Potentilla erecta

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Rosaceae

Trees , shrubs , or herbs, deciduous or evergreen . Stems erect , scandent , arching , prostrate , or creeping , armed or unarmed . Buds usually with several exposed scales , sometimes with only 2. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, simple or compound ; stipules paired , free or adnate to petiole , rarely absent, persistent or deciduous; petiole usually 2-glandular apically; leaf blade often serrate at margin , rarely entire. Inflorescences various, from single flowers to umbellate , corymbose , racemose or cymose-paniculate. Flowers usually actinomorphic , bisexual , rarely unisexual and then plants dioecious. Hypanthium (formed from basal parts of sepals, petals, and stamens) free from or adnate to ovary, short or elongate . Sepals usually 5, rarely fewer or more, imbricate; epicalyx segments sometimes also present. Petals as many as sepals, inserted below margin of disk, free, imbricate, sometimes absent. Disk lining hypanthium, usually entire, rarely lobed . Stamens usually numerous , rarely few, always in a complete ring at margin of or above disk; filaments usually free, very rarely connate ; anthers small, didymous , rarely elongate, 2-locular. Carpels 1 to many, free, or ± connate and then adnate to inner surface of cupular receptacle; ovary inferior, semi-inferior, or superior; ovules usually 2 in each carpel, rarely 1 or several, anatropous , superposed . Styles as many as carpels, terminal , lateral , or basal, free or sometimes connate. Fruit a follicle, pome, achene, or drupe, rarely a capsule, naked or enclosed in persistent hypanthium and sometimes also by sepals. Seeds erect or pendulous, sometimes winged , usually exalbuminous , very rarely with thin endosperm; cotyledons mostly fleshy and convex abaxially, rarely folded or convolute.

Between 95 and 125 genera and 2825-3500 species: cosmopolitan , mostly in N temperate zone; 55 genera (two endemic) and 950 species (546 endemic) in China.

Many plants of this family are of economic importance and contribute to people s livelihoods. The Rosaceae contain a great number of fruit trees of temperate regions . The fruits contain vitamins, acids, and sugars and can be used both raw and for making preserves, jam, jelly, candy, various drinks, wine, vinegar, etc. The dried fruits of the genera

Amygdalus and Armeniaca are of high commercial value. Some plants in the genus Rosa containing essential oils or with a high vitamin content are used in industry . Rosaceae wood is used for making various articles, stems and roots are used for making tannin extract, and young leaves are used as a substitute for tea. Numerous species are used for medical purposes or are cultivated as ornamentals .

The Rosaceae are very well represented in China, with great economic and scientific importance. The Co-chairs of the Editorial Committee (Wu and Raven) here note that the patterns of relationship are complex and the group is taxonomically difficult. [1]

Genus Potentilla

Herbs perennial , rarely biennial, annual , or shrubs , if perennial then with ± tufted , scaly rootstock . Stems erect , ascending , or prostrate . Leaves pinnate or palmately compound ; stipules ± adnate to petiole . Inflorescence often cymose or cymose-paniculate, or 1-flowered. Flowers usually bisexual . Hypanthium concave , mostly hemispheric . Sepals 5, valvate ; epicalyx segments 5, alternating with sepals. Petals 5, often yellow, rarely white or purple. Stamens usually ca. 20 in 3 series of 10, 5, and 5, rarely fewer or more (11-30) ; anthers 2-loculed. Carpels usually numerous , free , inserted on slightly elevated receptacle; ovule ascending or pendulous, anatropous , amphitropous , or suborthotropous; style subterminal , lateral , or basal. Achenes numerous, inserted on dry receptacle with persistent sepals. Seed testa membranous. x = 7.

About 500 species: mostly in temperate , arctic , and alpine zones of the N hemisphere, a few in the S hemisphere; 86 species (22 endemic) in China.[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 3,252 meters (0 to 10,669 feet).[3]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 6-9" apart.

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Sun to Partial Shade.

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b. (map)

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Potentilla sylvestris Neck. • Potentilla tormentilla (Crantz) Neck. • Potentilla tormentilla Stokes • Tormentilla erecta L.

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Similar Species

Members of the genus Potentilla

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 173 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

P. acuminata (Tapertip Cinquefoil) · P. alba (White Cinquefoil) · P. alba 'Snow White' (White Cinquefoil) · P. albiflora (White-Flower Cinquefoil) · P. ambigens (Silkyleaf Cinquefoil) · P. angelliae (Boulder Mountain Cinquefoil) · P. anglica (English Cinquefoil) · P. anserina (Egede Cinquefoil) · P. anserina anserina (Silverweed Cinquefoil) · P. anserina anserina var. anserina (Silver-Weed Cinquefoil) · P. argentea (Silver Cinquefoil) · P. argentea var. argentea (Silvery Cinquefoil) · P. arguta (Prairie Cinquefoil) · P. atrosanguinea (Himalayan Cinquefoil) · P. atrosanguinea 'Etna' (Himalayan Cinquefoil) · P. atrosanguinea 'Gibson's Scarlet' (Himalayan Cinquefoil) · P. atrosanguinea 'Rot' (Cinquefoil) · P. atrosanguinea 'Yellow Queen' (Himalayan Cinquefoil) · P. basaltica (Soldier Meadows Cinquefoil) · P. biennis (Biennial Cinquefoil) · P. biflora (Twoflower Cinquefoil) · P. bimundorum (Staghorn Cinquefoil) · P. bipinnatifida (Tansy Cinquefoil) · P. brevifolia (Sparseleaf Cinquefoil) · P. canadensis (Dwarf Cinquefoil) · P. canadensis var. canadensis (Common Cinquefoil) · P. canadensis var. villosissima (Common Cinquefoil) · P. cinerea (Abbotswood Potentilla) · P. collina (Palmleaf Cinquefoil) · P. concinna (Early Cinquefoil) · P. cottamii (Cottam's Cinquefoil) · P. crinita (Bearded Cinquefoil) · P. cristae (Crested Cinquefoil) · P. daucifolia (Carrotleaf Horkelia) · P. diversifolia (Mountain-Meadow Cinquefoil) · P. drummondii (Drummond's Cinquefoil) · P. drummondii bruceae (Brewer's Potentilla) · P. effusa (Branched Cinquefoil) · P. elegans (Silverweed) · P. erecta (Common Tormentil) · P. erecta erecta (Erect Cinquefoil) · P. erecta strictissima (Cinquefoil) · P. fissa (Bigflower Cinquefoil) · P. flabellifolia (High Mountain Cinquefoil) · P. fragiformis (Strawberry Cinquefoil) · P. fruticosa (Bush Cinquefoil) · P. fruticosa L. 'Abbottswood' (Shrubby Cinquefoil) · P. fruticosa 'Moonlight' (Shrubby Cinquefoil) · P. fruticosa 'Abbotswood' (Abbotswood Potentilla) · P. fruticosa 'Absaraka' (Dakota Goldrush® Cinquefoil) · P. fruticosa 'Annette' (Shrubby Cinquefoil) · P. fruticosa 'Apricot Whisper' (Apricot Whisper Cinquefoil) · P. fruticosa 'Beesii' (Shrubby Cinquefoil) · P. fruticosa 'Buttercup' (Shrubby Cinquefoil) · P. fruticosa 'Cobalt' (Shrubby Cinquefoil) · P. fruticosa 'Dakota Goldrush' (Shrubby Cinquefoil) · P. fruticosa 'Dakota Sunrise' (Shrubby Cinquefoil) · P. fruticosa 'Dakota Sunspot' (Shrubby Cinquefoil) · P. fruticosa 'Dart's Golddigger' (Dart's Golddigger Shrubby Cinquefoil) · P. fruticosa 'Daydawn' (Shrubby Cinquefoil) · P. fruticosa 'Eastleigh Cream' (Shrubby Cinquefoil) · P. fruticosa 'Elizabeth' (Shrubby Cinquefoil) · P. fruticosa 'Fargo' (Dakota Sunspot® Cinquefoil) · P. fruticosa 'Farrer's White' (Shrubby Cinquefoil) · P. fruticosa 'Floppy Disc' (Shrubby Cinquefoil) · P. fruticosa 'Frosty' (Shrubby Cinquefoil) · P. fruticosa 'Goldfinger' (Goldfinger Potentilla) · P. fruticosa 'Goldstar' (Shrubby Cinquefoil) · P. fruticosa 'Gold Drop' (Shrubby Cinquefoil) · P. fruticosa 'Hollandia Gold' (Cinquefoil) · P. fruticosa 'Jackmanii' (Jackmanii Cinquefoil) · P. fruticosa 'Katherine Dykes' (Shrubby Cinquefoil) · P. fruticosa 'Klondike' (Shrubby Cinquefoil) · P. fruticosa 'Longacre' (Shrubby Cinquefoil) · P. fruticosa 'Mango Tango' (Cinquefoil) · P. fruticosa 'Marian Red Robin' (Cinquefoil) · P. fruticosa 'McKays White' (Mckay's White Potentilla) · P. fruticosa 'Monsidh' (Frosty® Potentilla) · P. fruticosa 'Mount Everest' (Shrubby Cinquefoil) · P. fruticosa 'Orangeade' (Shrubby Cinquefoil) · P. fruticosa 'Orange Whisper' (Shrubby Cinquefoil) · P. fruticosa 'Pink Beauty' (Cinquefoil) · P. fruticosa 'Pink Princess' (Shrubby Cinquefoil) · P. fruticosa 'Pink Whisper' (Cinquefoil) · P. fruticosa 'Pretty Polly' (Shrubby Cinquefoil) · P. fruticosa 'Primrose Beauty' (Cinquefoil) · P. fruticosa 'Red Ace' (Red Ace Potentilla) · P. fruticosa 'Red Sunset' (Shrubby Cinquefoil) · P. fruticosa 'Ron McBeth' (Shrubby Cinquefoil) · P. fruticosa 'Royal Flush' (Shrubby Cinquefoil) · P. fruticosa 'Snowbird' (Shrubby Cinquefoil) · P. fruticosa 'Sundance' (Cinquefoil) · P. fruticosa 'Sunset' (Shrubby Cinquefoil) · P. fruticosa 'Tangerine' (Shrubby Cinquefoil) · P. fruticosa 'Tilford Cream' (Shrubby Cinquefoil) · P. fruticosa 'Vilmoriniana' (Shrubby Cinquefoil) · P. fruticosa 'Yellow Bird' (Shrubby Cinquefoil) · P. fruticosa 'Yellow Gem' (Shrubby Cinquefoil) · P. furcata (Forked Cinquefoil) · P. glandulosa (Gland Cinquefoil)

More Info

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Further Reading

• A monograph of the North American Potentilleae. [Lancaster, Pa., New Era Printing Co.]1898. url , p. 72.
• A new British flora: British wild flowers in their natural haunts / described by A. R. Horwood; with sixty-four plates in colour representing 350 different plants, from drawings by J. N. Fitch and many illustrations from photographs. London: Gresham, 1919. url p. 82, p. 84.
• A new British flora; British wild flowers in their natural haunts, described by A. R. Horwood, with 64 plates in col. representing 350 different plants, from drawings by J. N. Fitch and many illus. from photo. London, Gresham Pub. Co., 1919. url p. 82.
• Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica. Helsinki: Societas, 1875-1980. url , p. 101, p. 106, p. 108, p. 109, p. 110, p. 114, p. 115, p. 116, p. 117, p. 117, p. 118, p. 119, p. 120, p. 123, p. 129, p. 131, p. 133, p. 134, p. 135, p. 136, p. 137, p. 139, p. 140, p. 140, p. 143, p. 145, p. 151, p. 152, p. 155, p. 156, p. 160, p. 168, p. 175, p. 175, p. 179, p. 18, p. 181, p. 201, p. 208, p. 210, p. 212, p. 213, p. 219, p. 229, p. 230, p. 24, p. 270, p. 286, p. 298, p. 299, p. 300, p. 35, p. 37, p. 37, p. 38, p. 39, p. 39, p. 406, p. 410, p. 411, p. 43, p. 47, p. 473, p. 49, p. 50, p. 501, p. 52, p. 57, p. 59, p. 60, p. 61, p. 62, p. 63, p. 64, p. 67, p. 70, p. 75, p. 81, p. 85, p. 90, p. 90, p. 92, p. 95, p. 96, p. 96, tbl III.
• Botanical Museum leaflets, Harvard University. 10 1942 Cambridge, Mass.: Botanical Museum, Harvard University, 1932- url p. 165, p. 166.
• Botanical abstracts. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Co. url p. 112.
• Botanisk tidsskrift / utgivet af den Botaniske forening i København. København: G.E.C. Gads Forlag, 1866-1981. url p. 100, p. 103, p. 104, p. 113, p. 120, p. 120, p. 121, p. 129, p. 130, p. 186, p. 377, p. 378, p. 40, p. 447, p. 448, p. 449, p. 46, p. 461, p. 60, p. 75, p. 76, p. 77, p. 78, p. 79, p. 80, p. 83, p. 84, p. 88, p. 89, p. 91, p. 98.
• British journal of entomology and natural history. [London]: British Entomological and Natural History Society, 1988- url , p. 38, p. 4, p. 82, p. 94.
• Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). London: The Museum, 1950-1977. url p. 54.
• Carotenoids, by Paul Karrer and Ernst Jucker. Translated and rev. by Ernest A. Braude. New York, Elsevier Pub. Co., 1950. url p. 372, p. 71.
• Carotenoids, their comparative biochemistry. New York, Chemical Pub. Co., 1954. url p. 337.
• Colonsay, one of the Hebrides, its plants: their local names and usses--legends, ruins, and place-names--Gaelic names of birds, fishes, etc.--climate, geological formation, etc. By Murdoch McNeill. Edinburgh: D. Douglas, 1910. url p. 88, p. 90.
• Danish fungi as represented in the herbarium of E. Rostrup / revised by J. Lind. Copenhagen: Gyldendalske boghandel, 1913. url p. 229, p. 454, p. 85.
• Descriptive notes on the topography and vegetation of some localities visited by the excursion in Denmark arranged for the members of l'Association internationale des botanistes, June 22nd-July 3rd, 1 Ed. by the Dansk botanisk forening. København, Dansk botanisk forenings forlag, 1913. url p. 11, p. 9.
• Directory of Wetlands of International Importance. IUCN url p. 344, p. 689, p. 776.
• Flora Malesiana. general editor, C.G.G.J. van Steenis. Djakarta: Noordhoff-Kolff, 1950- url p. 235, p. 236, p. 242.
• Flora hibernica, comprising the flowering plants, ferns, Characeæ, Musci, Hepaticæ, Lichenes and Algæ of Ireland, arranged according to the natural system with a synopsis of the genera according to the Linnæan system, by James Townsend Mackay. Dublin, Simpkin, Marshall and co.; [etc., etc.]1836. url p. 94.
• Flora hibernica: comprising the flowering plants, ferns, Characeæ, Musci, Hepaticæ, Lichenes and Algæ of Ireland: arranged according to the natural system with a synopsis of the genera according to the Linnæan system by James Townsend Mackay. Dublin: W. Curry jun., 1836. url p. 94.
• Flora of the U.S.S.R. [Springfield, Va.: Israel Program for Scientific Translations; 1968- url p. 153.
• Geological magazine. London [etc.]Cambridge University Press. url p. 11.
• Ground beetles (Carabidae) of Fennoscandia: a zoogeographic study / by Carl H. Lindroth; Joachim Adis, scientific editor. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation, 1989- url p. 296.
• Journal of botany, British and foreign. London: Robert Hardwicke, 1863-1942. url p. 231, p. 251, p. 347, p. 381, p. 67.
• Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science. Lexington, KY: The Academy, 1998- url p. 158, p. 187, p. 187.
• Landscape reclamation: a report on research into problems of reclaiming derelict land, by a research team of the University of Newcastle upon Tyne. GuildfordIPC Science and Technology Press1971- url p. 111, p. 88.
• List of rare, threatened and endemic plants in Europe (1982 edition) Council of Europe url p. 47.
• Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. 2 1902 Edinburgh: H. M. Stationery Off. url p. 476.
• Pamphlets on forestry in California. [1900?- url p. 136.
• Pasture studies: some results, Bangor [Wales]Jarvis & Foster, printers, 1919. url .
• Phytologia. Bronx Park, New York, H.A. Gleason and H.N. Moldenke, url p. 296.
• Popular names of flowers, fruits, &c., as used in the county of Somerset and the adjacent parts of Devon, Dorset and Wilts. Yeovil, Western Gazette, 1922. url p. 251, p. 260.
• Proceedings - Cambridge Philosophical Society. Cambridge [etc.]Cambridge Philosophical Society [etc.] url p. 225.
• Proceedings and transactions of the British Entomological and Natural History Society. London, British Entomological and Natural History Society. url p. 30, p. 34, p. 82, p. 83.
• Proceedings of the United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.] url p. 440.
• Spixiana. 12 1989 München: Zoologische Staatssammlung München, 1977- url fig. 2, cont., p. 294.
• Textbook of theoretical botany, by R. C. McLean and W. R. Ivimey-Cook. London, Longmans, Green[1951- url p. 1650.
• The American florist: a weekly journal for the trade. Chicago: American Florist Company, [1885-1931] url p. 4.
• The Annals of Scottish natural history. Edinburgh: David Douglas, 1892-1911. url p. 244, p. 33.
• The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification, Cambridge, University Press, 1913. url .
• The Entomologist's record and journal of variation. s.l., s.n. url , p. 105, p. 117, p. 125, p. 151, p. 152, p. 154, p. 156, p. 162, p. 173, p. 175, p. 213, p. 229, p. 243, p. 37, p. 66, p. 79, p. 80, p. 88, p. 95.
• The Entomologist. London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co., [1877- url p. 84.
• The Glasgow naturalist. Glasgow, Andersonian Naturalists of Glasgow. url p. 11, p. 126, p. 14, p. 14, p. 5, p. 56, p. 6, p. 79.
• The Journal of agricultural science. Cambridge [Eng.]The University Press. url p. 28, p. 31, p. 59.
• The Journal of the Linnean Society. Botany. 40 1911-12 London: the Society: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts & Green: ||Williams and Norgate, 1865-1968. url p. 371, p. 380, p. 460, p. 68.
• The Quarterly journal of the Geological Society of London. London [etc.] url p. 8.
• The continental element in the flora of south Sweden by Rikard Sterner. Stockholm: Centraltryckeriet, 1922. url p. 338.
• The faunal connections between Europe and North America. New York, Wiley[1957] url p. 146.
• The natural history of plants, their forms, growth, reproduction, and distribution; Dublin, Blackie & son, limited, 1902. url .
• The natural history of plants; their forms, growth, reproduction, and distribution. From the German of Anton Kerner von Marilaun, by F.W. Oliver, with the assistance of Marian Busk and Mary F. Ewart. with about 2000 original woodcut illustrations and sixteen plates in colours. London, Blackie, 1896-1897. url p. 586.
• The naturalist. London: Simpkin, Marshall, 1865- url p. 241.
• The study of plants; an introduction to botany and plant ecology. OxfordClarendon Press1915 url p. 243, p. 380.
• Transactions and proceedings of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh. [Edinburgh]: The Society, 1891-1970. url , , .
• Transactions of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society. Edinburgh: Douglas & Foulis, 1888-1926. url p. 137.
• Types of British vegetation, Cambridge, University Press, 1911. url , , , , .
• Vegetation of the Peak District / C. E. Moss. Cambridge: University Press, 1913. url p. 111, p. 118, p. 122, p. 126, p. 14, p. 180, p. 191, p. 193, p. 211, p. 56.
• Vegetation of the Peak District. Cambridge, University Press, 1913. url p. 111, p. 118, p. 122, p. 139, p. 14, p. 140, p. 146, p. 152, p. 180, p. 191, p. 193, p. 211, p. 226, p. 249, p. 253, p. 263, p. 273, p. 56, p. 64.
• Veröffentlichungen der Zoologischen Staatssammlung München. 9 1965 München: Die Staatssammlung, url p. 72.
• Yü Te-tsun, Lu Ling-ti, Ku Tsue-chih, Li Chao-luan, Kuan Ke-chien & Chiang Wan-fu. 1974, 1985, 1986. Rosaceae. In: Yü Te-tsun, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 36: 1443; 37: 1516; 38: 1133.
• Yü Te-tsun, Lu Ling-ti, Ku Tsue-chih, Li Chao-luan, Kuan Ke-chien & Chiang Wan-fu. 1974, 1985, 1986. Rosaceae. In: Yü Te-tsun, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 36: 1443; 37: 1516; 38: 1133.

Notes

Contributors

• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal January 28, 2008:

• Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien, Observations du Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien.
• European Environment Agency, EUNIS
• GBIF-Spain, Aranzadi Zientzi Elkartea
• GBIF-Spain, Botánica, Universidad de León: LEB-Cormo
• GBIF-Spain, CIBIO, Alicante:ABH-GBIF
• GBIF-Spain, Departamento de Biolog. Veg. II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid: MAF
• GBIF-Spain, Dirección General de Investigación, Desarrollo Tecnológico e Innovación de la Junta de Extremadura(DGIDTI): HSS
• GBIF-Spain, Herbario Universidad de Málaga: MGC-Cormófitos
• GBIF-Spain, Jardi Botanic de Valencia: VAL
• GBIF-Spain, Jardín Botánico de Córdoba: Herbarium COA
• GBIF-Spain, Real Jardin Botanico
• , Vascular Plant Herbarium
• GBIF-Spain, Univ. Herbarium SALAMANCA: SALA
• GBIF-Spain, Universidad de Extremadura, UNEX
• GBIF-Spain, Universidad de Oviedo. Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas: FCO
• GBIF-Spain, Universidad del País Vasco/EHU, Bilbao: Herbario BIO
• GBIF-Spain, Universitat de Girona: HGI-Cormophyta
• Herbario SANT, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, SANT herbarium vascular plant collection
• Steiermärkisches Landesmuseum Joanneum - Herbarium GJO, Herbarium GJO
• inatura - Erlebnis Naturschau Dornbirn, inatura - Erlebnis Naturschau Dornbirn

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2668833
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Ros-1020
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 5304283
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:98844-3
• GRIN Nomen Number: 29479
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 504577
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: POER81
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 56314

Footnotes

1. Cuizhi Gu, Chaoluan Li, Lingdi Lu, Shunyuan Jiang, Crinan Alexander, Bruce Bartholomew, Anthony R. Brach, David E. Boufford, Hiroshi Ikeda, Hideaki Ohba, Kenneth R. Robertson & Steven A. Spongberg "Rosaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 9 Page 46. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Li Chaoluan (Li Chao-luang, Hiroshi Ikeda, Hideaki Ohba "Potentilla". in Flora of China Vol. 9 Page 291. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. Mean = 160.130 meters (525.361 feet), Standard Deviation = 238.740 based on 20,000 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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