Phleum arenarium

• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• Bibliography
• More Info
• Notes

Common Names

Description

Family Poaceae

Annual or perennial herbs, or tall woody bamboos . Flowering stems (culms ) jointed , internodes hollow or solid; branches arising singly from nodes and subtended by a leaf sheath and 2-keeled prophyll, often fascicled in bamboos. Leaves arranged alternately in 2 ranks , differentiated into sheath, blade , and an adaxial erect appendage at sheath/blade junction (ligule) ; leaf sheath surrounding and supporting culm-internode, split to base or infrequently tubular with partially or completely fused margins , modified with reduced blade in bamboos (culm sheaths) ; leaf blades divergent, usually long, narrow and flat, but varying from inrolled and filiform to ovate , veins parallel, sometimes with cross-connecting veinlets (especially in bamboos) ; ligule membranous or a line of hairs . Inflorescence terminal or axillary , an open, contracted , or spikelike panicle, or composed of lax to spikelike racemes arranged along an elongate central axis, or digitate, paired , or occasionally solitary; axillary inflorescences often many, subtended by spatheoles (specialized bladeless leaf sheaths) and gathered into a leafy compound panicle; spikelets often aggregated into complex clusters in bamboos. Spikelets composed of distichous bracts arranged along a slender axis (rachilla) ; typically 2 lowest bracts (glumes ) empty, subtending 1 to many florets ; glumes often poorly differentiated from accompanying bracts in bamboos. Florets composed of 2 opposing bracts enclosing a single small flower, outer bract (lemma) clasping the more delicate, usually 2-keeled inner bract (palea) ; base of floret often with thickened prolongation articulated with rachilla (callus) ; lemma often with apical or dorsal bristle (awn ), glumes also sometimes awned . Flowers bisexual or unisexual ; lodicules (small scales representing perianth) 2, rarely 3 or absent, 3 to many in bamboos, hyaline or fleshy ; stamens 3 rarely 1, 2, 6, or more in some bamboos, hypogynous, filaments capillary , anthers versatile; ovary 1-celled, styles (1 or) 2(rarely 3), free or united at base, topped by feathery stigmas, exserted from sides or apex of floret. Fruit normally a dry indehiscent caryopsis with thin pericarp firmly adherent to seed, pericarp rarely free, fleshy in some bamboos; embryo small or large; hilum punctate to linear .

About 700 genera and 11,000 species: widely distributed in all regions of the world.Shou-liang Chen, De-Zhu Li, Guanghua Zhu, Zhenlan Wu, Sheng-lian Lu, Liang Liu, Zheng-ping Wang, Bi-xing Sun, Zheng-de Zhu, Nianhe Xia, Liang-zhi Jia, Zhenhua Guo, Wenli Chen, Xiang Chen, Yang Guangyao, Sylvia M. Phillips, Chris Stapleton, Robert J. Soreng, Susan G. Aiken, Nikolai N. Tzvelev, Paul M. Peterson, Stephen A. Renvoize, Marina V. Olonova & Klaus Ammann "Poaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 22. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.

Physical Description

Habitat

Typically found in the intertidal zone at the water's edge at a mean distance from sea level of 51 meters (169 feet).Standard Deviation = 197.430 based on 1,532 observations. Terrestrial altitude and ocean depth information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre.

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Annual

Taxonomy

Unambiguous Synonyms

1. Achnodon arenarius (L.) Link
2. Achnodonton arenarium (L.) Trin.
3. Phalaris arenaria (L.) Huds.
4. Phleum arenarium L.

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication : Sp. Pl. 1:60. 1753

Similar Species

Members of the genus Phleum

There are approximately 147 species in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

P. abbreviatum · P. aculeatum · P. aegilops · P. africanum · P. alatum · P. alopecuroides · P. alpina · P. alpinum (Alpine Timothy) · P. alpinum f. bracteolatum · P. alpinum f. subcapitatum · P. alpinum rhaeticum · P. alpinum var. americanum · P. alpinuma · P. alpinun · P. ambiguum · P. annuum · P. arcticum · P. arenarium (Sand Timothy) · P. arenarium caesium · P. arvense · P. asperum · P. autumnale · P. bellardi · P. bertoloni · P. bertolonii (Diploid Timothy) · P. bertolonii trabutii · P. boehmeri · P. bohmeri · P. boissieri · P. brachystachyum · P. brachystachyum abbreviatum · P. brevifolium · P. bulbosum · P. capitatum · P. castelnavi · P. ciliatum · P. cochinchinense · P. collinum · P. cornutum · P. corsicum · P. crinitum · P. cristatum · P. crypsoides · P. cuspidatum · P. dactylon · P. deckeri · P. dentatum · P. echinatum · P. erucoides · P. exaratum · P. exaratum breviglume · P. exeratum · P. exeratum aegaeum · P. fallax · P. felinum · P. geniculatum · P. gerardi · P. gibbum · P. glabratum · P. glabrum · P. glomeruliflorum · P. godronis · P. graecum (Ballast Timothy) · P. graecum graecum · P. hackelianum · P. haenkeanum · P. himalaicum · P. hirsutum · P. hirsutum ambiguum · P. hirsutum dactylinum · P. hostii · P. hubbardii · P. intermedium · P. iranicum · P. japonicum · P. kotschyi · P. laeve · P. lima · P. macrourum · P. maximum · P. mesopotamiae · P. michelii · P. microstachyum · P. monspeliense · P. montanum · P. mouterdei · P. nigricans · P. odoratum · P. ovatum · P. palare · P. paniculatum (British Timothy) · P. paniculatum annuum · P. paniculatum ciliatum · P. parnassicum · P. parviceps · P. phalarideum · P. phalaris · P. phalaroides · P. phleoides · P. phleoides montanum

Bibliography

• Chen Shouliang, Jin Yuexing, Zhuang Tide, Fang Wenzhe, Sheng Guoying, Liu Liang, Wu Zhenlan, Lu Shenglian, Sun Bisin, Hu Zhihao, Wang Song, Sun Xiangzhong, Wang Huiqin, Yang Xilin, Wang Chaopin, Li Binggui & Wen Shaobin. 1990. Gramineae (Poaceae) (4). In: Chen Shouliang, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 10(1):1401
• Chen Shouliang, Zhuang Tide, Fang Wenzhe, Sheng Guoying, Jin Yuexing, Liu Liang, Sun Bisin, Hu Zhihao & Wang Song. 1997. Gramineae (Poaceae) (5). In: Chen Shouliang, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 10(2): 1301
• Liu Liang, Zhu Taiping, Chen Wenli, Wu Zhenlan & Lu Shenglian. Gramineae (Poaceae) (2). In: Liu Liang, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 9(2): 1405
• Lu Sheng-lian, Sun Yong-hua, Liu Shang-wu, Yang Yong-chang, Wu Zhen-lan, Kuo Pen-chao, Yang Hsi-ling, Wang Chao-pin & Tsui Nai-ran. 1987. Gramineae (3). In: Kuo Pen-chao, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 9(3): 1329
• Wang Zhengping, Ye Guanghan, Yang Yaling, Yu Zehua, Hu Chenhua, Geng Bojie, Feng Xuelin, Jia Liangzhi, Xia Nianhe, Li Dezhu, Zhang Weiping, Xue Jiru, Zhu Zhengde, Zhao Qiseng, Chen Shouliang, Sheng Guoying, Chen Shaoyun, Yao Changyu, Lu Jionglin, Sun Jiliang, Lin Wantao, Yi Tongpei, Zhao Huiru, Wen Taihui & Dai Qihui. 1996. Gramineae (Poaceae) (1).

More Info

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Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 17, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 23 providers.
• MBLWHOI Library: Universal Biological Index and Organizer. uBio.org accessed July 17, 2008.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 30, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 17, 2007:

• Bundesamt für Naturschutz / Zentralstelle für Phytodiversität Deutschland, Bundesamt fuer Naturschutz / Zentralstelle fuer Phytodiversitaet Deutschland
• Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien, Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien
• European Environment Agency, EUNIS
• GBIF-Spain, Hortus Botanicus Sollerensis Herbarium
• GBIF-Spain, Real Jardin Botanico
• , Vascular Plant Herbarium
• International Plant Genetic Resources Institute(IPGRI), EURISCO
• Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plant Herbarium, Oslo
• Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
• The Danish Biodiversity Information Facility, Botany registration database by Danish botanists
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Herbarium of Oskarshamn
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Lund Botanical Museum
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Plants
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Botanical Society of the British Isles - Vascular Plants Database
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Environment and Heritage Service - EHS Species Datasets
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Joint Nature Conservation Committee - Vegetation surveys of coastal shingle in Great Britain
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2661197
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-41064
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13753715
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:415780-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 28002
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 41064
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: PHAR4
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 53509

Footnotes

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