of American horticulture, comprising suggestions for cultivation of horticultural plants, descriptions of the species of fruits, vegetables, flowers and ornamental plants sold in the United by L. H. Bailey. .. assisted by William Miller. .. and many expert cultivators and botanists. London: The Macmillan company, 1909. url p. 63.
• Dedication papers: scientific papers presented at the dedication of the laboratory building and plant houses, April 19-21, 1917. Brooklyn, N.Y.: Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1918. url p. 372.
• Early British botanists and their gardens, based on unpublished writings of Goodyer, Tradescant, and others, by R. T. Gunther. With nine plates and twenty-one other illustrations. Oxford, Printed by F. Hall for the author at the University Press, 1922. url p. 291.
• English botany, or, Coloured figures of British plants / edited by John T. Boswell Syme; the popular portion by Mrs. Lankester; the figures by J. Sowerby, J. de C. Sowerby, J.W. Salter, and John Edward Sowerby. London: R. Hardwicke, 1863-1886. url p. 26.
• Flora of Cambridgeshire; or, A catalogue of plants found in the county of Cambridge; with references to former catalogues, and the localities of the rarer species. London, J. Van Voorst, 1860. url .
• Flora of the U.S.S.R. [Springfield, Va.: Israel Program for Scientific Translations; 1968- url p. 221.
• Hand-list of herbaceous plants cultivated in the Royal Botanic Gardens. London, Printed for H. M. Stationery Off. by Darling, 1902. url p. 941.
• Handbook of flower pollination based upon Hermann Müller's work 'The fertilisation of flowers by insects'; tr. by J.R. Ainsworth Davis. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1906. url p. 32, p. 36, p. 8, p. v.
• Handbook of flower pollination: based upon Hermann Mu?ller's work 'The fertilisation of flowers by insects' / Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1906-09. url , , , .
• International catalogue of scientific literature. London: Published for the International Council by the Royal Society of London, 1902-1919. url p. 202, p. 458, p. 472, p. 743, p. 854.
• Jenaische Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaft. Jena, Gustav Fischer [etc.]. url p. 360.
• Johnson's Gardeners' dictionary and cultural instructor. London, A. T. De La Mare printing and publishing co., ltd.[1916] url p. 720.
• Journal of botany, British and foreign. London: Robert Hardwicke, 1863-1942. url p. 81, p. 84.
• List of rare, threatened and endemic plants in Europe (1982 edition) Council of Europe url p. 29.
• Manual of the botany of the northern United States: including Virginia, Kentucky, and all east of the Mississippi; arranged according to the natural system. New York, Ivison, 1859. url p. 4.
• Marcellia. New York [etc.]Pergamon Press [etc.] url .
• Martin's Natural history / Translated from the thirty-fifth German edition, by Sarah A. Myers; containing two hundred and sixty-two beautifully colored illustrations; First [and second] series. New York: Phinney, Blakeman & Mason, 1861- url p. 381.
• Memoirs / Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Brooklyn, N.Y.: The Garden, 1918-1936. url p. 372.
• Nature. London, Macmillan. url p. 325.
• Notes on western range forbs: Equisetaceae through Fumariaceae / by William A. Dayton. Washington, D.C.: Forest Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1960. url p. 148.
• Plant names, scientific and popular, including in the case of each plant the correct botanical name in accordance with the reformed nomenclature, together with botanical and popular synonyms. .. Comp. from the most authentic sources by A. B. Lyons. Detroit, Nelson, Baker & Co., 1900. url p. 311.
• Range plant handbook. Washington, U. S. Govt. print. off., 1937. url p. vi.
• Taxonomic literature: a selective guide to botanical publications and collections with dates, commentaries and types (TL2) Utrecht: Bohn, Scheltema & Holkema, 1976-1988. url p. 244.
• The English flora. London, Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green, [1828-30] url p. 36.
• The Entomologist's record and journal of variation. s.l., s.n. url p. 299.
• The Garden: an illustrated weekly journal of gardening in all its branches. London: [s.n., url p. 116, p. 528.
• The Gardener's magazine and register of rural & domestic improvement. London: Longman, Rees, Orome, Brown and Green, 1826-1844. url p. 557.
• The Illustrated dictionary of gardening: a practical and scientific encyclopaedia of horticulture for gardeners and botanists / edited by George Nicholson. ..; assisted by J.W.H. Trail. .. and J. Garrett. ... London: L. Upcott Gill; 1887-1889. url p. 480, p. 77.
• The University of Colorado studies. Boulder, University of Colorado. url p. 291.
• The continental element in the flora of south Sweden by Rikard Sterner. Stockholm: Centraltryckeriet, 1922. url p. 320, p. 321.
• The fertilisation of flowers. Translated and edited by D'Arcy W. Thompson, with a preface by Charles Darwin. LondonMacmillan1883 url p. 665, p. 71, p. 88.
• The flora of Berkshire; being a topographical and historical account of the flowering plants and ferns found in the county, with short biographical notices of the botanists who have contributed to Berkshire botany during the Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1897. url p. 4, p. 5.
• The garden month by month; describing the appearance, color, dates of bloom, height and cultivation of all desirable hardy herbaceous perennials for the formal or wild garden, with additional lists of aquatics, vi Garden City, N.Y., Garden City publishing company, inc.[c1907]. url .
• The gardener's magazine and register of rural & domestic improvement. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green, 1826-1844. url p. 557.
• The natural history of plants, their forms, growth, reproduction, and distribution; Dublin, Blackie & son, limited, 1902. url .
• The natural history of plants; their forms, growth, reproduction, and distribution. From the German of Anton Kerner von Marilaun, by F.W. Oliver, with the assistance of Marian Busk and Mary F. Ewart. with about 2000 original woodcut illustrations and sixteen plates in colours. London, Blackie, 1896-1897. url p. 592.
• The standard cyclopedia of horticulture; a discussion, for the amateur, and the professional and commercial grower, of the kinds, characteristics and methods of cultivation of the species of plants grown in the regions of the United States a by L. H. Bailey; illustrated with colored plates, four thousand engravings in the text, and ninety-six full-page cuts. . New York, The Macmillan Co.; [etc., etc.]1916-1917 [v.5 1916] url p. 285.
• The vegetation of the Siberian-Mongolian frontiers (the Sayansk region) [Trondhjem]K. Norske Videnskabers Selskab[1921] url , .
• Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. [St. Louis: Academy of Science of St. Louis], 1860-1958. url p. 276.
• Transactions of the Botanical Society. Edinburgh: Botanical Society of Edinburgh, 1841-1891. url p. 176.
• Transactions of the Hertfordshire Natural History Society and Field Club. London: Gurney & Jackson, 1879- url .

Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed February 28, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 9 providers.
• Merrifield Garden Center, Fairfax VA USA
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 25, 2008)
• USDA, NRCS. 2005. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal February 28, 2008:

• Biologiezentrum der Oberoesterreichischen Landesmuseen: Biologiezentrum Linz
• Bundesamt für Naturschutz / Zentralstelle für Phytodiversität Deutschland: Bundesamt fuer Naturschutz / Zentralstelle fuer Phytodiversitaet Deutschland
• Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien: Observations du Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien.
• European Environment Agency: EUNIS
• GBIF-Spain: Universidad de Extremadura, UNEX
• GBIF-Sweden: Botany (UPS)
• GBIF-Sweden: Herbarium of Oskarshamn (OHN)
• GBIF-Sweden: Plants (GBIF-SE:Artdatabanken)
• Institute of Nature Conservation PAS: National System of Proetcted Areas
• Natural History Museum, University of Oslo: Vascular Plant Herbarium, Oslo (O)
• Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum
• UK National Biodiversity Network: Botanical Society of the British Isles - Vascular Plants Database

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2670554
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-506590
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 4490920
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:712079-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 105334
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 506590
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: PUVU
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 20063

Footnotes

1. Wencai Wang, Dezhi Fu, Liang-Qian Li, Bruce Bartholomew, Anthony R. Brach, Bryan E. Dutton, Michael G. Gilbert, Yuichi Kadota, Orbélia R. Robinson, Michio Tamura, Michael J. Warnock, Guanghua Zhu & Svetlana N. Ziman "Ranunculaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 6 Page 133. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Wang Wencai, Bruce Bartholomew "Pulsatilla". in Flora of China Vol. 6 Page 329. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. Mean = 192.580 meters (631.824 feet), Standard Deviation = 134.950 based on 4,189 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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