Platanthera leucophaea

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

The major factor in the decline of the eastern prairie fringed orchid has been a loss of habitat due to grazing, fire suppression, and agricultural conversion.

Endangered

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Orchidaceae

Herbs or rarely vines , perennial , rarely annual , strongly mycotrophic, epiphytic, terrestrial , lithophytic, or rarely aquatic or subterranean , usually green and photosynthetic, some without chlorophyll and saprophytic . Roots subterranean or aerial , tuberoid or stolonoid, usually with spongy , multilayered velamen. Stems erect or pendent or modified into creeping rhizomes, simple or sympodially or monopodially branched, delicate to stout, or thickened as corms or pseudobulbs , or greatly reduced, sometimes proliferous (especially diverse in sympodial orchids) . Leaves solitary, several, or reduced to scales , basal or cauline, alternate, distichous, or sometimes opposite or whorled , either convolute or duplicate , simple, sessile or petiolate ; stipules absent; blade articulate or not, plicate or conduplicate , cylindric , triangular, or laterally flattened, margins entire. Inflorescences terminal or lateral , racemes , spikes, panicles, or rarely cymose , erect or variously pendent, 1 many-flowered, lax or dense, flowering successively or simultaneously. Flowers bisexual [rarely unisexual ], epigynous , resupinate or not, pedicellate or sessile, 3-merous, usually bilaterally symmetric [rarely nearly radially symmetric], with abscission layer between pedicel and peduncle, rarely between ovary and perianth or ovary and pedicel; perianth of 6 tepals in 2 whorls, all petaloid or sepals sometimes greener and more foliaceous in texture ; sepals alike or not, lateral sepals often connate (forming synsepal), or all 3 sepals variously connate and/or adnate or distinct and/or free ; petals 3, median petal modified as lip, commonly larger or differing in form and color, lateral petals commonly but not always similar to sepals; nectaries of various sorts; extrafloral nectaries sometimes present on pedicels, bracts, or leaf sheaths ; stamens usually 1 2( 3, if 3 the 3d modified into sterile staminode), all on side opposite lip, fully or partially adnate to style, forming column; pollen grains in monads or tetrads , usually in 2 8 pollinia, sometimes subdivided into small packets, rarely granular , sometimes pollinia with caudicles and/or stipes; gynoecium 3-carpellate, connate, forming compound , inferior, 1- or 3-locular ovary; style variously adnate to filaments ; stigmas usually 3-lobed, concave to convex , part of median stigma lobe modified into rostellum , often separating anther from fertile portions of stigma, commonly preventing or in some cases facilitating self-pollination ; ovules numerous , anatropous , minute. Fruits capsules, opening (dehiscing) by longitudinal slits, rarely fleshy and indehiscent berries . Seeds numerous (millions in some species), minute; endosperm absent.

Genera ca. 800, species 22,000 35,000 (701 genera, 208 species in the flora ; 1 genus, 6 species introduced) : worldwide except Antarctica, most diverse in tropical forests .

The overall count for orchid genera in the flora includes Spathoglottis plicata Blume, which was recently reported from Palm Beach County, Florida. The plants , known locally since 1982, are apparently widely naturalized in old shellpits. The number of species in the flora includes one newly recognized species in Habenaria that is morphologically described, but not fully treated here. Orchidaceae are by far the largest and most diverse monocot family and rank among the largest families of flowering plants. An accurate account of the number of genera and species has eluded orchid scientists, and species counts published in the last 20 years range from 15,000 to 35,000. New species are continually being described. In addition, numerous natural and artificial hybrids exist.

Although orchids are important in horticulture , most of the plants traded in the national and international market belong to a small number of species and their hybrids in only a few genera; the majority of orchids are not commonly cultivated. Few orchids are economically important outside the horticultural trade: the fruits of several species of Vanilla are the source of the spice vanilla, and the dry roots of some species of Dactylorhiza, Eulophia, and Orchis are made into salep, a flour consumed in northern Africa, the Middle East (especially Turkey), and Asia. Some species are locally used for medicinal purposes; the mucilage from pseudobulbs of several species is sometimes used as glue; and in the Far East the stems of some species of Dendrobium are split into strips used to weave handicrafts. A few orchids have been found to cause contact dermatitis (e.g. , Cypripedium reginae) .

Orchids range vegetatively from Lilliputian plants a few millimeters long (Bulbophyllum Thouars and Platystele Schlechter) to gigantic clusters weighing several hundred kilograms (Grammatophyllum Blume) to some as much as 13.4 meters in height (Sobralia altissima D. E. Bennett & Christenson, a recently described species from Peru) . Likewise, flowers vary in size from less than 1 mm and barely visible to the naked eye (Platystele Garay), to 15 20 cm diameter (some Paphiopedilum Pfitzer, Phragmipedium Rolfe, and Cattleya Lindley spp. ), and ultimately to 76 cm [Phragmipedium caudatum (Lindley) Rolfe]. Weight can vary from a fraction of a gram (many Pleurothallus R. Brown spp.) to nearly 100 grams (Coryanthes Hooker spp.) . Their fragrances vary from delightful (Cattleya Lindley) to repulsive and unbearable (in some species of Bulbophyllum Thouars) . The plants colonize habitats ranging from some of the driest and hottest places on earth to the wettest and coolest, literally occurring from polar regions to the equator. Within the monocots, the most important diagnostic features of Orchidaceae are reduction of adaxial stamens, fusion of the remaining stamens to the gynoecium forming the column, aggregation of pollen into compact pollinia (present elsewhere only in the dicots , in Asclepiadaceae), differentiation of the median petal into the lip, a sometimes complex organ, and the exceedingly small size of the seed, which lacks endosperm. Among other distinguishing characteristics: pollen in the pollinia is usually not available as a nutrient-source (Cleistes Richard ex Lindley being a notable exception), and the often complex interaction with pollinators culminates in the phenomenon of pseudocopulation in several genera (e.g., Ophrys Linnaeus, Caladenia R. Brown sect. Calonema, Drakaea Lindley) . In the latter process , the flower mimics the appearance , the smell, and often the movements of a female wasp, attracting a male of a suitable species that tries to copulate with the flower. It usually only succeeds in becoming attached to a pollinium , which will then be transferred if the male tries to copulate with another flower.

Roots of orchids may be covered with velamen, spongy layers derived from the epidermis ; fleshy thickenings of roots are tuberoids (tubers being restricted to stems) . Stems may be swollen or thickened, underground corms or aerial pseudobulbs. Flowers are often resupinate: the lip (modified median petal) is  lowermost,  usually as a result of the pedicel being twisted or bent in its development by 180°. Pedicellate ovary, usually used in reference to length , refers to the combined pedicel and ovary. Flowers are not always borne on pedicels; when they are, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish between a slender ovary and the pedicel. Consequently, because of their slender ovaries, flowers of a  racemose spike  appear to be pedicellate even though they are sessile, while a  spicate raceme  has pedicels so short that they appear to be absent. Orchid flowers often have a modified median sepal, the dorsal sepal. Sepals coalescing at their tips form a synsepal. The middle portion of the upper (adaxial) face of the lip is the disc: it may be a thickened callus and may bear hairs , papillae, or other ornamentation. In orchids the style, stigmas, filaments, and one or more anthers are united to form a column; appendages projecting laterally from the stigma are column wings; the lip may be attached to the protrusion at the base of the column to form a column foot ; lateral sepals that are also attached to the foot form a mentum (chin) . In most orchids the column bears a single anther at its apex; the clinandrium is the cavity within which the anther is borne or embedded . Pollen is borne in discrete masses (pollinia) . Genera with mealy (sectile) pollinia may have pollinia within the anther tapering into a caudicle (stalk ), which is attached to a sticky viscidium . Those with waxy pollinia have pollinia attached to one or two stipes (of stigmatic origin and formed outside the anther), which in turn are attached to a viscidium. The various aggregations of pollinia, caudicles, stipes, and viscidium form a pollinarium , the pollination unit carried by pollinators. The median stigma lobe may have a slender extension or little beak (rostellum), which aids in gluing the pollinarium to the pollinator.[1]

Genus Platanthera

Herbs, perennial , erect to somewhat decumbent , rather succulent. Roots fasciculate, both slender and tuberous , fleshy ; if tuberous, then lance-fusiform. Stems leafy or leafless, terete ; Leaves 1-several, strictly basal or gradually reduced to bracts toward inflorescence, conduplicate , ascending to spreading , bases sheathing stem. Inflorescences solitary, terminal , lax to dense spikes. Flowers few to many, usually resupinate (not resupinate in P. nivea), sometimes showy; petals entire to fringed or emarginate ; lip lobed , 3-partite, spurred at base, margins entire to fringed; pollinaria 2; pollinia 2; viscidia free ; stigma entire. Fruits capsules, ellipsoid to cylindric .

Species ca. 200 (32 species in the flora ) : primarily north temperate (a few tropical ) .[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Mesic to wet prairies, marshes, fens , lake shores , old fields ; of conservation concern; 80--300 m [3].

The eastern prairie fringed orchid is found in moist to wet tallgrass prairie. In the eastern part of its range , it is found in wet sedge meadows.

Biology

Growth

Culture: Space 9-12" apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 5.1 • Maximum pH: 7.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b. (map)

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Blephariglotis leucophaea (Nutt.) Farw. • Fimbriella leucophaea (Nutt.) Butz • Habenaria leucophaea (Nutt.) A. Gray • Habenaria leucophaea (Nutt.) Gray • Habenaria leucophaea (Nuttall) A. Gray • Orchis leucophaea Nutt. • Orchis leucophaea Nuttall • Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc.

Notes

Registrant name : This is a natural hybrid

Originator name: This is a natural hybrid

Similar Species

Members of the genus Platanthera

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 120 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

P. (Platanthera Orchid) · P. albida (Vanilla Scented Bog Orchid) · P. albida var. straminea (Vanilla-Scent Bogorchid) · P. amabilis (Platanthera Amabilis Orchid) · P. anboensis (Platanthera Anboensis Orchid) · P. andrewsii (Andrew's Bog Orchid) · P. angustata (Platanthera Angustata Orchid) · P. aquilonis (Northern Green Orchid) · P. azorica (Platanthera Azorica Orchid) · P. bicolor (Bicolor Bog Orchid) · P. bifolia (Lesser Butterfly Orchid) · P. bifolia bifolia (Lesser Butterfly Orchid) · P. blephariglottis (White Fringed Orchid) · P. blephariglottis var. blephariglottis (White Fringed Orchid) · P. blephariglottis var. conspicua (White Fringed Orchid) · P. boninensis (Platanthera Boninensis Orchid) · P. brevicalcarata {var} yakumontana (Platanthera Brevicalcarata {var} Yakumontana Orchid) · P. brevifolia (Shortflower Bog Orchid) · P. camtschatica (Platanthera Camtschatica Orchid) · P. canbyi (Canby's Bog Orchid) · P. channellii (Channell's Bog Orchid) · P. chapmanii (Chapman's Bog Orchid) · P. chlorantha (Greater Butterfly Orchid) · P. chorisiana (Chamissos Orchid) · P. ciliaris (Yellow Fringed Orchid) · P. clavellata (Club Spur Orchid) · P. correllii (Platanthera Correllii Orchid) · P. cristata (Crested Fringed Orchid) · P. dilatata (Boreal Bog Orchid) · P. dilatata dilatata (Scent-Bottle Orchid) · P. dilatata var. albiflora (Scentbottle) · P. dilatata var. dilatata (Scentbottle) · P. erdingeri (Platanthera Erdingeri Orchid) · P. estesii (Platanthera Estesii Orchid) · P. flava (Palegreen Orchid) · P. flava var. flava (Southern Rein Orchid) · P. flava var. herbiola (Palegreen Orchid) · P. florentii (Platanthera Florentii Orchid) · P. fuscescens (Platanthera Fuscescens Orchid) · P. graebneri (Platanthera Graebneri Orchid) · P. grandiflora (Greater Purple Fringed Orchid) · P. hollandiae (Platanthera Hollandiae Orchid) · P. holochila (Hawai'i Bog Orchid) · P. hologlottis (Mizuchidori) · P. hondoensis (Platanthera Hondoensis Orchid) · P. hookeri (Hooker's Orchid) · P. huronensis (Huron Green Orchid) · P. hybrid a (Platanthera Hybrid A Orchid) · P. hybrid b (Platanthera Hybrid B Orchid) · P. hybrid c (Platanthera Hybrid C Orchid) · P. hyperborea (Green-Flowered Bog-Orchid) · P. hyperborea var. gracilis (Lax-Flowered Green Orchid) · P. hyperborea var. hyperborea (Northern Green Orchid) · P. hyperborea var. viridiflora (Tall Alaskan Green Orchid) · P. hyperborea {var} viridiflora (Platanthera Hyperborea {var} Viridiflora Orchid) · P. iinumae (Platanthera Iinumae Orchid) · P. integra (Yellow Fringeless Orchid) · P. integrilabia (Monkey Face) · P. japonica (Platanthera Japonica Orchid) · P. keenanii (Platanthera Keenanii Orchid) · P. lacera (Green Fringed Orchid) · P. lacera var. lacera (Green Fringed Orchid) · P. lassenii (Platanthera Lassenii Orchid) · P. leucophaea (Eastern Prairie Fringed Orchid) · P. leucostachys (Bog Orchid) · P. limosa (Thurber's Bog Orchid) · P. macrophylla (Goldies Round-Leaved Orchid) · P. mandarinorum (Platanthera Mandarinorum Orchid) · P. mandarinorum {ssp} maximowicziana (Platanthera Mandarinorum {ssp} Maximowicziana Orchid) · P. mandarinorum {var} amamiana (Platanthera Mandarinorum {var} Amamiana Orchid) · P. mandarinorum {var} cornu-bovis (Platanthera Mandarinorum {var} Cornu-Bovis Orchid) · P. mandarinorum {var} hachijoensis (Platanthera Mandarinorum {var} Hachijoensis Orchid) · P. mandarinorum {var} masamunei (Platanthera Mandarinorum {var} Masamunei Orchid) · P. mandarinorum {var} monophylla (Platanthera Mandarinorum {var} Monophylla Orchid) · P. mandarinorum {var} neglecta (Platanthera Mandarinorum {var} Neglecta Orchid) · P. mandarinorum {var} ophrydioides (Platanthera Mandarinorum {var} Ophrydioides Orchid) · P. mandarinorum {var} oreades (Platanthera Mandarinorum {var} Oreades Orchid) · P. media (Bog Orchid) · P. metabifolia (Platanthera Metabifolia Orchid) · P. micrantha (Platanthera Micrantha Orchid) · P. minor (Platanthera Minor Orchid) · P. nivea (Bog Torch) · P. obtusata (Blunt Leaf Rein Orchid) · P. okubo-hachijoensis (Platanthera Okubo-Hachijoensis Orchid) · P. okuboi (Platanthera Okuboi Orchid) · P. ophrydioides (Platanthera Ophrydioides Orchid) · P. ophryo-tipuloides (Platanthera Ophryo-Tipuloides Orchid) · P. orbiculata (Large Round-Leaved Orchid) · P. orbiculata var. orbiculata (Large Roundleaved Orchid) · P. pallida (Platanthera Pallida Orchid) · P. peramoena (Purple Fringeless Orchid) · P. permoena (Purple Fringeless Orchid) · P. praeclara (Western Prairie Fringed Orchid) · P. psycodes (Lesser Purple Fringed Orchid) · P. reznicekii (Platanthera Reznicekii Orchid) · P. sachalinensis (Platanthera Sachalinensis Orchid) · P. solstitialis (Platanthera Solstitialis Orchid) · P. sonoharai (Platanthera Sonoharai Orchid) · P. sparsiflora (Canyon Bog Orchid) · P. sparsiflora var. ensifolia (Canyon Bog Orchid)

More Info

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Further Reading

• 1997 IUCN red list of threatened plants Cambridge: IUCN, World Conservation Union, 1998 url p. 717.
• Atlas of the rare vascular plants of Ontario / Ottawa: Botany Division, National Museum of Natural Sciences = Division de la botanique, Musée national des sciences naturelles, 1982-1987. url .
• Erigenia: journal of the Illinois Native Plant Society. Carbondale, Ill.: The Society, 1982- url , p. 26, p. 27, p. 28, p. 29, p. 30, p. 31, p. 32, p. 33, p. 39, p. 40.
• Illinois River Bluffs area assessment / Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Office of Scientific Research and Analysis, [and the] State Geological Survey Division. Springfield, Ill.: Illinois Dept. of Natural Resources, 1998- url p. 182, p. 30.
• National list of scientific plant names. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, 1982- url p. 196, p. 58.
• Orchidaceae: illustrations and studies of the family Orchidaceae, issuing from the Ames Botanical Laboratory, North Easton, Massachusetts. fasc. 1-7. Boston, Houghton, Mifflin, 1905-22. url p. 181.
• Rock River area assessment / Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Office of Scientific Research and Analysis, Natural History Survey Division, in conjunction with State Geological Survey Division. Springfield, IL: Illinois Dept. of Natural Resources, 1996- url p. 20.
• Syllogeus. Ottawa, National Museum of Natural Sciences, 1972-1995. url , , , , p. 10, p. 10, p. 21, p. 28, p. 30, p. 39, p. 41, p. 60, p. 63.
• The Canadian field-naturalist. Ottawa, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club. url , p. 11, p. 12, p. 136, p. 137, p. 15, p. 180, p. 181, p. 182, p. 19, p. 4, p. 439, p. 519, p. 7, p. 736.
• The changing Illinois environment: critical trends: technical report of the Critical Trends Assessment Project. Springfield, Ill.: Ill. Dept. of Energy and Natural Resources, 1994. url p. 15.
• The orchids in the Ottawa District: floristics, phytogeography, population studies and historical review / Joyce M. Reddoch and Allan H. Reddoch. 111 1997 Ottawa, Canada: The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club, [1997] url p. 11, p. 12, p. 136, p. 137, p. 138, p. 15, p. 180, p. 4.
• World Plant Conservation Bibliography WCMC, Royal Botanic Gardens url p. 187, p. 511.
• Bentley, S. L. Native Orchids of the Southern Appalachian Mountains. Chapel Hill.
• Brown, P. M. 2002. Wild Orchids of Florida. Gainesville.
• Brown, P. M. 1997. Wild Orchids of the Northeastern United States: A Field Guide. Ithaca, N.Y.
• Brown, P. M. 2000. The Florida Native Orchid Project. Palmetto 20: 610.
• Burns-Balogh, P. and V. A. Funk. 1986. A phylogenetic analysis of the Orchidaceae. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 61.
• Case, F. W. 1987. Orchids of the western Great Lakes region, rev. ed. Bull. Cranbrook Inst. Sci. 48.
• Coleman, R. A. 1995. The Wild Orchids of California. Ithaca, N.Y.
• Correll, D. S. 1950. Native Orchids of North America North of Mexico. Waltham, Mass.
• Dressler, R. L. 1981. The Orchids: Natural History and Classification. Cambridge, Mass. Dressler, R. L. 1993. Phylogeny and Classification of the Orchid Family. Portland.
• Homoya, M. A. 1993. Orchids of Indiana. Bloomington.
• Liggio, J. and A. Liggio. 1999. Wild Orchids of Texas. Austin.
• Luer, C. A. 1972. The Native Orchids of Florida. Bronx.
• Luer, C. A. 1975. The Native Orchids of the United States and Canada, Excluding Florida. Bronx.
• Magrath, L. K. 1973. The Native Orchids of the Prairies and Plains Region of North America. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Kansas.
• Morris, F. and E. A. Eames. 1929. Our Wild Orchids: Trails and Portraits. New York.
• Pridgeon, A. M., P. J. Cribb, and F. N. Rasmussen. 1999+. Genera Orchidacearum. 1+ vol. Oxford.
• Rasmussen, F. N. 1985. Orchids. In: R. M. T. Dahlgren et al. 1995. The Families of the Monocotyledons: Structure, Evolution, and Taxonomy. Berlin etc. Pp. 249274.
• Sheehan, T. J. and M. Sheehan. 1994. An Illustrated Survey of Orchid Genera. Portland. Smith, W. R. 1993. Orchids of Minnesota. Minneapolis.
• Szlachetko, D. L. 1995. Systema orchidalium. Fragm. Florist. Geobot., suppl. 3.
• Whiting, R. E. and P. M. Catling. 1986. Orchids of Ontario: An Illustrated Guide. Ottawa.
• Williams, J. G. and A. E. Williams. 1983. Field Guide to Orchids of North America. New York.
• Ames, O. 1905-1922. Orchidaceae: Illustrations and Studies of the Family Orchidaceae Issuing from the Ames Botanical Laboratory¦. 7 vols. Boston and New York. Vol. 4.
• Folsom, J. P. 1984. Una reinterpretación del estatus y relaciones de las taxa del complejo de Platanthera ciliaris. (A reinterpretation of the status and relationships of taxa of the yellow-fringed orchid complex.) Orquidea (Mexico City) 9: 321-345.
• Reddoch, A. H. and J. M. Reddoch. 1993. The species pair Platanthera orbiculata and P. macrophylla (Orchidaceae): Taxonomy, morphology, distributions and habitats. Lindleyana 8: 171-187.
• Stoutamire, W. P. 1974. Relationships of purple-fringed orchids Platanthera psycodes and P. grandiflora. Brittonia 26: 42-58.

Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 30, 2012.
• Center for Plant Conservation Plant Profile for Platanthera leucophaea. Accessed January 15, 2007.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed February 28, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 2 providers.
• "Platanthera leucophaea". in Flora of North America Vol. 26 Page 552, 564, 565, 566. Published by Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
• Species At Risk Act Public Registry, Government of Canada
• The Royal Horticultural Society Horticultural Database, available here.
• U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Tulsa, Oklahoma Ecological Services
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 26, 2008)
• World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Release date: November 27, 2009

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal February 28, 2008:

• Canadian Museum of Nature: Canadian Museum of Nature Herbarium
• USDA PLANTS: USDA PLANTS Database

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2662952
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Kew-157233
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:651806-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 320124
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 43431
• U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Species Identifier: Q2GG
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: HALE3
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 23266

Footnotes

1. Gustavo A. Romero-González, Germán Carnevali Fernández-Concha, Robert L. Dressler, Lawrence K. Magrath & George W. Argus "Orchidaceae". in Flora of North America Vol. 26 Page 15, 16, 17, 26, 27, 490, 491, 617. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Charles J. Sheviak "Platanthera". in Flora of North America Vol. 26 Page 496, 497, 551, 561, 570, 571. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. "Platanthera leucophaea". in Flora of North America Vol. 26 Page 552, 564, 565, 566. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.