Physcomitrium pyriforme

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Funariaceae

Plants minute to medium-sized, gregarious to forming open tufts, light- to yellow-green, annual to biennial. Stems short, erect , simple or with a few branches, central strand present, basal rhizoids few. Leaves usually larger and more crowded distally, often comose , reduced proximally, usually contorted when dry, spreading when wet, broadly elliptic to obovate , usually concave , margins plane to somewhat incurved , entire to serrate, sometimes limbate, apex acute to acuminate, rarely somewhat blunt , costa single, percurrent to excurrent; distal and median cells usually irregular-rhombic to hexagonal or rectangular, smooth and rather thin-walled, often lax , weakly chlorophyllose, proximal cells usually longer , oblong to rectangular, sometimes weakly inflated at proximal angles, differentiated alar cells absent. Specialized asexual reproduction absent. Sexual condition autoicous , sometimes polygamous, rarely synoicous or paroicous . Perigonia terminal on short basal branches, bud-like, paraphyses yellowish and club-shaped. Perichaetia terminal, paraphyses usually absent and filiform when present, perichaetial leaves often somewhat enlarged. Seta terminal, solitary, short to elongate , erect to somewhat curved , smooth or rarely papillose . Capsule stegocarpous or cleistocarpous , immersed to exserted, globose or pyriform to cupulate , sometimes flaring , symmetric and nearly smooth to asymmetric and striate when dry, usually with a neck; exothecial cells thick- to thin-walled; stomata restricted to neck, consisting of a slit in a rounded guard cell, superficial or immersed, annulus present or absent, revoluble , revoluble in fragments, or not; operculum present or absent, flat, conic-rounded, to rostrate ; peristome double , single, rudimentary , or absent, exostome teeth 16, erect to incurved, papillose-striolate or striate, trabeculate on adaxial surface, endostome segments 16 and opposite the exostome teeth, cilia absent, represented only by the exostome when single. Calyptra deciduous or persistent , mitrate to cucullate , smooth, usually long-rostrate and inflated towards the base . Spores spherical or sub-reniform, strongly ornamented to smooth.

Genera ca. 13, species ca. 300 (6 genera, 29 species in the flora ) : worldwide except Antarctica.

The Funariaceae is characterized by broad leaves, large, pale laminal cells, opposite peristomes, and the distinctive stomata. The majority of species are found in disturbed or open sites on bare soil. Many of the species are annuals or biennials, and some may be perennials . When sterile , only a few species have distinctive vegetative features that allow positive identification to genus or species level. Fortunately most are usually fertile and sporophytes are common, although seasonal.[1]

Genus Physcomitrium

Plants small, scattered to gregarious . Stems 2-10(-25) mm, erect , simple or forked . Leaves crispate to contorted when dry, erect to spreading when moist, ovate-lanceolate, ovate , to obovate , sometimes concave and cucullate , 1.2-5 mm; margins entire to serrulate distally; apices somewhat blunt , or acute to acuminate; costa single, subpercurrent to short-excurrent; proximal laminal cells elongate-rectangular to rectangular, distal cells rectangular to hexagonal. Sexual condition autoicous , occasionally polygamous; perigonia at apices of short basal or lateral branches, usually with clavate paraphyses; perichaetia at stem apex, with a few filiform paraphyses. Seta erect, 0.5-13(-30) mm. Capsule stegocarpous , erect, immersed to exserted, symmetric , ovoid , globose , pyriform , or campanulate , often urceolate when dry, mouth sometimes flaring , 0.8-3 mm, smooth , neck usually wrinkled when dry; exothecial cells irregularly isodiametric, hexagonal, or oblong , sometimes collenchymatous; a few stomates usually present in neck, superficial; annulus narrow, consisting of 1-2 rows of small cells or revoluble as fragments of large cells; operculum convex to conic, apiculate to rostrate ; peristome absent. Calyptra mitrate, deeply split into (2-) 3(-4) spreading lobes, long-rostrate, sometimes inflated at the base , usually large, smooth. Spores spherical to sub-reniform, papillose to spinulose .

Species ca. 80: temperate North America, Mexico, Central America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia.

Physcomitrium is characterized by erect, symmetrical , and often urn-like capsules that lack peristomes. Infra-species variation of both the sporophyte and gametophyte of Physcomitrium pyriforme has led to many species being described over time in North America.

Physcomitrium commonly occurs on exposed soil often associated with spring-wet sites, often on alluvial mud and river banks, from near sea level to ca. 2500 m , and the capsules mature over winter into spring .[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Wet soil in disturbed places; low to high elevations [3].

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 4,701 meters (0 to 15,423 feet).[4]

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Gymnostomum dilatatum Palisot De Beauvois • Gymnostomum pyriforme Hedwig • Gymnostomum splachnoideum Palisot De Beauvois • Gymnostomum tortipes Bridel • Gymnostomum turbinatum Michaux • P. drummondii E. Britton • P. kellermanii E. Britton • P. megalocarpum Kindberg • P. pygmaeum James • P. turbinatum (Michaux) E. Britton • Physcomitrium australe Britton • Physcomitrium californicum Britton • Physcomitrium californicum E. Britton • Physcomitrium conicum Mitten in J. D. Hooker • Physcomitrium drummondii Britton • Physcomitrium kellermanii Britton • Physcomitrium megalocarpum (Britton) Grout • Physcomitrium megalocarpum Kindberg • Physcomitrium microcarpum Kindberg • Physcomitrium platyphylloides Kindberg • Physcomitrium platyphyllum Kindberg in Macoun • Physcomitrium rufipes Kindberg • Physcomitrium splachoideum (Palisot De Beauvois) Bridel • Physcomitrium strangulatum Kindberg • Physcomitrium subserratum Hampe • Physcomitrium tortipes (Bridel) Bridel • Physcomitrium turbinatum C. M�ller Ex Lesquereux and T. P. James

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 19-Jul-2004

Similar Species

Members of the genus Physcomitrium

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 6 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

P. collenchymatum (Physcomitrium Moss) · P. hookeri (Hooker's Physcomitrium Moss) · P. immersum (Immersed Physcomitrium Moss) · P. pygmaeum (Pygmy Physcomitrium Moss) · P. pyriforme (Physcomitrium Moss) · P. washingtoniense (Washington Physcomitrium Moss)

More Info

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Further Reading

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Notes

Contributors

• 199. Published by Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 15, 2012.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed February 27, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 10 providers.
• MOST: Moss TROPICOS Database. Release date: July 19, 2004
• Moss TROPICOS: the World Checklist of Mosses
• Moss TROPICOS DatabaseJul 1, 2004.
• "Physcomitrium pyriforme". in Flora of North America Vol. 27 Page 196, 197, 198,
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal February 27, 2008:

• Australian Antarctic Data Centre: Australian Antarctic Division Herbarium
• Australian National Herbarium (CANB)
• Canadian Museum of Nature: Canadian Museum of Nature Herbarium
• European Environment Agency: EUNIS
• GBIF-Spain: Real Jardin Botanico, Madrid: MA-Musci
• GBIF-Sweden: Herbarium of Oskarshamn (OHN)
• GBIF-Sweden: Mosses (S)
• Missouri Botanical Garden
• The New York Botanical Garden: American Bryophyte Catalog
• UK National Biodiversity Network: British Bryological Society - Bryophyte data for Great Britain from the British Bryological Society held by BRC
• UK National Biodiversity Network: British Bryological Society - Bryophyte data for Great Britain held by BRC for compilation
• UNIBIO, IBUNAM: MEXU/Colección de Briofitas
• University Museums of Norway (MUSIT)

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 3872433
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: MOS-35109011
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 2669156
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 15814
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: PHTU7
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 54805

Footnotes

1. Terry T. McIntosh "Funariaceae". in Flora of North America Vol. 27 Page 180, 195, 199. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Terry T. McIntosh "Physcomitrium". in Flora of North America Vol. 27 Page 13, 25, 181, 195, 196, 197. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. "Physcomitrium pyriforme". in Flora of North America Vol. 27 Page 196, 197, 198,
   199. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
4. Mean = 234.230 meters (768.471 feet), Standard Deviation = 412.000 based on 94,757 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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