Polygonum cuspidatum (American Bamboo)

Overview

Japanese Polygonum, Caerphilly, Glamorganshire, England. 24 Sept. 2001

Herb, Shrub . F. japonica is a herbaceous perennial native to Japan. It has been introduced to Europe and North America as an ornamental . It is also used to stabilize soil, especially in coastal areas. It requires full sun and is found primarily in moist habitats but also grows in waste places, along roadways, and other disturbed areas. Once established , this species forms dense stands that shade and crowd out all other vegetation, displacing native flora and fauna , and the overwintering canes and leaves are slow to decompose. F. japonica is a popular ornamental worldwide, and is not generally recognised as a weed . In its native range, it is used extensively to obscure waste areas, garbage dumps etc. (Jennings and Fawcett 1980, in Doll and Doll, 1991). It is sometimes used in coastal areas to stabilise soil. The newly emerged shoots are said to be edible (Doll and Doll, 1998), and beekeepers plant it for its abundant nectar secretion (Locandro, 1978, in Doll and Doll, 1998). It leaves were used as a tobacco substitute during World War II.

Interesting Facts

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Japanese Knotweed is a commercial source of resveratrol supplements. Huzhang root extract is a traditional Chinese medicinal treatment. It is also known as He Shou Wu, and the prepared herb is used as a blood tonic .
Japanese Knotweed is native to Eastern Asia. It was introduced to the United Kingdom from Japan as an ornamental in 1825, and from there to North America in the late 1800s. Japanese knotweed is considered one of the most damaging weeds in the United Kingdom and one of the major invasive plant species in the temperate regions of North America. Japanese knotweed is spreading rapidly and most seriously in the eastern US, as far north as Nova Scotia, and as far south as Georgia and Louisiana; in the Pacific Northwest, Oregon and Washington are most heavily infested.
This plant is sometimes called Bamboo (although it is in the Buckwheat Family and Bamboo is in the Grass Family) due to the jointed stems. It can become an invasive plant.

Common Names

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Click on the language to view common names.

Common Names in Chinese:

Huzhang

Common Names in Danish:

Japansk Pileurt

Common Names in Dutch:

Japanse Duizendknoop

Common Names in English:

American Bamboo, Crimson Beauty, Donkey Rhubarb, Elephant Ears, False Bamboo, Fleeceflower, German Sausage, Hancock's Curse, Huzhang, Itadori, Japanese Bamboo, Japanese Fleece Flower, Japanese Knotweed, Japanese Polygonum, Knot Grass, Kontiki Bamboo, Mexican Bamboo, Mexican-Bamboo, Peashooter Plant, Reynoutria, Reynoutria Fleece Flower, Sally Rhubarb

Common Names in Estonian:

Vooljas Kirburohi, Vooljas Pargitatar

Common Names in Finnish:

Japanintatar

Common Names in French:

Renou, Renouée à Feuilles En Pointe, Renouée à Feuilles Pointues, Renouée Du Japon, Renouée Du Japon

Common Names in German:

Spiess-Knöterich

Common Names in Japanese:

Itadori, Itadori (Reynoutria), Shiro Bana Sakura Tade (Persicaria)

Common Names in Polish:

Rdest Ostrokoñczysty, Rdestowiec Ostrokoñczysty

Common Names in Swedish:

Parkslide

Description

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Genus Polygonum

Herbs, shrubs , or subshrubs , annual (perennial in P. striatulum), homophyllous or heterophyllous , sometimes heterocarpic; roots fibrous or woody. Stems prostrate to erect , glabrous , smooth or sometimes papillous-scabridulous. Leaves cauline, alternate (opposite in P. humifusum), petiolate or sessile; ocrea with distal part persistent , often hyaline , white or silvery, 2-lobed, chartaceous , glabrous, disintegrating into fibers, or disintegrating completely; petiole base articulated with ocrea or not; blade linear , lanceolate, elliptic , ovate , or subround, margins entire. Inflorescences axillary or axillary and terminal , spikelike, or flowers solitary; peduncle absent. Pedicels present or absent. Flowers bisexual , 1-7(-10) per ocreate fascicle, base not stipelike; perianth nonaccrescent, white or greenish white to pink, campanulate to urceolate , glabrous; tepals 5, connate 3-70% of their length , petaloid or sepaloid , monomorphic or, rarely, dimorphic , the inner usually flat, the outer flat or sometimes keeled and cucullate distally, sometimes of different length than the inner; stamens 3-8 (some may be reduced to staminodes) ; filaments distinct , free or adnate to perianth tube, glabrous; anthers whitish yellow, pink to purple or orange-pink, elliptic to oblong ; styles (2-) 3, mostly spreading , distinct or connate proximally; stigmas 2-3, capitate. Achenes included or exserted, yellow-green, brown, or black, unwinged, (2-) 3-gonous, glabrous. Seeds: embryo curved . x = 10.

Species ca. 65: nearly worldwide.

Two sections of Polygonum are recognized here. Section Polygonum is nearly cosmopolitan and best represented in north-temperate regions; sect. Duravia comprises species restricted to North America. K . Haraldson (1978) recognized both sections based on differences in stem morphology, petiole structure, and pollen morphology. J. C. Hickman (1984) described sect. Monticola and included in it species of sect. Duravia occurring mostly in montane habitats , with leaves articulated to the ocreae, one-veined, and not mucronate , proximal leaves lanceolate to round , and styles connate at their bases and neither hardened nor persistent. L.-P. Ronse Decraene and J. R. Akeroyd (1988) and L.-P. Ronse Decraene et al. (2000) included sect. Duravia in sect. Polygonum based on floral and fruit characters.

Similarities in floral structure, fruit anatomy, and pollen morphology have been noted between Polygonella with Polygonum (L.-P. Ronse Decraene et al. 2000). Based on evidence from comparative morphological studies, Ronse Decraene et al. (2004) included Polygonella in sect. Duravia of Polygonum.

Four introduced taxa of sect. Polygonum that were collected in the flora area at the end of the nineteenth century and beginning of the twentieth century appear not to have persisted here and are not included in the keys . Polygonum arenarium Waldstein & Kitaibel and P. bellardii Allioni were reported by B . L. Robinson (1902) from Rhode Island and Massachusetts, respectively. The former resembles P. patulum but has open flowers. Polygonum bellardii is discussed below under P. ramosissimum. Polygonum polycnemoides Jaubert & Spach and P. humifusum C. Merck ex K. Koch subsp. humifusum were reported by J. F. Brenckle (1941). The former was collected in New York City in 1894 and in Idaho in 1940. It differs from all other Polygonum species in having a tube 55-70% of the perianth length. Polygonum humifusum subsp. humifusum is discussed below under P. humifusum subsp. caurianum.[1]

Physical Description

Species Polygonum cuspidatum

F. japonica is an upright, shrub like, herbaceous perennial that can rapidly grow to over 3 m in height (Remaley, 1997). Red/purple shoots appear early in spring but as the canes grow, the leaves unfurl and the plant turns green. The mature canes are hollow and have a characteristic pattern of purple speckles. Flowering occurs in late summer/autumn and consists of creamy white flowers.

The base of the stem above each joint is surrounded by a membranous sheath . Leaf size is usually about 15 cm long by 8 -10 cm wide, broadly oval to somewhat triangular and pointed at the tip . Seeds are about 2.5 mm long, and are triangular and shiny. The rhizome may extend as deep as 3m and up to 7m away from the parent plant, and is knotty and leathery brown. Fresh rhizome snaps like a carrot and usually possesses a dark orange central core with an orange/yellow outer ring . Both male and female flowers possess vestigial organs of the other sex.

A mature Japanese knotweed plant is made up of several to many stout hollow jointed reddish, longitudinally ridged canes. Without leaves, it can look similar to bamboo . The petioled alternate leaves are generally 4-6 inches long, pale green with an abrupt pointed tip, and squared off at the bottom . The greenish white flowers form in racemes from the upper leaf axils . They are often branched, forming a series of panicles.

Habit: Subshrub , Shrub , Forb/herb

Flowers: Bloom Period: July, August. • Flower Color: near white, white

Size/Age/Growth

Size: 4-6' tall.

Habitat

An herbaceous perennial that can grow in a wide range of habitats but is most often found in riparian areas. The species forms monospecific thickets of plants 2 to 4 meters tall. In these areas, native vegetation is all but eliminated. In the Pacific Northwest the encroachment of Japanese knotweed is causing concern because it creates problems in salmon restoration efforts .

Japanese knotweed is insect pollinated and seeds are wind dispersed. However, in the US and Europ seeds are not the primary means of reproduction . Spread is mostly by large rhizomes, which may reach a length of 10 to 25 meters. A small piece of rhizome can float down a river and begin to grow once it is deposited on land. It is a very fast grower that can reach a height of 4 meters and overtop native vegetation very quickly. Japanese knotweed is extremely difficult to control since herbicide use is restricted on its favored riparian habitats and any fragment of rhizome left in cleared land can regenerate a new plant.

F. japonica can tolerate a wide range of conditions, including full shade, high temperatures , high salinity and drought . It is found near water sources, such as along river banks, low-lying and disturbed areas. It can colonise coastal shores and islands. In its native range, it grows on volcanic soils with a pH less than 4 (Conolly, 1977, in Seiger, 1991). In the U.S.A., it grows in a variety of soil types, such as silt , loam , and sand, with pH ranging from 4.5 to 7.4. Its distribution appears to be limited by light (Seiger, 1991), and it is found primarily in open sites.

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,770 meters (0 to 9,088 feet).[2]

Ecology: Invasive: invades a variety of habitats , forms large colonies, introduced as a cultivated plant . Japanese knotweed forms dense thickets that shade the soil and block native plants’ access to light.

Control: Because the plant is rhizomatous , and spreads primarily through vegetative growth , it is very hard to control. Repeated manual cutting of the canes can eventually exhaust the root system . Cutting back must be done three times in a growing season to achieve good control. Application of a low concentration glyphosate herbicide has been effective in controlling Japanese knotweed. In Maryland and Pennsylvania, land managers have achieved the best results when they allowed plants to attain full size after spring emergence , cut them down in June (or “knocked back” the plants with glyphosate), permitted them to flush, and apply a foliar treatment eight weeks after cutting to these smaller, lower plants. Sequential glyphosate treatments in July and then September can also be effective – the first spray treatment serves the same purpose as an after-emergence cutting. Because Japanese knotweed most often grows next to or near water, aquatic-safe formulations of herbicide are required.

F. japonica is a threat in open and riparian areas where it speads rapidly to form dense stands, excluding native vegetation and prohibiting regeneration. This reduces species diversity and alters habitat for wildlife. Once stands become established , they are extremely persistent and difficult to remove.

Biology

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Reproduction

Asexual . Dioecious. The primary mode of reproduction in Europe and North America appears to be through extensive rhizomes (Seiger, 1991). Stem material can grow after cutting. It is believed to be clonal in the UK and possibly the USA. Plants can reliably regenerate from less than 5g of root material and the rhizomes beneath a square metre stand of knotweed can produce 238 new shoots . Some clumps of F. japonica will have originated from a single rhizome and will have only one type of flower.

Rhizomes can regenerate when buried up to 1 meter deep and have been observed growing through 5 cm of asphalt (Locandro 1978, Pridham and Bing 1975, in Seiger, 1991). The ability of rhizomes to generate shoots was affected by the source of rhizome fragments as well as fragment size and depth planted, the optimal depth being just below the surface (Locandro 1973, in Seiger, 1991). Adult plants die back at the first frost, leaving the root material to overwinter and provide the stock for the coming year.

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 24-36" apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 6.1 • Maximum pH: 6.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b. (map)

Taxonomy

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Kingdom: Plantae () - Plants
- Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Vascular Plants
  - Class: Spermatopsida ()
    - Order: Caryophyllales ()
      - Family: Grass Family) due to the jointed stems. It ca ()
        Subfamily: Polygonoideae ()
        Tribe: Polygoneae ()
        Genus: Polygonum () - C. Linnaeus, 1753 - Knotweed [Greek poly, many, and gony, knee joint (traditional interpretation), or gone, seed (grammatically correct interpretation)]
        Specific epithet: cuspidatum - Sieb. & Zucc.
        Form: l literature up to the publication of Icones
        Botanical name: - Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. & Zucc.

Synonyms

Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) Dcne. • Pleuropterus cuspidatus (Sieb. & Zucc.) Moldenke • Pleuropterus zuccarinii (Small) Small • Polygonum cuspidatum var. compactum (Hook F.) Bailey • Polygonum zuccarinii Small • Reynoutria japonica Houtt.

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Polygonum

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 135 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

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Notes

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Contributors

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 22, 2007:

Canadian Museum of Nature, Canadian Museum of Nature Herbarium
Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
Taiwan Biodiversity Information Facility, Magnoliophyta
The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx River Bioblitz
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Botany
USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium
University of Alaska Museum of the North, University of Alaska Museum of the North Herbarium
University of Washington Burke Museum, Vascular Plant Collection - University of Washington Herbarium
inatura - Erlebnis Naturschau Dornbirn, inatura - Erlebnis Naturschau Dornbirn

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2647025
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-20889
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 4490920
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:695613-1
GRIN Nomen Number: 316794
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 20889
International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 695612-1
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: REJA2
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 10700

Footnotes

Mihai Costea, François J. Tardif, Harold R. Hinds "Polygonum". in Flora of North America Vol. 5. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Mean = 219.610 meters (720.505 feet), Standard Deviation = 231.480 based on 3,797 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Polygonum cuspidatum

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Genus Polygonum

Physical Description

Species Polygonum cuspidatum

Size/Age/Growth

Habitat

Biology

Reproduction

Growth

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Notes

Similar Species

Members of the genus Polygonum

More Info

Further Reading

Notes

Contributors

Data Sources

Identifiers

Footnotes