Polypodium loriceum

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Polypodiaceae

Plants perennial , terrestrial , on rock, or often epiphytic, erect , arching , or occasionally pendent. Stems long- to short-creeping, branched or not, bearing scales and few to numerous roots , usually dictyostelic. Leaves monomorphic to dimorphic , circinate in bud. Petiole usually articulate at base [rarely nonarticulate , as in Loxogramme ], lacking scales or sometimes scaly , with usually 3 vascular bundles . Blade simple to often pinnatifid , pinnatisect , or pinnate, infrequently more divided ; rachis grooved or not adaxially. Veins free (and simple to several times forked ) to often anastomosing in complex systems , areoles with or without included veinlets . Indument on blade absent, or petiole, rachis, costae, and sometimes blade tissue usually bearing hairs (these often septate and with reddish crosswalls) and/or scales. Sori borne abaxially on veins, round to oblong , occasionally elongate , rarely marginal , rarely covering surface; paraphyses present or absent; sporangia with stalk of 2 or 3 rows of cells ; indusia absent. Spores usually transparent or yellowish (rarely greenish), all 1 kind, bilateral , monolete [rarely trilete, as in some Loxogramme], surface most often smooth , tuberculate , verrucose , or granulate , occasionally spiny , 64 per sporangium (spores globose and 32 per sporangium in apogamous spp. ) . Gametophytes green, aboveground, cordate or elliptic , glabrous or sometimes glandular ; archegonia and antheridia borne on lower surface, antheridia 3-celled.

Genera ca. 40, species perhaps 500 (7 genera, 25 species in the flora ) : worldwide, especially tropics and subtropics.

Genera in this family are variously circumscribed, and the New World species historically were placed in the single genus Polypodium . Many of the segregates recognized here are still placed in Polypodium in recent floristic accounts. Limits of genera in both Old World and New World are controversial and are currently under study by several workers.[1]

Genus Polypodium

Plants on rock, occasionally terrestrial or epiphytic. Stems creeping , usually branched, 3--15 mm diam., sometimes whitish pruinose ; scales concolored to bicolored , lanceolate to ovate-acuminate, not clathrate to strongly clathrate, glabrous , margins entire to denticulate . Leaves monomorphic , closely spaced to distant , not conspicuously narrowed at tip , to 90 cm. Petiole articulate to stem, straw-colored, somewhat flattened or grooved to nearly terete , winged distally. Blade broadly ovate to deltate, pinnatifid to 1-pinnate at base , not pectinate , usually with fewer than 25 pairs of pinnae, not glaucous or conspicuously scaly ; rachis sparsely scaly to glabrescent abaxially, puberulent to glabrous adaxially; scales ovate-lanceolate to linear , not peltate or clathrate. Segments linear to oblong ; margins entire to serrate; apex rounded to attenuate. Venation free to anastomosing, if strongly anastomosing, then never with more than 1 included veinlet in fertile areoles. Sori often confined to distal region of leaf, discrete, circular to oval when immature , borne at tips of single veins, in 1--3 rows on either side of midrib ; indument absent or of modified sporangia (sporangiasters), often bearing glandular hairs on bulbous head . Spores monolete, rugose to tuberculate . x = 37.

Species ca. 100: worldwide.

Some species traditionally included in Polypodium are treated here in other genera, for example, Pleopeltis and Pecluma.

Except for the tropical species Polypodium triseriale, North American Polypodium is a complex assemblage of interactive species. The North American species have ties to European taxa (e.g. , P . vulgare sensu stricto , which probably originated by allopolyploidy between P . glycyrrhiza and P . sibiricum ) but are quite distinct from them. Morphologic comparisons and continuing biochemical and molecular studies indicate that two groups of diploid species occur within the North American P . vulgare complex. One group includes P . glycyrrhiza and P . californicum ; the second, P . amorphum, P . appalachianum, and P . sibiricum . Allopolyploid species have originated following hybridizations within a species group (i.e. , P . calirhiza from P . glycyrrhiza × californicum, P . saximontanum from P . amorphum × sibiricum, and P . virginianum from P . appalachianum × sibiricum ) as well as between members of the two groups (i.e., P . hesperium from P . amorphum × glycyrrhiza ) . These reticulate relationships are summarized in the reticulogram. We consider P . scouleri to be peripheral to the "core" diploids even though hybrids have been reported.[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 4,936 meters (0 to 16,194 feet).[3]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Goniophlebium loriceum (L.) J. Sm. Ex Hook.

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Similar Species

Members of the genus Polypodium

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 37 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

P. amorphum (Irregular Polypody) · P. appalachianum (Appalachian Polypody) · P. attenuatum (Tapered Polypody) · P. bulbiferum (Bulblet Bladderfern) · P. californicum (California Polypody) · P. calirhiza (Nested Polypody) · P. cambricum (Welsh Polypody) · P. carthusianum (Spinulose Wood Fern) · P. dissimile (Forkvein Polypody) · P. dulce (Treetrunk Polypody) · P. exaltatum (Sword Fern) · P. falax (Crested Poly) · P. formosanum (Catepillar Fern) · P. glycyrrhiza (Licorice Fern) · P. hesperium (Western Licorice Fern) · P. hexagonopterum (Broad Beech Fern) · P. ilvense (Rusty Woodsia) · P. interjectum (Polypody) · P. lanceolatum (Lanceleaf Polypody) · P. lonchitis (Northern Holly Fern) · P. loriceum (Clambering Polypody) · P. musifolium (Polypodium) · P. pellucidum (Ae) · P. pellucidum Kaulf. var. vulcanicum Skottsb. (Dotted Polypody) · P. pellucidum var. pellucidum (Dotted Polypody) · P. pellucidum var. vulcanicum (Dotted Polypody) · P. punctatum 'Grandiceps Cobra' (Climbing Bird's Nest Fern) · P. robertianum (Limestone Oak Fern) · P. saximontanum (Rocky Mountain Polypody) · P. scouleri (Coast Polypody) · P. sibiricum (Siberian Polypody) · P. subauriculatum var. knightii (Polypodium) · P. submarginale (Brownhair Lacefern) · P. triseriale (Angle-Vein Fern) · P. virginianum (Common Polypody) · P. virginianum var. peraferens (American Wall Fern) · P. 'Green Wave' (Polypodium)

More Info

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Further Reading

• A contribution to the flora of Honduras, by T. G. Yuncker. 17 1938 Chicago, 1938. url p. 306.
• A montane rain-forest; a contribution to the physiological plant geography of Jamaica, Washington, D. C., Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1914. url , .
• Biologia centrali-americana; or, Contributions to the knowledge of the fauna and flora of Mexico and Central America. London, Pub. for the editors by R. H. Porter and Dulau & co., 1879-88. url .
• Bulletin from the laboratories of natural history of the State University of Iowa. Iowa City, Iowa: The University, 1888-[1918]. url .
• Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). London: The Museum, 1951-1992. url p. 157.
• Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden. 4 1905-1907 Lancaster, Pa.: Published for the Garden by the New Era Printing Co., url p. 466.
• Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 15 1888 New York: Torrey Botanical Club, 1870-1996 url p. 251.
• Carnegie Institution of Washington publication. Washington, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1902- url p. 19, p. 30.
• Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 51 2005 Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1890- url p. 39, p. 447, p. 456.
• Contributions to the flora of Venezuela / Julian A. Steyermark and collaborators. 28 1957 Chicago, Ill.: Chicago Natural History Museum, 1957. url p. 736, p. 737.
• Ferns and fern allies of Guatemala. Robert G. Stolze; the genus Elaphoglossum by: John T. Mickel; the genus Thelypteris by: Alan R. Smith. 6 1981 Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, 1981. url fig. 66 , list of illustrations , p. 394, p. 409, p. vi.
• Ferns: British & foreign. The history, organography, classification, and enumeration of the species of garden ferns with a treatise on their cultivation, etc. etc. London, W. H. Allen & Co., Ltd., 1896. url .
• Ferns: British & foreign: the history, organography, classification, and enumeration of the species of garden ferns with a treatise on their cultivation, etc. etc. / by John Smith. London: D. Bogue, 1879. url p. 81.
• Ferns: British and exotic... London, Groombridge and Sons, 1856-60. url .
• Historia filicum an exposition of the nature, number and organography of ferns, and review of the principles upon which genera are founded, and the systems of classification of the principal authors, with a new genera With 30 lithographic plates by W.H. Fitch; by John Smith. London: Macmillan, 1875. url p. 90.
• Historia filicum; an exposition of the nature, number and organography of ferns, and review of the principles upon which genera are founded, and the systems of classification of the principal authors, with a new genera London, Macmillan, 1875. url .
• Horticulture. Boston, Mass.: Horticulture Pub. Co., c1904-. url p. 701.
• Index filicum: a synopsis, with characters, of the genera, and an enumeration of the species of ferns, with synonymes, references, &c., &c. London: W. Pamplin, 1857. url p. 393.
• Land and sea. By Philip Henry Gosse. London, J. Nisbet, 1865. url .
• Phytologia memoirs. Plainfield, N.J.: H.N. Moldenke and A.L. Moldenke, 1980- url p. 27.
• Phytologia. Bronx Park, New York, H.A. Gleason and H.N. Moldenke, url p. 149, p. 163, p. 164.
• Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. Washington, Biological Society of Washington url p. 387.
• Pteridophyta of Peru. Rolla M. Tryon, Robert G. Stolze; with the collaboration of Blanca León. 32 1993 Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, 1993. url list of illustrations , p. 127, p. 129, p. 130, p. 139, p. 140, p. iii.
• Smith, J. Historia filicum: an exposition of the nature, number and organography of ferns, and review of the principles upon which genera are founded, and the systems of classification of the principal authors, with a new general arrangement; characters of the genera; remarks on their relationship to one another; their species; reference to authors; geographical distribution; etc., etc. /With 30 lithographic plates by W. H. Fitch, illustrating the characters of the tribes. 1875 London: Macmillan, 1875. url p. 90.
• Species filicum; being descriptions of the known ferns, particularly of such as exist in the author's herbarium, or are with sufficient accuracy described in works to which he has had access; accompanied with numerous by Sir William Jackson Hooker. London, W. Pamplin, 1846-64. url p. 21, p. 22.
• Studies in natural history. Iowa City, Ia. url .
• Synopsis filicum; or, A synopsis of all known ferns, including the Osmundaceae, Schizaeaceae, Marattiaceae, and Ophioglossaceae (chiefly derived from the Kew herbarium) Accompanied by figures representing the essential London, R. Hardwicke, 1874. url .
• The American journal of science. 27 1859 New Haven, Kline Geology Laboratory, Yale University. url p. 199.
• The Illustrated dictionary of gardening: a practical and scientific encyclopaedia of horticulture for gardeners and botanists / edited by George Nicholson. ..; assisted by J.W.H. Trail. .. and J. Garrett. ... London: L. Upcott Gill; 1887-1889. url p. 190.
• The Journal of horticulture, cottage gardener and country gentlemen. London: George W. Johnson and Robert Hogg, 1861-1877. url .
• The Magazine of natural history / conducted by Edward Charlesworth. [S.l.: s.n.], url p. 459.
• The book of choice ferns: for the garden, conservatory, and stove: describing and giving explicit cultural directions for the best and most striking ferns and selaginellas in cultivation. Illustrated with coloured plates and London: Gill, 1892-1894. url , .
• The fern garden: how to make, keep, and enjoy it; or, Fern culture made easy / by Shirley Hibberd. London: W.H. and L. Collingridge, [1894] url p. 61.
• The flora of the Dutch West Indian islands St. Eustatius, Saba and St. Martin. Leyden, Brill, 1909. url p. 286, p. 317, p. 8.
• The illustrated dictionary of gardening, a practical and scientific encyclopedia of horticulture for gardeners and botanists. Ed. by George Nicholson. Assisted by Professor J. W. H. Trail and J. Garrett. London: L. U. Gill, [1884]-89. url p. 194.
• Cranfill, R. and D. M. Britton. 1983. Typification within the Polypodium virginianum complex (Polypodiaceae). Taxon 32: 557--560.
• Evans, A. M. 1971. Polypodium. In: A. M. Evans, ed. 1971. A Review of Systematic Studies of the Pteridophytes of the Southern Appalachians. Blacksburg.
• Haufler, C. H. and M. D. Windham. 1991. New species of North American Cystopteris and Polypodium, with comments on their reticulate relationships. Amer. Fern J. 81: 7--23.
• Haufler, C. H. and Wang Z. R. 1991. Chromosomal analyses and the origin of allopolyploid Polypodium virginianum. Amer. J. Bot. 78: 624--629.
• Lang, F. A. 1971. The Polypodium vulgare complex in the Pacific Northwest. Madroño 21: 235--254.
• Whitmore, S. A. and A. R. Smith. 1991. Recognition of the tetraploid, Polypodium calirhiza (Polypodiaceae), in western North America. Madroño 38: 233--248.

Notes

Contributors

• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed March 27, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 22, 2007:

• GBIF-Spain, CUBA: Herbario de la Academia de Ciencias, La Habana, Cuba: HAC-Pteridophyta
• GBIF-Spain, CUBA:Herbario del Jardín Botánico Nacional, La Habana, Cuba: HAJB-Pteridophyta
• GBIF-Spain, Real Jardin Botanico
• , Vascular Plant Herbarium
• Herbarium of the University of Aarhus, The AAU Herbarium Database
• Herbier de la Guyane, Herbier de la Guyane
• Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad
• , Biodiversidad de Costa Rica
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• UNIBIO, IBUNAM, MEXU/Plantas Vasculares

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2644473
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-17244
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13728372
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:17350800-1
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 17244
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: POLO5
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 57601

Footnotes

1. Alan R. Smith "Polypodiaceae". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Christopher H. Haufler, Michael D. Windham, Frank A. Lang, S. A. Whitmore "Polypodium". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. Mean = 938.520 meters (3,079.134 feet), Standard Deviation = 904.660 based on 384 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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