Pinus sylvestris

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

A widespread European and Asian pine. The national tree of Scotland.

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Pinaceae

Trees or rarely shrubs , evergreen or deciduous, monoecious. Branchlets often dimorphic : long branchlets with clearly spirally arranged , sometimes scalelike leaves; short branchlets often reduced to slow growing lateral spurs bearing dense clusters of leaves at apex. Leaves solitary or in bundles of (1 or) 2-5(-8) when basally subtended by a leaf sheath ; leaf blade linear or needlelike, not decurrent. Cones unisexual . Pollen cones solitary or clustered, with numerous spirally arranged microsporophylls ; microsporophyll with 2 microsporangia; pollen usually 2-saccate (nonsaccate in Cedrus, Larix, Pseudotsuga, and most species of Tsuga) . Seed cones erect or pendulous, maturing in 1st, 2nd, or occasionally 3rd year, dehiscent or occasionally indehiscent, with many spirally arranged ovulate scales and bracts; ovulate scales usually smaller than bracts at pollination, with 2 upright ovules adaxially, free or only basally adnate with bracts, maturing into seed scales. Seed scales appressed , woody or leathery, variable in shape and size, with 2 seeds adaxially, persistent or deciduous after cone maturity. Bracts free or adnate basally with seed scales, well developed or rudimentary , exserted or included . Seeds terminally winged (except in some species of Pinus) . Cotyledons 2-18. Germination hypogeal or epigeal. 2n = 24* (almost always) .

Ten or eleven genera and ca. 235 species: N hemisphere; ten genera (two endemic) and 108 species (43 endemic, 24 introduced ) in China.

Species of the Pinaceae are among the most valuable and commercially important plants in the world. Most species are trees, and are often excellent sources of lumber, wood products, and resins; many are cultivated for afforestation and as ornamentals .[1]

Genus Pinus

Trees or shrubs aromatic , evergreen ; crown usually conic when young, often rounded or flat-topped with age. Bark of older stems variously furrowed and plated, plates and/or ridges layered or scaly . Branches usually in pseudowhorls; shoots dimorphic with long shoots and short shoots; short shoots borne in close spirals from axils of scaly bracts and bearing fascicles of leaves (needles ) . Buds ovoid to cylindric , apex pointed (blunt ), usually resinous . Leaves dimorphic, spirally arranged ; foliage leaves (needles) (1--) 2--5(--6) per fascicle, persisting 2--12 or more years, terete or ± 2--3-angled and rounded on abaxial surface, sessile, sheathed at base by 12--15 overlapping scale leaves, these (at least firmer basal ones) persisting for life of fascicle or shed after first season ; resin canals 2 or more. Pollen cones in dense, spikelike cluster around base of current year's growth, mostly ovoid to cylindric-conic, tan to yellow, red, blue, or lavender. Seed cones maturing in 2(--3) years, shed early or variously persistent , pendent to ± erect , at maturity conic or cylindric, sessile or stalked , shedding seed soon after maturity or variously serotinous (not opening upon maturity but much later) ; scales persistent, woody or pliable, surface of exposed apical portion of each scale (apophysis) thickened, with umbo (exposed scale surface of young cone) represented by a scar (sometimes apiculate ) or extended into a hook, spur, claw , or prickle; bracts included . Seeds winged or wingless; cotyledons (3--) 6--10(--18) . x =12.

Species ca. 100 (38 in the flora with 37 native and 1 widely naturalized ) : widespread in north temperate and north tropical (mountainous) regions, North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, Eurasia (including 1 crossing equator in Sumatra), n Africa, Pacific Islands in Sumatra.

In many areas Pinus is a forest dominant, either early successional and thus weedy or often longer-lived and part of climax forest. Certain southern pines, especially fire successional species, have a "grass stage," i.e. , the stem of the young seedling elongates little during the first several years and bears many long, curved leaves, the plant then reminiscent of a dense clump of grass .

Nomenclature used here, and to a very large degree the taxonomy, follows Elbert L.Little Jr. (1971), former Chief Dendrologist, United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Much work is being done with problematic groups, particularly complexes in Pinus contorta, the pinyons, the bristlecone pines, and P . ponderosa and related taxa. Considerable chemotaxonomic and genetic data are available on the genus, but coverage is far from comprehensive. Therefore, the conservative approach used in this treatment emphasizes external morphology.

Pine (Pinus) has been adopted by Arkansas as the state tree. Southern pine (Pinus spp.) is the state tree of Alabama.[2]

Physical Description

Landscaping

Landscape Uses: Attractive specimen, good accent plant. Possible choice for difficult sites. Often used as a Christmas tree . Excellent in floral arrangements . Effective in mass. Effective screen when young. Useful for bark color. Shade tree . • Liabilities: Considerable genetic variation in needle colour and plant vigor due to large geographic range . Some trees are weak growers and have yellow-green needle colour. Very susceptible to pine wilt nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in cultivation in eastern North America. Can get Diplodia needlecast disease and pine needle scale insect.

Habitat

Forests , occasionally also in peat bogs (muskeg).

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 1,617 meters (0 to 5,305 feet).[3]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial • Coppice Potential: No • Progagated by Bulbs: No • Propagated by Bare Root: Yes • Propagated by Container: Yes • Propagated by Corms: No • Propagated by Cuttings: No • Propagated by Seed: Yes • Propagated by Sod: No • Propagated by Sprigs: No • Propagated by Tubers: No • Fruit/Seed Period Begin: Spring • Fruit/Seed Period End: Late winter • Fruit/Seed Persistence: No

Growth

Culture: Prefers a well-drained, acidic soil. Wind resistant. Transplants easily. Full sun . Very tolerant of infertile and dry soils.

Soil: Adapted to Medium Textured: Adapted to Medium Textured Soils • Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils: Yes • Anaerobic Tolerance: Medium • Salinity Tolerance: None • CaCO3 Tolerance: Low • Minimum pH: 4.5 • Maximum pH: 7.5 • Fertility Requirement: Medium

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full sun . • Shade Tolerance: Intolerant

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: Medium • Minimum Precipitation: 50cm • Maximum Precipitation: 250cm • Moisture Use: Medium

Temperature: Minimum Temperature (F): -65C (-85°F) according to N. T. Mirov (1967, The Genus Pinus, p. 440) • Minimum Frost Free Days: 90 • Cold Hardiness: 1b, 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b (in zones 7-9, only in cool-summer oceanic climates). (map)

Taxonomy

Similar Species

Members of the genus Pinus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 316 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

P. albicaulis (Whitebark Pine) · P. albicaulis 'Nana' (Whitebark Pine) · P. aristata (Bristlecone Pine) · P. aristata 'Sherwood Compact' (Sherwood Compact Pine) · P. arizonica (Arizona Pine) · P. arizonica Engelm. var. arizonica (Arizona Pine) · P. arizonica Engelm. var. stormiae Martinez (Arizona Pine) · P. arizonica var. stormiae (Arizona Pine) · P. armandii (Davids Pine) · P. attenuata (Knob-Cone Pine) · P. attenuatis (Knobcone Pine) · P. attenuradiata (Pine) · P. ayacahuite (Ayacahuite Pine) · P. balfouriana (Foxtail Pine) · P. balfouriana austrina (Foxtail Pine) · P. balfouriana balfouriana (Foxtail Pine) · P. banksiana (Black Pine) · P. banksiana 'Chippewa' (Jack Pine) · P. banksiana 'Girards Weeper' (Jack Pine) · P. banksiana 'Manomet' (Jack Pine) · P. banksiana 'Potters' (Jack Pine) · P. brutia (Afghan Pine) · P. brutia var. eldarica (Afganistan Pine) · P. brutia var. pityusa (Yel' Vostochnaya) · P. bungeana (Lace-Bark Pine) · P. bungeana 'Rowe Arboretum' (Chinese Lacebark Pine) · P. canariensis (Canary Island Pine) · P. canariensis f. brevifolia (Canary Island Pine) · P. caribaea (Caribbean Pine) · P. caribaea var. bahamensis (Caribbean Pine) · P. caribaea var. caribaea (Caribbean Pine) · P. caribaea var. hondurensis (Caribbean Pine) · P. cembra (Arolla Pine) · P. cembra L. 'Pygmaea' (Swiss Stone Pine) · P. cembra witches' broom (Swiss Stone Pine) · P. cembra 'Blue Mound' (Swiss Stone Pine) · P. cembra 'Chalet' (Arolla Pine) · P. cembra 'Compacta' (Swiss Stone Pine) · P. cembra 'Compacta Glauca' (Swiss Pine Or Arolla Pine) · P. cembra 'Glauca Nana' (Swiss Pine Or Arolla Pine) · P. cembra 'Klein' (Silver Whispers" Swiss Stone Pine) · P. cembra 'Nana' (Dwarf Swiss Stone Pine) · P. cembra 'Silver Sheen' (Swiss Pine Or Arolla Pine) · P. cembroides (Stoneseed Pinyon) · P. cembroides cembroides (Border Pinyon) · P. clausa (Sand Pine) · P. contorta (Bolander Beach Pine) · P. contorta bolanderi (Bolander Beach Pine) · P. contorta Douglas ex Loudon var. contorta (Lodgepole Pine) · P. contorta var. bolanderi (Bolander Beach Pine) · P. contorta var. contorta (Shore Pine) · P. contorta var. latifolia (Tall Lodgepole Pine) · P. contorta var. murrayana (Murray Lodgepole Pine) · P. contorta 'Spaan's Dwarf' (Coast Pine) · P. coulteri (Big Cone Pine) · P. densiflora (Japanese Red Pine) · P. densiflora Siebold & Zucc. var. funebris (Kom.) T.N.Liou & Q.L.Wang ex Silba (Japanese Red Pine) · P. densiflora Siebold & Zucc. 'Octo-partitu' (Japanese Red Pine) · P. densiflora Siebold & Zucc. 'Tanyosho' (Japanese Red Pine) · P. densiflora 'Aurea' (Golden Japanese Red Pine) · P. densiflora 'Glitzer's Weeping' (Japanese Red Pine) · P. densiflora 'Haybud' (Japanese Red Pine Haybud') · P. densiflora 'Oculis Draconis' (Dragon's Eye Pine) · P. densiflora 'Oculus-Draconis' (Dragon Eye Pine) · P. densiflora 'Pendula' (Weeping Japanese Red Pine) · P. densiflora 'Pygmaea' (Japanese Red Pine) · P. densiflora 'Umbraculifera' (Tanyosho Pine) · P. densiflora 'Umbraculifera Compacta' (Compact Tanyosho Pine) · P. densiflora 'Vibrant' (Japanese Red Pine) · P. durangensis (Durango Pine) · P. echinata (Arkansas Pine) · P. edulis (Colorado Pinyon) · P. edulis var. edulis (Twoneedle Pinyon) · P. elliottii (Honduras Pine) · P. elliottii Engelm. var. densa Little & K.W.Dorman (South Florida Slash Pine) · P. elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii (Honduras Pine) · P. elliottii var. densa (South Florida Slash Pine) · P. elliottii var. elliottii (Slash Pine) · P. engelmannia 'Dwarf Form' (Apache Pine) · P. engelmannii (Apache Pine) · P. faeda 'CF L3791' (Loblolly Pine) · P. flexilis (Limber Pine) · P. flexilis var. reflexa (Limber Pine) · P. flexilis 'Cesarini Blue' (Limber Pine 'cesarini Blue') · P. flexilis 'Glauca' (Limber Pine) · P. flexilis 'Glauca Pendula' (Limber Pine) · P. flexilis 'Piute' (Limber Pine 'piute') · P. flexilis 'Vanderwolfs Pyramid' (Limber Pine) · P. gerardiana (Chilghoza Pine) · P. glabra (Bottom White Pine) · P. glauca 'Conica' (Dwarf Alberta Spruce) · P. halepensis (Aleppo Pine) · P. hartwegii (Hartweg Pine) · P. heldreichii (Bosnian Pine) · P. hwangshanensis (Huangshan Pine) · P. japonica (Japanese Pine) · P. jeffreyi (Black Pine) · P. jeffreyi var. bajacalifornica (Jeffrey Pine) · P. jeffryi (Jeffrey Pine) · P. kesiya (Benguet Pine)

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Further Reading

• 1997 IUCN red list of threatened plants Cambridge: IUCN, World Conservation Union, 1998 url p. 26.
• A dictionary of the flowering plants and ferns, by J. C. Willis. CambridgeThe University Press, 1919 url p. 514.
• A discussion of Australian forestry: with special references to forestry in Western Australia, the necessity of an Australian forest policy, and notices of organised forestry in other parts of the world / by D. E. Hutchins. Perth, F. W. Simpson, government printer, 1916. url p. 106.
• A guide to the identification of our more useful timbers, being a manual for the use of the students of forestry. CambridgeUniversity Press1920 url , p. 35, p. 37, p. 38, p. 39, p. 40, p. 41, p. 43, p. 50.
• A handbook of Coniferae, including Ginkgoace, by W. Dallimore and A. Bruce Jackson. With drawings by Miss G. Lister. New York, Longmans, Green, 1923. url p. 360, p. 396, p. 414, p. 429, p. 456, p. 457, p. 466, p. 9.
• A histological and physiological analysis of adventitious root formation in juvenile and mature cuttings of Ficus pumila L. / by Frederick Tracy Davies, Jr. 1978. url p. 98.
• A hundred years in the Highlands, London: E. Arnold, 1921. url p. 248, p. 272.
• A laboratory guide for general botany. Philadelphia, Blakiston[1919] url p. 176.
• A little garden the year round, wherein much joy was found, experience gained and profit, spiritual as well as mundane, derived without loss of prestige in a practical neighborhood. New York, E. P. Dutton & company[c1919] url , .
• A manual of the timbers of the world: their characteristics and uses: to which is appended an account by S. Fitzgerald of the artificial seasoning of timber. London: Macmillan, 1920. url , , , , , , , , , , , , .
• A monographic rearrangement of Lophodermium, Urbana, Ill., University of Illinois, 1935 url p. 113, p. 138.
• A new British flora: British wild flowers in their natural haunts / described by A. R. Horwood; with sixty-four plates in colour representing 350 different plants, from drawings by J. N. Fitch and many illustrations from photographs. London: Gresham, 1919. url p. 184.
• A partial list of plants available for various uses in general landscape planting, comp. by Albert D. Taylor. Cleveland, A.D. Taylor, c1916 url p. 22, p. 22, p. 24, p. 24, p. 38, p. 38, p. 40, p. 40, p. 49, p. 49.
• A provisional list of the parasitic fungi of Wisconsin. Madison, 1914 url p. 108, p. 261, p. 270.
• A study of some characteristics of vegetable oils, by James B. McNair. 9 1930 Chicago, 1930. url p. 56, p. 60, p. 64.
• A text book of materia medica, being an account of the more important crude drugs of vegetable and animal origin, designed for students of pharmacy and medicine. London, Churchill, 1920. url p. 502.
• Afforestation. LondonW. & R. Chambers1918 url p. 34.
• Agricultural index. New York, H. W. Wilson Co. url p. 840.
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• An annotated catalogue of types of the University of Illinois mycological collections (ILL) / Urbana: University of Illinois Press, c1997. url p. 254, p. 72, p. 76.
• An environmental profile of the Black Sea Coast WCMC url p. 66, p. 67.
• An introduction to cytology, by Lester W. Sharp. New York [etc.]McGraw-Hill, 1921. url p. 303, p. 55.
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• Annual report of the Michigan Academy of Science. Lansing, Mich.: The Academy, 1916-1921. url , p. 16, p. 220, p. 333, p. 335.
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• Cellulose: an outline of the chemistry of the structural elements of plants, with reference to their natural history and industrial uses. By Cross & Bevan (C. F. Cross, E. J. Bevan, and C. Beadle). New impression with a supplement. London, Longmans, Green, and co., 1918. url , p. 189.
• Cerambycidae of Northern Asia / A.I. Cherepanov. New Delhi: Translated and published under an agreement for the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., by Amerind Pub. Co., 1988- url p. 124.
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• Coniferous trees for profit & ornament: being a concise description of each species and variety, with the most recently approved nomenclature, list of synonyms, and best methods of cultivation / by A. D. Webster. London: Constable and Co., 1918. url , , , , , , p. 16.
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• Mirov, N.T. 1967. The Genus Pinus. New York.
• Peattie, D.C. 1953. A Natural History of Western Trees. Boston.
• Perry, J.P.Jr. 1991. The Pines of Mexico and Central America. Portland.
• Preston, R.J. 1976. North American Trees (Exclusive of Mexico and Tropical United States), ed. 3. Ames.
• Price, R.A. 1989. The genera of Pinaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 70: 247--305.
• Sargent, C.S. 1922. Manual of the Trees of North America (Exclusive of Mexico), ed. 2. Boston and New York. [Facsimile edition in 2 vols. 1961, reprinted 1965, New York.]
• Shaw, G.R. 1914. The Genus Pinus. Cambridge, Mass. [Publ. Arnold Arbor. 5.]
• Sudworth, G.B. 1908. Forest Trees of the Pacific Slope. Washington.
• Sudworth, G.B. 1917. The Pine Trees of the Rocky Mountain Region. Washington. [U.S.D.A. Bull. 460.]

Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed March 27, 2012.
• Conifer Database 2006.
• Conifer Database. Release date: June 5, 2008
• Conifer Specialist Group 1998. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 19, 2008.
• Conifer Specialist Group 1998. Pinus sylvestris. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 04February2012.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed March 18, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from provider.
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.
• "Pinus sylvestris". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Published by Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 24, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 12, 2007:

• GBIF-Spain, Departamento de Biolog. Veg. II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid: MAF
• Jyväskylä University Museum - The Section of Natural Sciences, Vascular plant collection of Jyvaskyla University Museum
• The Danish Biodiversity Information Facility, Botany registration database by Danish botanists
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Herbarium of Oskarshamn
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Plants
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Environment and Heritage Service - EHS Species Datasets

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 1
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Con-3141
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 2730127
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:263352-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 28552
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 183389
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 263351-1
• IUCN ID: 233013
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PGPIN04130
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: PISY
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 13707

Footnotes

1. Liguo Fu, Nan Li, Thomas S. Elias & Robert R. Mill "Pinaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 4 Page 11. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Robert Kral "Pinus". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. Mean = 232.990 meters (764.403 feet), Standard Deviation = 272.080 based on 18,132 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.