Overview
Interesting Facts
Common Names
Common Names in English:
False Golden Polypody
Description
Family Polypodiaceae
Plants
perennial
, terrestrial
, on rock, or often epiphytic, erect
, arching
, or occasionally pendent. Stems long- to short-creeping, branched or not, bearing scales
and few to numerous
roots
, usually dictyostelic. Leaves monomorphic
to dimorphic
, circinate
in bud. Petiole
usually articulate
at base
[rarely nonarticulate
, as in Loxogramme ], lacking scales or sometimes scaly
, with usually 3 vascular bundles
. Blade simple
to often pinnatifid
, pinnatisect
, or pinnate, infrequently more divided
; rachis grooved
or not adaxially. Veins free
(and simple to several times forked
) to often anastomosing in complex
systems
, areoles with or without included
veinlets
. Indument on blade
absent, or petiole, rachis, costae, and sometimes blade tissue usually bearing hairs
(these often septate
and with reddish crosswalls) and/or scales. Sori borne abaxially on veins, round
to oblong
, occasionally elongate
, rarely marginal
, rarely covering surface; paraphyses present or absent; sporangia with stalk
of 2 or 3 rows
of cells
; indusia absent. Spores usually transparent or yellowish (rarely greenish), all 1 kind, bilateral
, monolete [rarely trilete, as in some Loxogramme], surface most often smooth
, tuberculate
, verrucose
, or granulate
, occasionally spiny
, 64 per sporangium (spores globose
and 32 per sporangium in apogamous spp.
) . Gametophytes green, aboveground, cordate or elliptic
, glabrous
or sometimes glandular
; archegonia and antheridia borne on lower surface, antheridia 3-celled.
Genera ca.
40, species perhaps 500 (7 genera, 25 species in the flora
) : worldwide, especially tropics and subtropics.
Genera in this family
are variously circumscribed, and the New World species historically were placed in the single genus Polypodium . Many of the segregates
recognized here are still placed in Polypodium in recent floristic accounts. Limits
of genera in both Old World and New World are controversial and are currently under study by several workers.[1]
Genus Phlebodium
Plants
epiphytic. Stems creeping
, branched, not whitish pruinose
, 8--30 mm diam.; scales
concolored, lanceolate, not clathrate, glabrous
, margins
dentate
. Leaves monomorphic
, widely spaced, not conspicuously narrowed at tip
, to 130 cm. Petiole
articulate
to stem, dark brown, round
in cross
section
, with 2 adaxial
grooves
. Blade
ovate
to elliptic
, not pectinate
, pinnatisect
with broadly winged
rachises and rounded
sinuses, with fewer than 20 pairs of segments, glaucous, usually glabrous, scales absent; rachis glabrous. Segments linear
to lanceolate, margins entire, apex rounded. Veins free
near margins, well developed near costae, highly reticulate
, usually with 1 row
of costal areoles extending from vein
to vein without included
veinlets
, and with a series of elongate
, polygonal areoles with 1--3 excurrent included veinlets meeting at apices, and similar areoles closer to margin of segment mostly without included veinlets. Sori on veins, transverse
, 2 in each major areole on included veinlets, circular to oblong
; indument
absent. Spores tuberculate
. x
= 37.
Species 2--4: tropical regions
, North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America.[2]
Physical Description
Flowers: Flower Color: inconspicuous, none
Habitat
Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 4,936 meters (0 to 16,194 feet).[3]
Taxonomy
- Domain:
Eukaryota
(
)
- Whittaker & Margulis,1978
- eukaryotes
- Kingdom:
Plantae
(
)
- Haeckel, 1866
- Plants
- Subkingdom:
Viridaeplantae
(
)
- Cavalier-Smith, 1981
- Phylum:
Tracheophyta
(
)
- Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998
- Vascular Plants
- Subphylum:
Euphyllophytina
(
)
- Infraphylum:
Moniliformopses
(
)
- Kenrick & Crane, 1997, Nom. Nud.
- Order:
Polypodiales
(
)
- Link
- Family:
Polypodiaceae
(
)
- Berchtold & J. Presl, 1820
- common ferns, licorice ferns
- Genus:
Phlebodium
(
)
- (R. Brown) J. Smith, J. Bot. (Hooker). 4: 58. 1841.
- Golden polypodies [Greek phlebos, vein, referring to the prominent venation]
- Specific epithet:
pseudoaureum
- (Cav.) Lellinger
- Botanical name: - Phlebodium pseudoaureum (Cav.) Lellinger
- Specific epithet:
pseudoaureum
- (Cav.) Lellinger
- Genus:
Phlebodium
(
- Family:
Polypodiaceae
(
- Order:
Polypodiales
(
- Infraphylum:
Moniliformopses
(
- Subphylum:
Euphyllophytina
(
- Phylum:
Tracheophyta
(
- Subkingdom:
Viridaeplantae
(
- Kingdom:
Plantae
(
Synonyms
Phlebodium areolatum (Humb. & Bonpl. Ex Willd.) Baker • Polypodium aureum var. areolatum (Humb. & Bonpl. Ex Willd.) Baker • Polypodium pseudoaureum Cav.
Notes
Basionym
: Polypodium pseudoaureum Cav.
Basionym author: (Cav.)
Similar Species
Members of the genus Phlebodium
ZipcodeZoo has pages for 4 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:
P. aureum (Cabbage Palm Fern) · P. aureum var. areolatum (Rabbit´s-Foot Fern) · P. decumanum (Creeping Golden Polypody) · P. pseudoaureum (False Golden Polypody)
More Info
- Search for Pictures: images.google.com
- Search for Scholarly Articles: Google Scholar
- Search using Scientific Name and Vernacular Names: All the Web | AltaVista Canada | AltaVista | Excite | Google | HotBot | Lycos
- Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books
Further Reading
- Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana. (F Mesoamer)
- FNA Editorial Committee. 1993–. Flora of North America. (F NAmer) 2:323. [mentions under Phlebodium aureum].
- Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez, eds. 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75. (L Ecuador)
- Lellinger, D. B. 1989. The ferns and fern-allies of Costa Rica, Panama, and the Chocó (Part 1:Psilotaceae through Dicksoniaceae). Pteridologia 2A:264.
- Tryon, R. M. & R. G. Stolze. 1993. Fieldiana, Bot. 32:134. [mentions under Polypodiuum aureum].
- Duncan, W. H. 1954. Polypodium aureum in Florida and Georgia. Amer. Fern J. 44: 155--158.
- Lellinger, D. B. 1987. Nomenclatural notes on some ferns of Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia. III. Amer. Fern J. 77: 101--102.
- Proctor, G. R. 1985. Ferns of Jamaica. London.
- Snyder, L. H. Jr. and J. G. Bruce. 1986. Field Guide to the Ferns and Other Pteridophytes of Georgia. Athens, Ga.
Notes
Contributors
- Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
- Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed March 27, 2012.
- Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 27, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from provider.
- Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
- The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Dec 27, 2011.
- USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 30, 2008)
Data Sources
Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 26, 2007:
- Herbier de la Guyane, Herbier de la Guyane
- Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad
- , Biodiversidad de Costa Rica
- Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
Identifiers
- Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2668591
- Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-504312
- Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13761130
- Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:17535990-1
- GRIN Nomen Number: 415722
- Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 504312
- International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 282681-2
- MoBot NameID: 26609930
- Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PPPOL05030
- U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: POPS5
- Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 53501
Footnotes
- Alan R. Smith "Polypodiaceae". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
- Clifton E. Nauman "Phlebodium". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
- Mean = 742.040 meters (2,434.514 feet), Standard Deviation = 1,051.050 based on 646 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
