Polygonum punctatum

• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Common Names

Description

Family Polygonaceae

Herbs, shrubs , or small trees , sometimes monoecious or dioecious. Stems erect , prostrate , twining , or scandent , often with swollen nodes, striate , grooved , or prickly. Leaves simple , alternate, rarely opposite or whorled , petiolate or subsessile ; stipules often united to a sheath (ocrea) . Inflorescence terminal or axillary , spicate , racemose, paniculate , or capitate. Pedicel occasionally articulate . Flowers small, actinomorphic , bisexual , rarely unisexual . Perianth 3-6-merous, in 1 or 2 series, herbaceous, often enlarged in fruit or inner tepals enlarged, with wings, tubercles , or spines. Stamens usually (3-) 6-9, rarely more; filaments free or united at base ; anthers 2-loculed, opening lengthwise; disk annular (often lobed ) . Ovary superior, 1-loculed; styles 2 or 3, rarely 4, free or connate at lower part. Fruit a trigonous , biconvex , or biconcave achene; seed with straight or curved embryo and copious endosperm.

About 50 genera and 1120 species: worldwide, but primarily N temperate with a few species in tropical regions ; 13 genera (two endemic) and 238 species (65 endemic) in China.[1]

Genus Polygonum

Herbs, shrubs , or subshrubs , annual (perennial in P. striatulum), homophyllous or heterophyllous , sometimes heterocarpic; roots fibrous or woody. Stems prostrate to erect , glabrous , smooth or sometimes papillous-scabridulous. Leaves cauline, alternate (opposite in P. humifusum), petiolate or sessile; ocrea with distal part persistent , often hyaline , white or silvery, 2-lobed, chartaceous , glabrous, disintegrating into fibers, or disintegrating completely; petiole base articulated with ocrea or not; blade linear , lanceolate, elliptic , ovate , or subround, margins entire. Inflorescences axillary or axillary and terminal , spikelike, or flowers solitary; peduncle absent. Pedicels present or absent. Flowers bisexual , 1-7(-10) per ocreate fascicle, base not stipelike; perianth nonaccrescent, white or greenish white to pink, campanulate to urceolate , glabrous; tepals 5, connate 3-70% of their length , petaloid or sepaloid , monomorphic or, rarely, dimorphic , the inner usually flat, the outer flat or sometimes keeled and cucullate distally, sometimes of different length than the inner; stamens 3-8 (some may be reduced to staminodes) ; filaments distinct , free or adnate to perianth tube , glabrous; anthers whitish yellow, pink to purple or orange-pink, elliptic to oblong ; styles (2-) 3, mostly spreading , distinct or connate proximally; stigmas 2-3, capitate. Achenes included or exserted, yellow-green, brown, or black, unwinged, (2-) 3-gonous, glabrous. Seeds: embryo curved . x = 10.

Species ca. 65: nearly worldwide.

Two sections of Polygonum are recognized here. Section Polygonum is nearly cosmopolitan and best represented in north-temperate regions; sect. Duravia comprises species restricted to North America. K . Haraldson (1978) recognized both sections based on differences in stem morphology, petiole structure, and pollen morphology. J. C. Hickman (1984) described sect. Monticola and included in it species of sect. Duravia occurring mostly in montane habitats , with leaves articulated to the ocreae, one-veined, and not mucronate , proximal leaves lanceolate to round, and styles connate at their bases and neither hardened nor persistent. L.-P. Ronse Decraene and J. R. Akeroyd (1988) and L.-P. Ronse Decraene et al. (2000) included sect. Duravia in sect. Polygonum based on floral and fruit characters.

Similarities in floral structure, fruit anatomy, and pollen morphology have been noted between Polygonella with Polygonum (L.-P. Ronse Decraene et al. 2000). Based on evidence from comparative morphological studies, Ronse Decraene et al. (2004) included Polygonella in sect. Duravia of Polygonum.

Four introduced taxa of sect. Polygonum that were collected in the flora area at the end of the nineteenth century and beginning of the twentieth century appear not to have persisted here and are not included in the keys . Polygonum arenarium Waldstein & Kitaibel and P. bellardii Allioni were reported by B . L. Robinson (1902) from Rhode Island and Massachusetts, respectively. The former resembles P. patulum but has open flowers. Polygonum bellardii is discussed below under P. ramosissimum. Polygonum polycnemoides Jaubert & Spach and P. humifusum C. Merck ex K. Koch subsp. humifusum were reported by J. F. Brenckle (1941). The former was collected in New York City in 1894 and in Idaho in 1940. It differs from all other Polygonum species in having a tube 55-70% of the perianth length. Polygonum humifusum subsp. humifusum is discussed below under P. humifusum subsp. caurianum.[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 3,051 meters (0 to 10,010 feet).[3]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Annual , Perennial

Growth

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Taxonomy

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication : Sketch bot. S. Carolina 1:455. 1817

Name verified on 15-Aug-2005 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 15-Aug-2005

Similar Species

Members of the genus Polygonum

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 1138 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

P. abbreviatum · P. aboriginum · P. abscissum · P. acadiense · P. acanthophyllum · P. acaule · P. acerosum · P. acetosaefolium · P. acetosellum · P. acetosum · P. acetosum elatus · P. achoreum (Leathery Knotweed) · P. acidulum · P. acidum · P. acre · P. acre breviciliatum · P. acre f. albiflorum · P. acre f. viridulum · P. acre riparium · P. acre roseum · P. acre setigerum · P. acre submuticum · P. acre var. aquatile · P. acre var. brachystachyum · P. acre var. confertiflorum · P. acre var. leptostachyum · P. acre var. majus · P. acre var. riparium · P. acuminata · P. acuminatum (Tapertip Smartweed) · P. acuminatum var. brachystemon · P. acuminatum var. glabrescens · P. acuminatum var. microstemon · P. acuminatum var. setigerum · P. acuminatum var. subcordatum · P. acuminatum var. weddellii · P. acutatum · P. acutifolium · P. adenophorum · P. adenophyllum · P. adenopodum · P. adenotrichum · P. adoense · P. adpressum · P. adpressum var. rotundifolia · P. aequale · P. aequale subsp. oedocarpum · P. aestivum · P. affine (Himalayan Fleece Flower) · P. affine D.Don 'Dimity' · P. affine 'Darjeeling Red' · P. affine 'Donald Lowndes' · P. affine elatum · P. affine 'Superbum' · P. afghanicum · P. afromontanum · P. afyonicum · P. agreste · P. agrestinum · P. ajanense · P. akakiense · P. alaskanum · P. alaskanum subsp. hultenianum · P. alatum · P. albanicum · P. aleppicum · P. alfredi · P. alismaefolium · P. allocarpum · P. alopecuroides · P. alpestre · P. alpina · P. alpinium · P. alpinum (Alaska Wild Rhubarb) · P. alpinum subsp. alaskanum · P. alpinum var. alaskanum · P. alpinum var. foliosum · P. alpinum var. lapathifolium · P. altissimum · P. ambiguum · P. amblyophyllum · P. amboanum · P. amfibium · P. amgense · P. ammannioides · P. ammannoides · P. ammophilum · P. amoenum · P. amphibium (Water Knotweed Polygonum Amphibium) · P. amphibium emersum · P. amphibium f. terrestre · P. amphibium hartwrightii · P. amphibium L. var. stipulaceum Coleman · P. amphibium laevimarginatum · P. amphibium natans · P. amphibium terrestre · P. amphibium var. aquaticum · P. amphibium var. emersum (Longroot Smartweed) · P. amphibium var. natans · P. amphibium var. stipulaceum (Swamp Smartweed)

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Further Reading

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Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2006. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed April 21, 2007.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed May 26, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 2 providers.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 30, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 22, 2007:

• Comisión nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad, Herbario del Instituto de Ecología, A.C., México
• Herbier de la Guyane, Herbier de la Guyane
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
• SysTax, Herbarium Universitat Ulm
• SysTax, Instituto de Botanica Darwinion
• SysTax, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso
• The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx River Bioblitz
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
• University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2647005
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-20862
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13753422
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:696314-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 29268
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 20862
• MoBot NameID: 26000886
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: POPUP7 POP
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 57563

Footnotes

1. Anjen Li, Bojian Bao, Alisa E. Grabovskaya-Borodina, Suk-pyo Hong, John McNeill, Sergei L. Mosyakin, Hideaki Ohba & Chong-wook Park "Polygonaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 5 Page 277. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Mihai Costea, François J. Tardif, Harold R. Hinds "Polygonum". in Flora of North America Vol. 5. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. Mean = 349.540 meters (1,146.785 feet), Standard Deviation = 498.760 based on 1,260 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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