Phalaris aquatica
(Bulbous Canary Grass, Bulbous Canarygrass, Harding Grass, Harding Plant, Hardinggrass, Toowomba Canary Grass)Overview:
Conservation Status
Population Analysis
- For the 283,255 species in the Class Liliopsida (Monocotyledons), we average 3.99 observations each in our database; for the Toowomba Canary Grass, we have 211 observations. Compared to other species in this Class, this species is moderately common.
- A two-sample t-test can be used to determine whether the trend in observations of the Toowomba Canary Grass is the same as the trend in observations of Liliopsida. Is this species just as common, as a proportion of all observations, as it once was? The answer is no, changes in observation rate of this species significantly differ from changes in observation rate of its Class. (t=2.607, p<0.005)
- How do observation rates of the Toowomba Canary Grass differ from those of Liliopsida? To answer this, we examined the percentage of observerations for Liliopsida that were observations of the Toowomba Canary Grass each year. We then correlated this percentage with observation year. If observations of the Toowomba Canary Grass are becoming more common relative to other species of Liliopsida, the correlation should be positive, but if it is becoming less common, the correlation should be negative. In fact, the correlation is negative (r=-.26), with a negative slope (m = -.000), suggesting that the Toowomba Canary Grass may be in decline relative to other species of Liliopsida. This correlation is statistically significant. (F = 58.35, p<.05)
- The scatter chart to the right shows the percentage of all observations for Liliopsida each year that were observations of the Toowomba Canary Grass.
Population Trend: | Growing |  |
Taxonomy
- Domain: Eukaryota
Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae
Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
- Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae
Cavalier-Smith, 1981 - Green Plants
- Phylum: Magnoliophyta
Cronquist, Takhtajan & W. Zimmermann, 1966 - Flowering Plants
- Subphylum: Spermatophytina
(auct.) Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Seed Plants
- Infraphylum: Angiospermae
auct.
- Class: Liliopsida
Scopoli, 1760 - Monocotyledons
- Subclass: Commelinidae
Takhtajan, 1967
- Superorder: Poanae (Small, 1903) Takhtajan, 1997 ex Reveal & Doweld, 1999
- Subclass: Commelinidae
Takhtajan, 1967
- Class: Liliopsida
Scopoli, 1760 - Monocotyledons
- Infraphylum: Angiospermae
auct.
- Subphylum: Spermatophytina
(auct.) Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Seed Plants
- Phylum: Magnoliophyta
Cronquist, Takhtajan & W. Zimmermann, 1966 - Flowering Plants
- Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae
Cavalier-Smith, 1981 - Green Plants
- Kingdom: Plantae
Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
Unambiguous Synonyms:
- Phalaris stenoptera Hack.
- Phalaris tuberosa L.
- Phalaris tuberosa var. hirtiglumis Batt. & Trabut
- Phalaris tuberosa var. stenoptera (Hack.) A.S. Hitchc.
Notes:
Name Status: Accepted Name. Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000
Place of publication: Cent. pl. I:4. 1755 (Amoen. acad. 4:264. 1759)
Name verified on 25-Jan-1996 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 20-Nov-2007
Physical Description
Family Poaceae:
Annual or perennial herbs, or tall woody bamboos. Flowering stems (culms) jointed, internodes hollow or solid; branches arising singly from nodes and subtended by a leaf sheath and 2-keeled prophyll, often fascicled in bamboos. Leaves arranged alternately in 2 ranks, differentiated into sheath, blade, and an adaxial erect appendage at sheath/blade junction (ligule) ; leaf sheath surrounding and supporting culm-internode, split to base or infrequently tubular with partially or completely fused margins, modified with reduced blade in bamboos (culm sheaths) ; leaf blades divergent, usually long, narrow and flat, but varying from inrolled and filiform to ovate, veins parallel, sometimes with cross-connecting veinlets (especially in bamboos) ; ligule membranous or a line of hairs. Inflorescence terminal or axillary, an open, contracted, or spikelike panicle, or composed of lax to spikelike racemes arranged along an elongate central axis, or digitate, paired, or occasionally solitary; axillary inflorescences often many, subtended by spatheoles (specialized bladeless leaf sheaths) and gathered into a leafy compound panicle; spikelets often aggregated into complex clusters in bamboos. Spikelets composed of distichous bracts arranged along a slender axis (rachilla) ; typically 2 lowest bracts (glumes) empty, subtending 1 to many florets; glumes often poorly differentiated from accompanying bracts in bamboos. Florets composed of 2 opposing bracts enclosing a single small flower, outer bract (lemma) clasping the more delicate, usually 2-keeled inner bract (palea) ; base of floret often with thickened prolongation articulated with rachilla (callus) ; lemma often with apical or dorsal bristle (awn), glumes also sometimes awned. Flowers bisexual or unisexual; lodicules (small scales representing perianth) 2, rarely 3 or absent, 3 to many in bamboos, hyaline or fleshy; stamens 3 rarely 1, 2, 6, or more in some bamboos, hypogynous, filaments capillary, anthers versatile; ovary 1-celled, styles (1 or) 2(rarely 3), free or united at base, topped by feathery stigmas, exserted from sides or apex of floret. Fruit normally a dry indehiscent caryopsis with thin pericarp firmly adherent to seed, pericarp rarely free, fleshy in some bamboos; embryo small or large; hilum punctate to linear.
About 700 genera and 11,000 species: widely distributed in all regions of the world.[1]
Habit: Graminoid
Flowers: Bloom Period: July, August. • Flower Color: cream, tan
Images:
Distribution
Range and Population
North America
Native: .
Reproduction
Duration: Perennial
Growth
Culture: Space 18-24" apart.
Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun.
Moisture: Drought Tolerance: High
Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a. (map)
Similar Species
Members of the genus Phalaris:
There are approximately 157 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them: P. arundinacea hispanica · P. arundinacea rotgesii · P. coerulescens lusitanica · P. acuatica · P. acuminata · P. alpina · P. ambigua · P. americana · P. americana var. picta · P. amethystina · P. ammophila · P. angust · P. angusta (Timothy Canarygrass) · P. angusta f. macra · P. angustata · P. appendiculata · P. aquatica (Bulbous Canary Grass) · P. aquatica 'Australia' · P. aquatica 'Uneta' · P. aquatica x · P. arechavaletae · P. arenaria · P. ariculata · P. aristata · P. arudinacea · P. arundenacea · P. arundianacea · P. arundinacea (Gardeners Garters) · P. arundinacea 'Bamse' · P. arundinacea 'Dwarf Garters' (Dwarf Ribbon Grass) · P. arundinacea 'Elegantissima' · P. arundinacea 'Feesey' (Gardeners Garters) · P. arundinacea 'Feesey's Form' (Reed Canary Grass) · P. arundinacea 'Luteo-picta' (Gardeners Garters) · P. arundinacea 'Strawberries & Cream' (Gardeners Garters) · P. arundinacea 'Turkey Red' · P. arundinacea 'Variegata' · P. arundinacea 'Yugoslavian' · P. arundinacea L. 'Picta' · P. arundinacea oehleri · P. arundinacea var. arundinacea · P. arundinacea var. picta 'Aureovariegata' · P. arundinacea var. picta 'Feesey' · P. arundinacea var. picta 'Luteopicta' · P. arundinacea var. picta 'Luteovariegata' · P. arundinacea var. picta 'Picta' · P. arundinacea var. picta 'Streamlined' · P. arundinacea var. picta 'Tricolor' · P. arundinacea var. variegata · P. arundinaceae · P. aspera · P. aundinacea · P. avicularis · P. barrelieri · P. bellardi · P. berteroniana · P. brachystachys (Shortspike Canarygrass) · P. brevis · P. bulbosa · P. bulbosum · P. caerulescens · P. caesia · P. caespitosa · P. californica (California Canarygrass) · P. canadensis · P. canariensis (Annual Canarygrass) · P. capensis · P. caroliniana (Carolina Canarygrass) · P. chilensis · P. ciliaris · P. ciliata · P. coerulescens (Sunolgrass) · P. colchaguensis · P. colorata · P. commutata · P. courulescens · P. cristata · P. crypsoides · P. cuspidata · P. cylindrica · P. daviesii · P. decumbens · P. dentata · P. disticha · P. elongata · P. erucaeformis · P. eruciformis · P. explicata · P. geniculata · P. glomerata · P. gracilis · P. hirtiglumis · P. hispanica · P. humilis · P. hybrid · P. intermedia · P. intermedia f. platensis · P. intermedia var. angusta · P. intermedia var. angustata · P. intermedia var. microstachya
Bibliography
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- Baldini, R. M. 1995. Revision of the genus Phalaris L. (Gramineae). Webbia 49:276.
- CIBA-GEIGY, Basel, Switzerland. Documenta CIBA-GEIGY (Grass weeds 1. 1980, 2. 1981; Monocot weeds 3. 1982; Dicot weeds 1. 1988) (Weed CIBA)
- Chen Shouliang, Jin Yuexing, Zhuang Tide, Fang Wenzhe, Sheng Guoying, Liu Liang, Wu Zhenlan, Lu Shenglian, Sun Bisin, Hu Zhihao, Wang Song, Sun Xiangzhong, Wang Huiqin, Yang Xilin, Wang Chaopin, Li Binggui & Wen Shaobin. 1990. Gramineae (Poaceae) (4). In: Chen Shouliang, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 10(1):1401
- Chen Shouliang, Zhuang Tide, Fang Wenzhe, Sheng Guoying, Jin Yuexing, Liu Liang, Sun Bisin, Hu Zhihao & Wang Song. 1997. Gramineae (Poaceae) (5). In: Chen Shouliang, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 10(2): 1301
- Englert, J. M. et al. 1999–. USDA-NRCS Improved conservation plant materials released by NRCS and cooperators. (NRCS Cons Pl Mat)
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- Kartesz, J. T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. (L US Can ed2)
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Notes
Contributors:
- Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
- Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 15, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 2 providers.
- USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 29, 2008)
Data Sources:
Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 27, 2007:
- Australian National Herbarium
- , Australian National Herbarium
- Berkeley Natural History Museums, University and Jepson Herbaria DiGIR provider
- Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Bishop Museum Natural History Specimen Data
- Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien, Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien
- European Environment Agency, EUNIS
- GBIF-Spain, Direcci贸n General de Investigaci贸n, Desarrollo Tecnol贸gico e Innovaci贸n de la Junta de Extremadura(DGIDTI): HSS
- GBIF-Spain, Hortus Botanicus Sollerensis Herbarium
- GBIF-Spain, Real Jardin Botanico
- , Vascular Plant Herbarium
- GBIF-Spain, Universidad de Extremadura, UNEX
- Herbarium of the University of Aarhus, The AAU Herbarium Database
- International Plant Genetic Resources Institute(IPGRI), EURISCO
- National Herbarium of New South Wales, NSW herbarium collection
- Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Arizona State University Vascular Plant Herbarium
- The Swedish Museum of Natural History
- , Lund Botanical Museum
- UK National Biodiversity Network, Botanical Society of the British Isles - Vascular Plants Database
- US National Plant Germplasm System, United States National Plant Germplasm System Collection
- USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
- Utah State University, USU-UTC Specimen Database
Identifiers:
- Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 41341
- Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13753821
- Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:71407-3
- U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: PHTU
- Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 49822
Footnotes:
- Shou-liang Chen, De-Zhu Li, Guanghua Zhu, Zhenlan Wu, Sheng-lian Lu, Liang Liu, Zheng-ping Wang, Bi-xing Sun, Zheng-de Zhu, Nianhe Xia, Liang-zhi Jia, Zhenhua Guo, Wenli Chen, Xiang Chen, Yang Guangyao, Sylvia M. Phillips, Chris Stapleton, Robert J. Soreng, Susan G. Aiken, Nikolai N. Tzvelev, Paul M. Peterson, Stephen A. Renvoize, Marina V. Olonova & Klaus Ammann "Poaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 22. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
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