Prunus spinosa (Blackthorn)

Interesting Facts

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This species is cultivated for its edible fruit and as grafting stock for other species of Prunoideae. [source]

Common Names

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Click on the language to view common names.

Common Names in Chinese:

Hei Ci Li

Common Names in English:

Blackthorn, Sloe

Common Names in Finnish:

Oratuomi

Common Names in French:

épine Noire, épine-Noire, Prunellier, Prunier

Common Names in German:

Gewöhnliche Schlehe, Schlehdorn, Schlehe, Schwarzdorn

Common Names in Italian:

Prugnolo, Spino Nero

Common Names in Portuguese:

Abrunheiro

Common Names in Russian:

Терновка, терн, терновник, Tern, Ternovka, Ternovnik

Common Names in Spanish:

Ciruelo Silvestre, Endrino, Espino Negro

Description

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Family Rosaceae

Trees , shrubs , or herbs, deciduous or evergreen . Stems erect , scandent , arching , prostrate , or creeping , armed or unarmed . Buds usually with several exposed scales , sometimes with only 2. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, simple or compound ; stipules paired , free or adnate to petiole , rarely absent, persistent or deciduous; petiole usually 2-glandular apically; leaf blade often serrate at margin , rarely entire . Inflorescences various, from single flowers to umbellate , corymbose , racemose or cymose-paniculate. Flowers usually actinomorphic , bisexual , rarely unisexual and then plants dioecious. Hypanthium (formed from basal parts of sepals, petals, and stamens) free from or adnate to ovary, short or elongate . Sepals usually 5, rarely fewer or more, imbricate; epicalyx segments sometimes also present. Petals as many as sepals, inserted below margin of disk, free, imbricate, sometimes absent. Disk lining hypanthium, usually entire, rarely lobed . Stamens usually numerous , rarely few, always in a complete ring at margin of or above disk; filaments usually free, very rarely connate ; anthers small, didymous , rarely elongate, 2-locular. Carpels 1 to many, free, or ± connate and then adnate to inner surface of cupular receptacle; ovary inferior, semi-inferior, or superior; ovules usually 2 in each carpel, rarely 1 or several, anatropous , superposed . Styles as many as carpels, terminal , lateral , or basal, free or sometimes connate. Fruit a follicle, pome, achene, or drupe, rarely a capsule, naked or enclosed in persistent hypanthium and sometimes also by sepals. Seeds erect or pendulous, sometimes winged , usually exalbuminous , very rarely with thin endosperm; cotyledons mostly fleshy and convex abaxially, rarely folded or convolute.

Between 95 and 125 genera and 2825-3500 species: cosmopolitan , mostly in N temperate zone; 55 genera (two endemic) and 950 species (546 endemic) in China.

Many plants of this family are of economic importance and contribute to people s livelihoods. The Rosaceae contain a great number of fruit trees of temperate regions . The fruits contain vitamins, acids, and sugars and can be used both raw and for making preserves, jam, jelly, candy, various drinks, wine, vinegar, etc. The dried fruits of the genera

Amygdalus and Armeniaca are of high commercial value. Some plants in the genus Rosa containing essential oils or with a high vitamin content are used in industry . Rosaceae wood is used for making various articles, stems and roots are used for making tannin extract, and young leaves are used as a substitute for tea. Numerous species are used for medical purposes or are cultivated as ornamentals .

The Rosaceae are very well represented in China, with great economic and scientific importance. The Co-chairs of the Editorial Committee (Wu and Raven) here note that the patterns of relationship are complex and the group is taxonomically difficult. [1]

Genus Prunus

Trees or shrubs , deciduous. Branchlets sometimes spine-tipped. Axillary winter bud solitary, ovoid ; terminal winter bud absent. Stipules membranous, soon caducous . Leaves simple , alternate, convolute [or conduplicate ] when young; petiolate or sessile; petiole apex or base of leaf blade margin with or without nectaries; leaf blade margin variously crenate or coarsely serrate. Inflorescences apparently axillary, solitary or to 3-flowered in a fascicle; bracts small, soon caducous. Flowers opening before or at same time as leaves. Hypanthium campanulate . Sepals 5, imbricate. Petals 5, white, sometimes purple-veined, rarely greenish, inserted on rim of hypanthium, imbricate. Stamens 20-30, in 2 whorls; filaments unequal. Carpel 1; ovary superior, 1-loculed, glabrous or sometimes villous ; ovules 2, collateral , pendulous. Style terminal, elongated. Fruit a drupe, glabrous, often glaucous, usually with a longitudinal groove ; mesocarp fleshy , not splitting when ripe ; endocarp laterally compressed , smooth , rarely grooved or rugose .

About 30 species: Asia, Europe, North America; seven species (two endemic, three introduced ) in China.

Many plum species are cultivated for their edible fruit and some for their flowers.[2]

Physical Description

Species Prunus spinosa

Shrubs , rarely trees , 4-8 m tall. Branches reddish brown, robust , glabrous , spiny ; branchlets reddish brown, densely pubescent . Winter buds purplish red, pubescent. Stipules lanceolate, margin glandular , apex acuminate. Petiole 5-7 mm, pubescent, without nectaries; leaf blade oblong-obovate, elliptic-ovate, or rarely oblong , 2-4 × 0.8-1.8 cm, abaxially yellowish green and pubescent, adaxially dark green and sparsely appressed pubescent, glabrescent , base subrounded to broadly cuneate, margin crenate or sometimes doubly crenate , apex acute to obtuse ; secondary veins 4 or 5(-8) on either side of midvein . Flowers solitary, opening before leaves, 1-1.5 cm in diam. Pedicel 6-8(-15) mm, glabrous or sparsely pubescent. Hypanthium outside glabrous. Sepals triangular-ovate, outside glabrous, margin serrulate, apex acute. Petals white with pale purple veins, oblong, base cuneate, apex obtuse. Stamens 20-25. Ovary glabrous. Stigma capitate. Drupe black, globose , broadly ellipsoid , or conical , 1-1.5 cm in diam., glabrous, glaucous; mesocarp green; endocarp brown, ovoid to ellipsoid, ± flattened, rugose . Fl. Apr, fr. Aug. [source]

Habit: Tree , Shrub

Flowers: Beautiful fragrant flowers in spring . Flowers have five petals, five sepals. • Bloom Period: January, February. • Flower Color: near white, white

Seeds: Fruit: A drupe with a large stone .

Foliage: Summer foliage: Leaves are smooth , simple , broad, ovate or broad-eliptic or lanceolate, unlobed and toothed along the margin . Color is medium green.

Size/Age/Growth

Size: 4-6' tall.

Landscaping

Care: Low maintenance . Tolerates rabbits. Young plants need extra phosphorus to encourage good root development.

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,500 meters (0 to 8,202 feet).[3]

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 15-18" apart.

Soil: Tolerates a range of pH, from 4.5 to 7.5, and soil ranging from sandy loam to some clay . Soil can be normal to moist. • Minimum pH: 6.1 • Maximum pH: 8.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b. (map)

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 Ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Infraphylum: Radiatopses () - Kenrick & Crane, 1997
        Class: Magnoliopsida () - Brongniart, 1843 - Dicotyledons
        Subclass: Rosidae () - Takhtajan, 1967
        Superorder: Rosanae () - Takhtajan, 1967
        Order: Rosales () - Perleb, 1826
        Family: Rosaceae () - Adans., 1763, Nom. Cons. - Rose Family
        Subfamily: Spiraeoideae ()
        Tribe: Amygdaleae ()
        Genus: Prunus () - Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 473. 1753. - Plum
        Specific epithet: spinosa - Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 475. 1753.
        Botanical name: - Prunus spinosa

Unambiguous Synonyms

Druparia spinosa Clairv.
Prunus domestica Linnaeus var. spinosa (Linnaeus) Kuntze.
Prunus domestica var. spinosa (L.) Kuntze
Prunus spinosa var. typica C. K. Schneid.

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: –

Place of publication : Sp. pl. 1:475. 1753

Name verified on 24-Jan-2001 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 13-Oct-2004

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Prunus

There are approximately 4469 species in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

More Info

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Danmarks fauna, Biller. K�benhavn: G. E. C. Gad, 1908- DAN url p. 211, p. 329.
Dansk exkursions-flora: eller, n�gle til bestemmelsen af de danske blomsterplanter og karsporeplanter / C. Raunkiaer. Kj�benhavn: Gyldendal, 1890. DAN url p. 156.
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Die Gartenwelt. Berlin: G. Schmidt, [1897- GER url p. 114, p. 136, p. 238, p. 370, p. 47, p. 574, p. 63.
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Die Nat�rlichen Pflanzenfamilien nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren Arten, insbesondere den Nutzpflanzen, unter Mitwirkung zahlreicher hervorragender Fachgelehrten begr�ndet von A. Engler und K. Prantl, fortgesetzt von A. Engler Leipzig, W. Engelmann, 1887-1909. GER url p. 141, p. 237, p. 360, p. 362, p. 413, p. 433, p. 458.
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Die Pflanzen und Raupen Deutschlands: Versuch einer lepidopterologischen Botanik / von O. Wilde. Berlin: E.S. Mittler, 1860-1861. GER url p. 247, p. 344, p. 50.
Die Pflanzendecke �sterreich-Ungarns. Auf Grund fremder und eigener Forschungen geschildert, von Dr. August Edler von Hayek. Hrsg. mit einem Druckkostenbeitrag der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Leipzig, F. Deuticke, 1916- [i.e. 1914] GER url p. 104, p. 105, p. 124, p. 126, p. 127, p. 138, p. 144, p. 145, p. 184, p. 185, p. 189, p. 197, p. 241, p. 249, p. 270, p. 271, p. 284, p. 288, p. 311, p. 312, p. 328, p. 331, p. 386, p. 451, p. 458, p. 462, p. 485, p. 510, p. 580.
Die Pflanzenfeinde aus der Klasse der Insekten. Ein nach Pflanzenfamilien geordnetes Handbuch s�mmtlicher auf den einheimischen Pflanzen bisher beobachteten Insekten zum Gebrauch f�r Entomologen, Insektensammler, Botaniker, Land- und Forstwirthe un von J. Stuttgart, J. Hoffmann, 1874. GER url p. 121, p. 128, p. 152, p. 153, p. 154, p. 156, p. 157, p. 161, p. 162, p. 163, p. 166, p. 167, p. 169, p. 170, p. 175, p. 176, p. 177, p. 197, p. 234, p. 302, p. 309, p. 350, p. 486, p. 596, p. 640, p. 7, p. 778, p. 98.
Die Pflanzenwelt Dalmatiens / von Lujo Adamovic. Leipzig: W. Klinkhardt, 1911. GER url p. 68, p. 69.
Die Pflanzenwelt Norwegens. Ein Beitrag zur Natur- und Culturgeschichte Nord-Europas, von F.C. Sch�beler. Christiania, A.W. Br�gger, 1873-1875. GER url p. 367.
Die Phanerogamen - Flora Oesels und der benachbarten Eilande und Beitrag zur Flora der Insel Runoe / von Arthur Baron v. Sass. Dorpat: Druck von H. Laakmann, 1860. GER url p. 53, p. 8.
Die Pilze (Fungi) von Tirol, Vorarlberg und Liechtenstein. Unter Beistand von K.W. v. Dalla Torre und Ludwig Grafen v. Sarnthein bearb. von Paul Magnus. Innsbruck, Verlag der Wagner'schen Universitts-Buchh., 1905. GER url p. 324, p. 496, p. 501.
Die Pilze des Weinstockes: monographische Bearbeitung der smmtlichen bisher Bekannten, auf den Arten der Gattung Vitis Lin. vorkommenden Pilze / von Felix von Thmen. Wien: W. Braumller, 1878. GER url p. 109.
Die Pljesivica und ihr Verbindungszug mit dem Velebit in botanischer Hinsicht. A Pljesvica s a Velebittel �sszek�t� hegyvonulat botan. viszonyai. Von Ludwig Rossi. Budapest, Pallas Irodalmi �s Nyomdai R�szv�nyt�rsas�g, 1913. GER url p. 36.
Die Pusztenflora der grossen ungarischen Tiefebene / von Franz Woenig; mit einer farbigen Beilage und zahlreichen Pflanzenbildern im Text von Maler Ernst Kiesling; nach des Verfassers Tode herausgegeben von E.S. Z�rn. Leipzig: Verlag von Carl Meyers Graphischem Institut, 1899. GER url p. 38.
Die Rohstoffe des Pflanzenreichs: versuch einer Technischen Rohstofflehre des Pflanzenreiches / Unter Mitwirkung von Max Bemberger, von Julius von Wiesner. Leipzig: W. Engelmann, 1914. GER url p. 181, p. 393, p. 887, p. 999.
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Die Zelle und die Gewebe. Grundz�ge der Allgemeinen Anatomie und Physiologie. Jena, Fischer, 1893-98. GER url p. 160.
Die bisher bekannten Pflanzen Galiziens und der Bukowina, von Josef Armin Knapp. Wien, W. Braum�ller, 1872. GER url p. 392.
Die bisher bekannten Pflanzen Slavoniens / ein Versuch von Stefan Schulzer von Mueggenburg, August Kanitz, und Josef A. Knapp. Wien: C. Czermak, 1866. GER url p. 159.
Die insekten Mitteleuropas insbesondere Deutschlands. Bearb. (in den ersten 8 b�nden) von G. Aulmann, C. B�rner, E. Enslin, [u.a.] Hrsg., von Christoph Schr�der. Stuttgart, Franckhsche verlagshandlung, 1914-[26] GER url p. 165.
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Die palaearktischen tortriciden. Eine monographische darstellung mit 24 tafeln in farbendruck, einer stammtafel und mehreren abbildungen im text. Mit einer unterst�tzung des "Elizabeth-Thompson-science fund" in Boston bearb. von dr. Stuttgart, E. Schweizerbart, 1908-. GER url p. 130, p. 159, p. 224, p. 228, p. 381, p. 431, p. 436, p. 445, p. 69, p. 696, p. 74, p. 76, p. 85, p. 87, p. 92, p. 96.
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Diptera neerlandica, de tweevleugelige insecten van Nederland, door F. M. van der Wulp. sGravenhage: M. Nijhoff, 1877. DUT url p. 69.
Dr. Joh. Christ. Mssler's Handbuch der Gewchskunde, enthaltend eine Flora von Deutschland mit hinzufgung der wichtigsten ausl�dischen Cultur-Pflanzen. Altona, J. F. Hammerich, 1833-34. GER url p. 847.
Dr. Johannes Leunis Synopsis der thierkunde. Ein handbuch f�r h�here lehranstalten und f�r alle, welche sich wissenschaftlich mit der naturgeschichte der thiere besch�ftigen wollen. Hannover, Hahnsche buchhandlung, 1883-86. GER url p. 297.
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Einf�hrung in die Kenntnis der Insekten, von H.J. Kolbe Berlin, D�mmler[1889]-1893. GER url p. 69.
Einleitung in das nat�rliche System der Botanik; oder, Systematische Uebersicht der Organisation, nat�rlichen Verwandtschaften und geographischen Verbreitung des ganzen Pflanzenreichs, nebst Angabe des Nutzens der wichtigsten Arten in der Heilkunde, Weimar, Verlage des Landes-Industrie-Comptoirs, 1833. GER url p. 151.
Elenchus plantarum vascularium quas aestate a. 1873 in Crna Gora / legit Jos. Pancic. Belgradi: In typ. status, 1875. LAT url p. 25.
Enchiridion botanicum, exhibens classes et ordines plantarum accedit nomenclator generum et officinalium vel usualium indicatio. Auctore Stephano Endlicher. Lipsiae, Sumptibus G. Engelmann, 1841. LAT url p. 663.
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Entomologische Rundschau. Stuttgart: A. Kernen, 1909- GER url p. 24.
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Enumeratio plantarum Transsilvaniae: exhiben: stirpes phanerogamas sponte crescentes atque frequentius cultas, cryptogamas vasculares, charceas, etiam muscos hepaticasque / auctore Phil. Johanne Ferdinando Schur. Vindobonae: Apud G. Braumhuller, 1866. GER url p. 178, p. 954.
Enumeratio plantarum anno 1890 in Caucaso lectarum: additis nonnullis speciebus a claris viris H. Lojka, G. Radde, N. Seidlitz et fratr. Brotherus in eadem ditione lectis / S. Sommier et E. Levier, cum tabulis lithographicis XLIX ab E. Levier et C. Cuisi Petropoli: Typ. Imp. akademii nauk, 1900. FRE url p. 133.
Enumeratio plantarum in Banatu Temesiensi sponte crescentium et frequentius cultarum, auctore Joanne Heuffel. Vindobonae, Typis C. Ueberreuter, 1858. LAT url p. 62, p. 98.
Enumeratio stirpium florae Helveticae: secundum ordines naturales disposita / auctore Th. Wegelin. Turici: Typis O. Fuesslini, 1838. LAT url p. 58.
Erd�ly ed�nyes fl�r�j�nak helyesbitett foglalata / Enumeratio florae transsilvanicae vesculosae critica / ex mandato Societatis Scientiarum Naturalium Regiae Hungaricae scripsit Ludovicus Simonkai. a Kir. Magyar Term�szettudom�nyi T�rsulat megbiz�s�bol ir Budapest: Kiadja a Kir. Magyar Term�szettudom�nyi T�rsulat, 1886. HUN url p. 200.
Etudes de l�pidopt�rologie compar�e, par Charles Oberth�r. Rennes: Impr. Oberth�r, 1904-25. FRE url p. 300, p. 62.
Etudes sur la g�ographie botanique de l'Italie. Paris, Bailli�re, 1878. FRE url p. 49.
Evolution by means of hybridization, by J. P. Lotsy. The Hague, M. Nijhoff, 1916. ENG url p. 110.
Experiment station record. Washington: G.P.O., 1889-1946. ENG url p. 635, p. 960, p. 976.
Fauna Austriaca: die Fliegen (Diptera) Nach der analytischen Methode bearb., mit der Characteristik almmilicher europ�ischer Gattungen, der Beechraibung aller in Deutschland vorkommenden Arten und der Aufzahlung aller von J. Rudolph Schiner. Wien: C. Gerolds Sohn, 1862-64. GER url p. 383.
Fauna coleopterorum helvetica: die K�fer-Fauna der Schweiz nach der analytischen Methode / bearbeitet von G. Stierlin. Schaffhausen: Bolli & B�cherer, 1898-1900. GER url p. 329.
Fauna och flora: populr tidskrift fr biologi. Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksells, 1906-1967; SWE url p. 199.
Fauna, flora & geology of the Clyde area, ed. by G.F. Scott Elliot, Malcolm Laurie and J. Barclay Murdoch. Glasgow, Pub. by the local committee for the meeting of the British Association, 1901. ENG url p. 116.
Flora Aetnea, seu, Descriptio plantarum in Monte Aetna sponte nascentium / auctore Francisco Tornabene. Catinae: Ex Typis Francisci Galati, 1889-1892. LAT url p. 168, p. 169.
Flora Berolinensis, sive, Descriptio plantarum phanerogamarum circa Berolinum sponte crescentium vel in agris cultarum, additis Filicibus et Charis, curante Ioanne Friderico Brandt. Berolini, In Bibliopolio Flittneriano, 1825. LAT url p. 172.
Flora Bulgarica: descriptio et enumeratio systematica plantarum vascularium in Principatu Bulgariae sponte nascentium. auctore J. Velenovsk�. Pragae: F. Rivn�c, 1898. GER url p. 325, p. 331, p. 96.
Flora Comense: disposta secondo il sistema di Linneo / dal professore Giuseppe Comolli. Como: C.P. Ostinelli, 1834-1857. ITA url p. 22.
Flora Einsidlensis: systematische Aufz�hlung der in Einsiedeln freiwachsenden und h�ufiger cultivirten Gef�sspflanzen / von Thomas A. Bruhin. [Einsiedeln; K. und N. Benziger, 1864]. GER url p. 22.
Flora Rossica; sive, Enumeratio plantarum in totius Imperii Rossici provinciis Europaeis, Asiaticis et Americanis hucusque observatarum, auctore Carolo Friderico a Ledebour. Stuttgartiae, Sumptibus Librariae E. Schweizerbart, 1842-1853. LAT url p. 4.
Flora Sardoa; seu Historia plantarum in Sardinia et adjacentibus insulis vel sponte nascentium vel ad utilitatem latius excultarum, auctore Josepho Hyacintho Moris. Taurini, Ex Regio Typographeo, 1837-59. LAT url p. 11.
Flora Saxonica. Die Flora von Sachsen, ein botanisches Excursionsbuch Nebst Schlssel zum erleichterten Bestimmen der Gattungen nach Linnee's Sexualsystem. Hrsg. von H.G.L. Reichenbach. Dresden, In der Arnoldischen Buchh., 1844. GER url p. 361.
Flora Scotica; or, A description of Scottish plants, arranged both according to the artificial and natural methods. London, Printed by R. and A. Taylor, for A. Constable, 1821. ENG url p. 6.
Flora Taurinensis, sive, Enumeratio plantarum circa Taurinensem urbem nascentium / auctore Johanne Baptista Balbis. Taurini: Ex Typographia J. Giossi, 1806. LAT url p. 80.
Flora dei lidi veneti / di G. Ruchinger. Venezia: Presso Gio. Giacomo Fuchs: 1818. ITA url p. 122.
Flora del Modenese e del Reggiano / dei Professori G. Gibelli e R. Pirotta. Modena: Tip. di G.T. Vincenzi, 1882. ITA url p. 55.
Flora della costa meridionale della Terra d'Otranto / per Enrico Groves. [Firenze: Societ� botanica italiana, 1887] ITA url p. 146.
Flora der Schweiz: zum Gebrauche auf Exkursionen, in Schulen und beim Selbstunterricht / von Hans Schinz und Robert Keller. 1. Teil. Z�rich: A. Raustein, 1923. GER url p. 385.
Flora der Stadt Lemberg: oder Beschreibung, der um Lemberg wildwachsenden Pflanzen, nach ihrer Blthezeit geordnet / von Alexander Zawadski. Lemberg: Kuhn und Millikowski, 1836. GER url p. 182.
Flora der Umgegend von Neuhaldensleben: ein Verzeichniss der hier wachsenden Pflanzen, deren Beschreibung, Standort und Bltheqeit / hrsg. von H. Robolsky. Neuhaldensleben: [s.n.], 1843. GER url p. 165.
Flora der gef�rsteten Grafshaft Tirol, des Landes Vorarlberg und des F�rstenthumes Liechtenstein. Nach eigenen und fremden Beobachtungen, Sammlungen und den Litteraturquellen bearb. von K.W. v. Dalla Torre und Ludwig Grafen von Sarnthein. Innsbruck, Verlag der Wagner'-schen Universit�ts-Buchhandlung, 1900-1913. GER url p. 302, p. 496.
Flora des silurischen Bodens von Ehstland, Nord-Livland und Oesel. Dorpat, Druck von H. Laakmann, 1855. GER url p. 23, p. 61.
Flora hibernica: comprising the flowering plants, ferns, Charace, Musci, Hepatic, Lichenes and Alg of Ireland: arranged according to the natural system with a synopsis of the genera according to the Linnan system / by James Townsend Mackay. Dublin: W. Curry jun., 1836. ENG url p. 87.
Flora melitensis nova [by] S. Sommier et A. Caruana Gatto. Firenze, Stabilimento Pellas, 1915. ITA url p. 144.
Flora of Pennsylvania. Edited with the addition of analytical keys by John Kunkel Small. Boston, Ginn & Co., 1903. ENG url p. 177.
Flora padovana; ossia, Prospetto floristico e fitogeografico delle piante vascolari indigene inselvatichite o largamente coltivate crescenti nella provincia di Padova; con notizie storico-bibliografiche sulle fonti d Padova, Prem. Soc. coop. tip., 1909-1914. ITA url p. 352, p. 698.
Flora piacentina; ossia, Enumerazione sistematica delle piante della provincia di Piacenza, coll'indicazione delle loro stazioni, dei caratteri principali di ciascuna famiglia, dei nomi italiani, di quelli del dialetto Piacenza, Tip. F. Solari, 1877. ITA url p. 133.
Flora von Fiume. [Wien, 1879] GER url p. 355.
Flora von Halle, mit nherer Bercksichtigung der Umgegend von Weissenfels, Naumburg, Freiburg, Bibra, Nebra, Querfurt, Allstedt, Artern, Eisleben, Hettstedt, Sandersleben, Aschersleben, Stassfurt, Bernburg, Kthen, Dess Halle, Anton, 1848-1856. GER url p. 133, p. 360.
Flora von Nieder-�sterreich. Handbuch zur Bestimmung s�mmtlicher in diesem Kronlande und den angrenzenden Gebieten wildwachsenden, h�ufig gebauten und verwildert vorkommenden Samenpflanzen und F�hrer zu weiteren botanischen Forsc Wein, C. Gerold, 1890-93. GER url p. 48, p. 49, p. 50, p. 52, p. 56, p. 819.
Flora von Niederhessen und Mnden. Beschreibung aller im Gebiete wildwachsenden und im Grossen angebauten Pflanzen. Kassel, T. Fischer, 1847-1855. GER url p. 126.
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Flora von Pommern. Cslin, Hendess, 1828-1835. GER url p. 18, p. 286.
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Notes

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Contributors

Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2007. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed September 17, 2007.
Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed January 27, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from provider.
Hexacorallians of the World 2001.
Heyn CC & Heller D 1991/1993 (from ILDIS).
Home of the Xylariaceae 2006.
ILDIS World Database of Legumes, 10, Nov 2005
ILDIS World Database of LegumesNov 10, 2005.
IOPI-GPC
Lewis GP, 1994/1995 (from ILDIS).
Light, Kris. East Tennessee Wildflowers
Nghia, N.H. 1998. Dalbergia entadoides. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 20 October 2006.
Nielsen IC & Rico ML, 1994 (from ILDIS).
Pippen, Jeffrey S. Jeff's Nature Page. Accessed December 8, 2007.
Podlech D, 1996 (from ILDIS).
Polhill RM, 1993 (from ILDIS).
"Prunus". in Flora of China Vol. 9 Page 402. Published by Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
Rhytismatales database 2006.
Schrire BD, 1994-10 (from ILDIS).
Sokoloff DD, 2001-03 (from ILDIS).
Stirton CH, 2001-06 (from ILDIS).
The Global Lepidoptera Names Index2, 12.2, 2005.
The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Jan 19, 2007.
The Virtual Field Herbarium.
Thomson, Christian (from Diptera).
USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 30, 2008)
USDA, NRCS. 2005. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.
van der Maesen LJG, 1993 (from ILDIS).
van der Maesen, LJG, 2001-03 (from ILDIS).
Vaz AMSF, 2001-05 (from ILDIS).
World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. Adenanthera intermedia. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 20 October 2006.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal January 29, 2008:

Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien, Observations du Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien.
European Environment Agency, EUNIS
GBIF-Spain, Aranzadi Zientzi Elkartea
GBIF-Spain, BDBCV BioBlitz in Penyagolosa
GBIF-Spain, Botánica, Universidad de León: LEB-Cormo
GBIF-Spain, CIBIO, Alicante:ABH-GBIF
GBIF-Spain, Dirección General de Investigación, Desarrollo Tecnológico e Innovación de la Junta de Extremadura(DGIDTI): HSS
GBIF-Spain, Herbario Universidad de Málaga: MGC-Cormófitos
GBIF-Spain, Herbario de la Universidad de Sevilla, SEV
GBIF-Spain, Hortus Botanicus Sollerensis Herbarium
GBIF-Spain, Jardi Botanic de Valencia: VAL
GBIF-Spain, Jardín Botánico de Córdoba: Herbarium COA
GBIF-Spain, Real Jardin Botanico
, Vascular Plant Herbarium
GBIF-Spain, Univ. Herbarium SALAMANCA: SALA
GBIF-Spain, Universidad de Extremadura, UNEX
GBIF-Spain, Universidad de Oviedo. Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas: FCO
GBIF-Spain, Universidad del País Vasco/EHU, Bilbao: Herbario BIO
GBIF-Spain, Universitat de Girona: HGI-Cormophyta
Herbario SANT, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, SANT herbarium vascular plant collection
International Plant Genetic Resources Institute(IPGRI), EURISCO
Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
US National Plant Germplasm System, United States National Plant Germplasm System Collection
USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
University of Washington Burke Museum, Vascular Plant Collection - University of Washington Herbarium

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2649981
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: IOP-600804
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13673864
GRIN Nomen Number: 30116

Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 24802
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: PRSP
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 55237

Footnotes

Cuizhi Gu, Chaoluan Li, Lingdi Lu, Shunyuan Jiang, Crinan Alexander, Bruce Bartholomew, Anthony R. Brach, David E. Boufford, Hiroshi Ikeda, Hideaki Ohba, Kenneth R. Robertson & Steven A. Spongberg "Rosaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 9 Page 46. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Ku Tsue-chih, Bruce Bartholomew "Prunus". in Flora of China Vol. 9 Page 401. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Mean = 210.840 meters (691.732 feet), Standard Deviation = 302.170 based on 20,000 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Prunus spinosa

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Rosaceae

Genus Prunus

Physical Description

Species Prunus spinosa

Size/Age/Growth

Landscaping

Habitat

Biology

Reproduction

Growth

Taxonomy

Unambiguous Synonyms

Notes

Similar Species

Members of the genus Prunus

More Info

Further Reading

Notes

Contributors

Data Sources

Identifiers

Footnotes