Prunus serotina (Alabama Cherry)

Overview

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Black cherry. <em>Prunus serotina</em> sprout

Interesting Facts

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In spring , the Black Cherry has beautiful clusters of white flowers, which later mature into edible black fruits, excellent for making wine and jelly.
However, the leaves contain cyanide , and when eaten by livestock are fatal! Black Cherry is valued for its beautiful hardwood .
A dense grower with a slight weeping habit. It flowers heavily and displays very good fall color.

Common Names

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Common Names in English:

Alabama Cherry, Black Cherry, Black Choke, Black Chokecherry, Cabinet Cherry, Rum Cherry, Wild Black Cherry, Wild Cherry

Description

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Family Rosaceae

Trees , shrubs , or herbs, deciduous or evergreen . Stems erect , scandent , arching , prostrate , or creeping , armed or unarmed . Buds usually with several exposed scales , sometimes with only 2. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, simple or compound ; stipules paired , free or adnate to petiole , rarely absent, persistent or deciduous; petiole usually 2-glandular apically; leaf blade often serrate at margin , rarely entire. Inflorescences various, from single flowers to umbellate , corymbose , racemose or cymose-paniculate. Flowers usually actinomorphic , bisexual , rarely unisexual and then plants dioecious. Hypanthium (formed from basal parts of sepals, petals, and stamens) free from or adnate to ovary, short or elongate . Sepals usually 5, rarely fewer or more, imbricate; epicalyx segments sometimes also present. Petals as many as sepals, inserted below margin of disk, free, imbricate, sometimes absent. Disk lining hypanthium, usually entire, rarely lobed . Stamens usually numerous , rarely few, always in a complete ring at margin of or above disk; filaments usually free, very rarely connate ; anthers small, didymous , rarely elongate, 2-locular. Carpels 1 to many, free, or ± connate and then adnate to inner surface of cupular receptacle; ovary inferior, semi-inferior, or superior; ovules usually 2 in each carpel, rarely 1 or several, anatropous , superposed . Styles as many as carpels, terminal , lateral , or basal, free or sometimes connate. Fruit a follicle, pome, achene, or drupe, rarely a capsule, naked or enclosed in persistent hypanthium and sometimes also by sepals. Seeds erect or pendulous, sometimes winged , usually exalbuminous , very rarely with thin endosperm; cotyledons mostly fleshy and convex abaxially, rarely folded or convolute.

Between 95 and 125 genera and 2825-3500 species: cosmopolitan , mostly in N temperate zone; 55 genera (two endemic) and 950 species (546 endemic) in China.

Many plants of this family are of economic importance and contribute to people s livelihoods. The Rosaceae contain a great number of fruit trees of temperate regions . The fruits contain vitamins, acids, and sugars and can be used both raw and for making preserves, jam, jelly, candy, various drinks, wine, vinegar, etc. The dried fruits of the genera

Amygdalus and Armeniaca are of high commercial value. Some plants in the genus Rosa containing essential oils or with a high vitamin content are used in industry . Rosaceae wood is used for making various articles, stems and roots are used for making tannin extract, and young leaves are used as a substitute for tea. Numerous species are used for medical purposes or are cultivated as ornamentals .

The Rosaceae are very well represented in China, with great economic and scientific importance. The Co-chairs of the Editorial Committee (Wu and Raven) here note that the patterns of relationship are complex and the group is taxonomically difficult. [1]

Genus Prunus

Trees or shrubs , deciduous. Branchlets sometimes spine-tipped. Axillary winter bud solitary, ovoid ; terminal winter bud absent. Stipules membranous, soon caducous . Leaves simple , alternate, convolute [or conduplicate ] when young; petiolate or sessile; petiole apex or base of leaf blade margin with or without nectaries; leaf blade margin variously crenate or coarsely serrate. Inflorescences apparently axillary, solitary or to 3-flowered in a fascicle; bracts small, soon caducous. Flowers opening before or at same time as leaves. Hypanthium campanulate . Sepals 5, imbricate. Petals 5, white, sometimes purple-veined, rarely greenish, inserted on rim of hypanthium, imbricate. Stamens 20-30, in 2 whorls; filaments unequal. Carpel 1; ovary superior, 1-loculed, glabrous or sometimes villous ; ovules 2, collateral , pendulous. Style terminal, elongated. Fruit a drupe, glabrous, often glaucous, usually with a longitudinal groove ; mesocarp fleshy , not splitting when ripe ; endocarp laterally compressed , smooth , rarely grooved or rugose .

About 30 species: Asia, Europe, North America; seven species (two endemic, three introduced ) in China.

Many plum species are cultivated for their edible fruit and some for their flowers.[2]

Physical Description

ID Features: Deciduous tree. Alternate leaf arrangement. Serrulate leaf margins. Ovate leaf shape. White flowers. Round, purplish-red fleshy fruit.

Habit: A dense deciduous tree with an oval crown and a slightly weeping habit.

Flowers: White flowers. 0.33" acorss. Fragrant. Blooms in May. Borne in pendulous racemes , 4" to 6" long. Showy. • Bloom Period: April, May. • Flower Color: near white, white

Seeds: Fruit: Rounded , purplish-red drupe. 0.33" in diameter. Edible. Mature in August.

Foliage: Summer foliage: Alternate leaf arrangement . Simple , deciduous leaves. Serrulate margins . Ovate leaf shape. 2" to 5" long. Dark green leaf color. • Fall foliage: Yellow to ornage fall color.

Size/Age/Growth

Growth Rate: Rapid. • Size: 60' to 90' tall, 35' to 50' wide.

Landscaping

Landscape Uses: Along highways. For weeping effect. • Liabilities: Fall webworm. Foliage is poisonous. Tent caterpillars. • Care: Low maintenance . Tolerates rabbits. Young plants need extra phosphorus to encourage good root development.

Habitat

Hhardy to zone 3.

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 4,653 meters (0 to 15,266 feet).[3]

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Prefers deep, moist, fertile soil. Full sun to part shade. Salt tolernat. Drought tolerant .

Soil: Tolerates a range of pH, from 4.5 to 7.5, and soil ranging from sandy loam to some clay . Soil can be normal to moist. • Minimum pH: 5.1 • Maximum pH: 7.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a. (map)

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Infraphylum: Radiatopses () - Kenrick & Crane, 1997
        Class: Spermatopsida () - Brongniart, 1843
        Subclass: Rosidae () - Takhtajan, 1967
        Superorder: Rosanae () - Takhtajan, 1967
        Order: Rosales () - Perleb, 1826
        Family: Rosaceae () - A.L. de Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. - Rose Family
        Subfamily: Spiraeoideae ()
        Tribe: Pruneae ()
        Genus: Prunus () - C. Linnaeus, 1753 - Plum
        Specific epithet: serotina - Poir.
        Botanical name: - Prunus serotina Poir.

Synonyms

Cerasus serotina (Ehrh.) Loisel. • Padus serotina (Ehrh.) Borkh.

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Prunus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 860 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

More Info

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Plants of Mississippi: a list of flowering plants and ferns / by E.N. Lowe. [Jackson, Miss.]: Mississippi State Geological Survey, 1921. url p. 164, p. 33.
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Propagation of wild birds; a manual of applied ornithology, treating of practical methods of propagation of quails, grouse, wild turkey, pheasants, partridges, pigeons and doves, and waterfowl, in America, and of attracting and by Herbert K. Job. Illustrated from photographs mostly by the author. Garden City, N. Y., Doubleday, Page, 1915. url p. 241, p. 301.
Protected Landscapes: experience around the world. Prepared for the International Symposium on Protected Landscapes, Grange-over-Sands, England 5-10 October 1987 IUCN url p. 313.
Quinby's new bee-keeping. The mysteries of bee-keeping explained. Combining the results of fifty years' experience, with the latest discoveries and inventions, and presenting the most approved methods, forming a complete guide New York, Orange Judd company, 1919. url .
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Reforesting Pennsylvania's waste land. Harrisburg, Pa., W.S. Ray, state printer, 1916. url p. 14.
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Reporting Pennsylvania's waste land. Harrisburg, Pa., W. S. Ray, state printer, 1916. url p. 14, p. 26.
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Scientific and applied pharmacognosy, intended for the use of students in pharmacy, as a hand book for pharmacists, and as a reference book for food and drug analysts and pharmacologists. New York, Wiley, 1920. url p. 298, p. 299, p. 301.
Seeding and planting; a manual for the guidance of forestry students, foresters, nurserymen, forest owners, and farmers, by James W. Toumey. .. New York, J. Wiley & sons, inc.; [etc., etc.]1916. url p. 445, p. 445, p. 445.
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Strasburger's Text-book of botany. Rewritten by Dr. Hans Fitting. .. Dr. Ludwig Jost. .. Dr. Heinrich Schenck. .. Dr. George Karsten. London, Macmillan, 1921. url p. 774.
Students' handbook to accompany Plants and their uses / by Frederick Leroy Sargent. New York: Henry Holt, 1914. url .
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Studies of Connecticut hardwoods; the treatment of advance growth arising as a result of thinnings and shelterwood cuttings, New Haven, Yale University, 1925. url p. 16.
Studies of the vegetation of Missouri. .. / By Julian A. Steyermark. 9 1940 [Chicago, 1940- url p. 370, p. 428, p. 448.
Syllogeus. Ottawa, National Museum of Natural Sciences, 1972-1995. url p. 4, p. 50, p. 7.
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Text-book of pomology, by J. H. Gourley. New York, Macmillan, 1922. url p. 43.
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The English flower garden and home grounds: design and arrangement followed by a description of the plants, shrubs and trees for the open-air garden and their culture / by W. Robinson. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1921. url p. 657.
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The Great Basin naturalist. 42 1982 Provo, Utah: M.L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, 1939-1999. url p. 229.
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The Lepidopteras of New York and neighboring states, primitive forms Microlepidoptera, Pyraloids, Bombyces. Ithaca, N.Y., Cornell Univ., 1920. url p. 183, p. 191, p. 201, p. 209, p. 217, p. 269, p. 87, p. 98.
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The Yale Forest in Tolland and Windham counties, Connecticut, New Haven, Yale University, 1945. url p. 40.
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The bacteriology of diphtheria, including sections on the history, epidemiology and pathology of the disease, the mortality caused by it, the toxins and antitoxins and the serum disease, by F. Loeffler, Arthur Newsholme, F. B. Mallory, G. S. Graham-Smith, George Dean, William H. Park, Charles F. Bolduan. Ed. by G. H. F. Nuttall and G. S. Graham-Smith Cambridge [Eng.]University Press, 1913 url p. 135, p. 136.
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The cherries of New York, Albany, J.B. Lyon Company, state printers, 1915. url , , , .
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The complete garden, by Albert D. Taylor, assisted by Gordon D. Cooper. Illustrated with fifty full page cuts, four line charts, and nine coloured plates. Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, Page, 1921. url , p. 189, p. 279.
The conservation of the wild life of Canada / by C. Gordon Hewitt. New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1921. url p. 185.
The diseases of animals; a book of brief and popular advice on the care and the common ailments of farm animals, London, Macmillan, 1917. url .
The drug plants of Illinois / Leo R. Tehon; drawings by Kay H. Wadsworth. Urbana, Ill.: Natural History Survey Division, 1951. url p. 93.
The eastern tent caterpillar / [New Haven]: Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 1935. url p. 69.
The ethnobotany of Chinchero, an Andean community in southern Peru / Christine Franquemont. .. [et al.]. 24 1990 Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, c1990. url p. 100, p. 64.
The flora of the town of Southold, Long Island, and Gardiner's Island / New York: Torrey Botanical Club, 1914? url p. 23, p. 243, p. 5.
The forests of Baltimore County, Batlimore, Md., 1921. url p. 13.
The forests of Frederick county, Baltimore, Md., 1922. url p. 13.
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The identification of trees & shrubs; how to recognize, without previous knowledge of botany, wild or garden trees and shrubs native to the north temperate zone, with 2, 500 diagrams made by the author. New York, Dutton[1937] url p. 102, p. 195.
The important timber trees of the United States, a manual of practical forestry, for the use fo foresters, students and laymen in forestry, lumbermen, farmers and other land-owners, and all who contem BostonH. Mifflin1912 url p. 291, p. 372, p. 379.
The insect fauna of the genus Crataegus. .. Ithaca, 1922 url p. 1113, p. 1126.
The landscape gardening book, wherein are set down the simple laws of beauty and utility which should guide the development of all grounds, by Grace Tabor. New York, R. M. McBride, 1916. url p. 95.
The lipids, their chemistry and biochemistry. New York, Interscience Publishers, 1951-57. url p. 903.
The microanalysis of powdered vegetable drugs, by Albert Schneider. .. with 237 illustrations Philadelphia, P. Blakiston's son & co.[c1921] url , p. 122, p. 126, p. 127, p. 173, p. 452, p. 453.
The natural history and topography of Groton, Massachusetts / by Samuel Abbott Green. .. [Cambridge, J. Wilson and Son]1912-14. url p. 23.
The natural history of Chautauqua. New York: B. W. Huebsch, 1917. url p. 42.
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The preservation and management of vegetation in ravines in Highland Park, Illinois: a report / prepared by Kenneth R. Robertson and E. B. Himelick of the Illinois Natural History Survey, Urbana, Illinois. Urbana: The Survey, 1977. url p. 17.
The principles of fruit-growing, London, Macmillan & co., ltd., 1913. url p. 168.
The standard cyclopedia of horticulture; a discussion, for the amateur, and the professional and commercial grower, of the kinds, characteristics and methods of cultivation of the species of plants grown in the regions of the United States a Illustrated with colored plates, four thousand engravings in the text, and ninety-six full-page cuts. New York, Macmillan, 1919 [c1914] url p. 2206, p. 2671, p. 2694, p. 2728, p. 373, p. 378.
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The tree book: A popular guide to a knowledge of the trees of North America and to their uses and cultivation / New York: Doubleday, Page, 1920. url p. 328, p. 576, p. 577.
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The trees of North Carolina, Chapel Hill [N.C.]W. C. Coker, 1916. url , .
The trees of North Carolina, by W. C. Coker, and H. R. Totten. Chapel Hill [N.C.]W. C. Coker, 1916. url p. 69.
The trees of Vermont, BurlingeonFree press printing co.1916 url p. 149, p. 151, p. 232.
The vascular flora of the eastern Penobscot Bay region, Maine. [Portland, Maine, 1919. url p. 248.
The vegetation of the New Jersey Pine-Barrens: an ecologic investigation / by John W. Harshberger. Philadelphia: Christopher Sower Company, 1916. url p. 104, p. 142, p. 177, p. 181, p. 254, p. 28, p. 83, p. 85, p. 88, p. 90, p. 96.
The weed flora of Iowa / [by L. H. Pammel; with the collaboration of Charlotte M. King. .. et al.] Des Moines: Iowa Geological Survey, 1913. url p. 637.
The weed flora of Iowa. .. Des Moines, Iowa Geological Survey, 1913. url p. 637.
Timbers and their uses; a handbook for woodworkers, merchants, and all interested in the conversion and use of timber, London, E. P. Dutton & Co., 1919. url , .
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Tree guide: trees east of the Rockies / by Julia Ellen Rogers. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page & Company, 1916, c1914. url p. 182.
Trees and shrubs hardy in the British Isles / by W. J. Bean. London: J. Murray, 1916. url p. 251.
Trees and shrubs of Nantucket; Descriptions, identification keys, list of trees and shrubs [by] Mabel Agnes Rice. [Ann Arbor, Michigan., Lithoprinted by Edwards brothers, inc.]1946. url p. 73.
Trees and shrubs, hardy in the British isles. LondonJ. Murray1914 url p. 251.
Trees in winter; their study, planting, care and identification, New YorkMacmillan1913 url p. 100, p. 208, p. 362.
Trees of Indiana / Indianapolis: State Board of Forestry of Indiana, 1919. url p. 209.
Trees of Indiana / by Chas. C. Deam Fort Wayne, Ind.: Fort Wayne Printing Co., 1921 url p. 12, p. 216, p. 223, p. 225, p. 300.
Trees of Indiana. Fort Wayne, Ind., Fort Wayne Printing Co., 1921. url , , , , .
Trees of New York State: native and naturalized / by H.P. Brown. Syracuse, N.Y.: The University, 1921 [c1922] url p. 398, p. 65.
Trees: the yearbook of agriculture 1949. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture: 1949. url p. 767, p. 793, p. 920.
Trees: the yearbook of agriculture, 1949 / the United States Department of Agriculture. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1949 url p. 767, p. 793, p. 920.
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University of Kansas publications, Museum of Natural History. 10 1956 Lawrence, University of Kansas. url p. 119, p. 270, p. 536.
Useful birds and their protection. Containing brief descriptions of the more common and useful species of Massachusetts, with accounts of their food habits, and a chapter on the means of attracting and protecting birds. [Boston, Printed by Wright & Potter]1913. url .
Useful wild plants of the United States and Canada, by Charles Francis Saunders. Illustrated with photographs by the author and with drawings by Lucy Hamilton Aring. New York, R. M. McBride & company, 1934. url , p. 190, p. 191, p. 245, p. 261.
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Notes

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Contributors

Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed March 27, 2012.
Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed January 27, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from provider.
Hexacorallians of the World 2001.
Heyn CC & Heller D 1991/1993 (from ILDIS).
Home of the Xylariaceae 2006.
ILDIS World Database of Legumes, 10, Nov 2005
ILDIS World Database of LegumesNov 10, 2005.
IOPI Global Plant Checklist. Release date: August 1, 2007
IOPI-GPC
Lewis GP, 1994/1995 (from ILDIS).
Light, Kris. East Tennessee Wildflowers
Nghia, N.H. 1998. Dalbergia entadoides. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 20 October 2006.
Nielsen IC & Rico ML, 1994 (from ILDIS).
Pippen, Jeffrey S. Jeff's Nature Page. Accessed December 8, 2007.
Podlech D, 1996 (from ILDIS).
Polhill RM, 1993 (from ILDIS).
Rhytismatales database 2006.
Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
Schrire BD, 1994-10 (from ILDIS).
Sokoloff DD, 2001-03 (from ILDIS).
Stirton CH, 2001-06 (from ILDIS).
The Global Lepidoptera Names Index2, 12.2, 2005.
The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Jan 19, 2007.
The Virtual Field Herbarium.
Thomson, Christian (from Diptera).
USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 24, 2008)
USDA, NRCS. 2005. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.
Vaz AMSF, 2001-05 (from ILDIS).
World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. Adenanthera intermedia. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 20 October 2006.
van der Maesen LJG, 1993 (from ILDIS).
van der Maesen, LJG, 2001-03 (from ILDIS).

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal January 29, 2008:

Institute of Dendrology PAS, Institute of Dendrology PAS, Flora of Sudety Mountains
Institute of Nature Conservation PAS, National System of Proetcted Areas
Museum of Natural History, Wroclaw University, Museum of Natural History, Wroclaw University, Flora of the Stołowe Mts.

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2649946
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Ros-72
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 4490920
GRIN Nomen Number: 30099
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 504622
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: PRVIR PRSE
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 11532

Footnotes

Cuizhi Gu, Chaoluan Li, Lingdi Lu, Shunyuan Jiang, Crinan Alexander, Bruce Bartholomew, Anthony R. Brach, David E. Boufford, Hiroshi Ikeda, Hideaki Ohba, Kenneth R. Robertson & Steven A. Spongberg "Rosaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 9 Page 46. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Ku Tsue-chih, Bruce Bartholomew "Prunus". in Flora of China Vol. 9 Page 401. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Mean = 199.400 meters (654.199 feet), Standard Deviation = 387.790 based on 2,118 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Prunus serotina

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Rosaceae

Genus Prunus

Physical Description

Size/Age/Growth

Landscaping

Habitat

Biology

Reproduction

Growth

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Notes

Similar Species

Members of the genus Prunus

More Info

Further Reading

Notes

Contributors

Data Sources

Identifiers

Footnotes