Prunus virginiana (Choke Cherry)

Overview

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Common chokecherry. <em>Prunus virginiana</em> single shrub growing in typical habitat

Interesting Facts

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Common Names

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Click on the language to view common names.

Common Names in English:

Choke Cherry, Bitter-Berry, Chokecherry, Common Chokecherry, Virginia Bird Cherry, Virginia Chokecherry

Common Names in French:

Cerisier De Virginie

Common Names in German:

Virginischer Traubenkirschbaum

Common Names in Spanish:

Cerezo De Virginia

Description

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Family Rosaceae

Trees , shrubs , or herbs, deciduous or evergreen . Stems erect , scandent , arching , prostrate , or creeping , armed or unarmed . Buds usually with several exposed scales , sometimes with only 2. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, simple or compound ; stipules paired , free or adnate to petiole , rarely absent, persistent or deciduous; petiole usually 2-glandular apically; leaf blade often serrate at margin , rarely entire. Inflorescences various, from single flowers to umbellate , corymbose , racemose or cymose-paniculate. Flowers usually actinomorphic , bisexual , rarely unisexual and then plants dioecious. Hypanthium (formed from basal parts of sepals, petals, and stamens) free from or adnate to ovary, short or elongate . Sepals usually 5, rarely fewer or more, imbricate; epicalyx segments sometimes also present. Petals as many as sepals, inserted below margin of disk, free, imbricate, sometimes absent. Disk lining hypanthium, usually entire, rarely lobed . Stamens usually numerous , rarely few, always in a complete ring at margin of or above disk; filaments usually free, very rarely connate ; anthers small, didymous , rarely elongate, 2-locular. Carpels 1 to many, free, or ± connate and then adnate to inner surface of cupular receptacle; ovary inferior, semi-inferior, or superior; ovules usually 2 in each carpel, rarely 1 or several, anatropous , superposed . Styles as many as carpels, terminal , lateral , or basal, free or sometimes connate. Fruit a follicle, pome, achene, or drupe, rarely a capsule, naked or enclosed in persistent hypanthium and sometimes also by sepals. Seeds erect or pendulous, sometimes winged , usually exalbuminous , very rarely with thin endosperm; cotyledons mostly fleshy and convex abaxially, rarely folded or convolute.

Between 95 and 125 genera and 2825-3500 species: cosmopolitan , mostly in N temperate zone; 55 genera (two endemic) and 950 species (546 endemic) in China.

Many plants of this family are of economic importance and contribute to people s livelihoods. The Rosaceae contain a great number of fruit trees of temperate regions . The fruits contain vitamins, acids, and sugars and can be used both raw and for making preserves, jam, jelly, candy, various drinks, wine, vinegar, etc. The dried fruits of the genera

Amygdalus and Armeniaca are of high commercial value. Some plants in the genus Rosa containing essential oils or with a high vitamin content are used in industry . Rosaceae wood is used for making various articles, stems and roots are used for making tannin extract, and young leaves are used as a substitute for tea. Numerous species are used for medical purposes or are cultivated as ornamentals .

The Rosaceae are very well represented in China, with great economic and scientific importance. The Co-chairs of the Editorial Committee (Wu and Raven) here note that the patterns of relationship are complex and the group is taxonomically difficult. [1]

Genus Prunus

Trees or shrubs , deciduous. Branchlets sometimes spine-tipped. Axillary winter bud solitary, ovoid ; terminal winter bud absent. Stipules membranous, soon caducous . Leaves simple , alternate, convolute [or conduplicate ] when young; petiolate or sessile; petiole apex or base of leaf blade margin with or without nectaries; leaf blade margin variously crenate or coarsely serrate. Inflorescences apparently axillary, solitary or to 3-flowered in a fascicle; bracts small, soon caducous. Flowers opening before or at same time as leaves. Hypanthium campanulate . Sepals 5, imbricate. Petals 5, white, sometimes purple-veined, rarely greenish, inserted on rim of hypanthium, imbricate. Stamens 20-30, in 2 whorls; filaments unequal. Carpel 1; ovary superior, 1-loculed, glabrous or sometimes villous ; ovules 2, collateral , pendulous. Style terminal, elongated. Fruit a drupe, glabrous, often glaucous, usually with a longitudinal groove ; mesocarp fleshy , not splitting when ripe ; endocarp laterally compressed , smooth , rarely grooved or rugose .

About 30 species: Asia, Europe, North America; seven species (two endemic, three introduced ) in China.

Many plum species are cultivated for their edible fruit and some for their flowers.[2]

Physical Description

Habit: Tree , Shrub

Flowers: Beautiful fragrant flowers in spring . Flowers have five petals, five sepals. • Bloom Period: April, May. • Flower Color: near white, white

Seeds: Fruit: A drupe with a large stone .

Foliage: Summer foliage: Leaves are smooth , simple , broad, ovate or broad-eliptic or lanceolate, unlobed and toothed along the margin . Color is medium green.

Size/Age/Growth

Size: 20-30' tall.

Landscaping

Care: Low maintenance . Tolerates rabbits. Young plants need extra phosphorus to encourage good root development.

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 4,653 meters (0 to 15,266 feet).[3]

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 20-30' apart.

Soil: Tolerates a range of pH, from 4.5 to 7.5, and soil ranging from sandy loam to some clay . Soil can be normal to moist. • Minimum pH: 4.6 • Maximum pH: 6.0

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b. (map)

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Infraphylum: Radiatopses () - Kenrick & Crane, 1997
        Class: Spermatopsida () - Brongniart, 1843
        Subclass: Rosidae () - Takhtajan, 1967
        Superorder: Rosanae () - Takhtajan, 1967
        Order: Rosales () - Perleb, 1826
        Family: Rosaceae () - A.L. de Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. - Rose Family
        Subfamily: Spiraeoideae ()
        Tribe: Pruneae ()
        Genus: Prunus () - C. Linnaeus, 1753 - Plum
        Specific epithet: virginiana - L.
        Botanical name: - Prunus virginiana L.

Synonyms

Cerasus virginica Michx. Ex Hort. • Padus rubra Mill. • Padus virginiana (L.) M. Roem. • Prunus serotina Poir. • Prunus virginica Steud.

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 2009

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Prunus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 860 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

More Info

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The standard cyclopedia of horticulture; a discussion, for the amateur, and the professional and commercial grower, of the kinds, characteristics and methods of cultivation of the species of plants grown in the regions of the United States a Illustrated with colored plates, four thousand engravings in the text, and ninety-six full-page cuts. New York, Macmillan, 1919 [c1914] url p. 2206, p. 375, p. 752.
The trees of Great Britain & Ireland / by Henry John Elwes and Augustine Henry. Edinburgh: Priv. print., 1906-13. url p. 1546.
The trees of North Carolina, Chapel Hill [N.C.]W. C. Coker, 1916. url .
The trees of North Carolina, by W. C. Coker, and H. R. Totten. Chapel Hill [N.C.]W. C. Coker, 1916. url p. 68.
The trees of Vermont, BurlingeonFree press printing co.1916 url p. 149, p. 153.
The vascular flora of the eastern Penobscot Bay region, Maine. [Portland, Maine, 1919. url p. 248, p. 287.
Torreya. Burlington, Vt., Torrey Botanical Club, 1901-1945. url p. 115, p. 163, p. 169, p. 173, p. 181, p. 25, p. 30, p. 51, p. 55, p. 61, p. 72.
Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science. Springfield, Ill., Illinois State Academy of Science [etc.] url , , p. 103, p. 147, p. 156, p. 170, p. 64.
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Transactions of the Kentucky Academy of Science. [Lexington, Ky.]Kentucky Academy of Science, 1923-1997. url p. 238.
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Notes

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Contributors

Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed March 27, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal January 28, 2008:

Australian National Herbarium
, Australian National Herbarium
Berkeley Natural History Museums, University and Jepson Herbaria DiGIR provider
Comisión nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad, Herbario del Instituto de Ecología, A.C., México
Comisión nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad, Herbario del Instituto de Ecología, A.C., México
Herbarium of the University of Aarhus, The AAU Herbarium Database
Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
National Herbarium of New South Wales, NSW herbarium collection
School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Arizona State University Vascular Plant Herbarium
School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, The Deaver Herbarium, Northern Arizona University
USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium
Utah State University, USU-UTC Specimen Database

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2649985
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Ros-72
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 14381658
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:730423-1
GRIN Nomen Number: 30151
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 24806
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: PRVIV
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 13725

Footnotes

Cuizhi Gu, Chaoluan Li, Lingdi Lu, Shunyuan Jiang, Crinan Alexander, Bruce Bartholomew, Anthony R. Brach, David E. Boufford, Hiroshi Ikeda, Hideaki Ohba, Kenneth R. Robertson & Steven A. Spongberg "Rosaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 9 Page 46. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Ku Tsue-chih, Bruce Bartholomew "Prunus". in Flora of China Vol. 9 Page 401. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Mean = 775.140 meters (2,543.110 feet), Standard Deviation = 834.470 based on 1,098 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Prunus virginiana

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Rosaceae

Genus Prunus

Physical Description

Size/Age/Growth

Landscaping

Habitat

Biology

Reproduction

Growth

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Notes

Similar Species

Members of the genus Prunus

More Info

Further Reading

Notes

Contributors

Data Sources

Identifiers

Footnotes