Petasites fragrans

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Compositae

The largest family of flowering plants , the Compositae (Asteraceae), comprising about 1,100 genera and more than 20,000 species and characterized by many small flowers arranged in a head looking like a single flower and subtended by an involucre of bracts. A head may consist of both ray flowers and disk flowers, as in the sunflower, of disk flowers only, as in the burdock, or of ray flowers only, as in the dandelion.

Tribe Senecioneae

The Senecioneae are a tribe of closely related genera that can be recognized most readily by the nature of the pappus and the involucral bracts or phyllaries. The phyllaries are basically in one well developed, often partially or wholly connate series of equal length that closely envelope the head . Frequently there are a few, very much smaller and mostly randomly distributed, often necrotic-tipped bracts near the base of the main series. The pappus is of fine, soft, often pure white capillary hairs . Heads may be either discoid or radiate . -- Gerald Carr.

Genus Petasites

Perennials , 10-25(-120) cm (plants rhizomatous , polygamodioecious). Stems erect , not branched (± scapiform ; stems of "staminate" plants wither soon after flowering, stems of "pistillate" plants elongate after flowering). Leaves basal and cauline; alternate; petiolate or sessile; basal (usually appearing after heads ) palmately or palmati-pinnately nerved, mostly deltate to ovate or orbiculate, margins entire, denticulate , or toothed to lobed , abaxial faces ± tomentose , adaxial tomentulose and glabrescent or glabrous ; cauline (sessile) bractlike (essentially expanded petioles , proximal sometimes bearing blades ). Heads radiate , discoid , or disciform , usually in corymbiform , paniculiform , or racemiform arrays, rarely borne singly {"staminate" heads usually radiate, peripheral 1-20(-70) florets styliferous and sterile or neuter , inner 11-78 florets usually functionally staminate , rarely bisexual and fertile ; "pistillate" heads usually radiate, peripheral (1-) 30-130+ florets pistillate and fertile, inner 1-12 florets functionally staminate}. Calyculi 0 or of 1-5+ bractlets . Involucres obconic to turbinate , 6-15+ mm diam. (expanding in fruit). Phyllaries persistent , mostly 12-15 in (1-) 2 series (often purplish-tinged), erect, distinct or connate , narrowly oblong to linear (1-5-nerved), subequal , margins ± scarious (apices not black). Receptacles flat to convex , foveolate, epaleate. Ray florets 0 or (1-) 30-130+, usually fertile (in pistillate heads), sometimes styliferous and sterile or neuter (in staminate heads) ; corollas whitish or pinkish to purplish [yellow] (tubes filiform , laminae linear to oblong; styles filiform to clavate , entire or shallowly 2-cleft, papillate ). Peripheral (pistillate) florets usually 30-125 and fertile, sometimes 0; corollas whitish or pinkish to purplish [yellow] (filiform, usually 5-lobed, sometimes minutely bilabiate; styles filiform to clavate, entire or shallowly 2-cleft, papillate). Inner (functionally staminate or bisexual) florets 1-78, usually functionally staminate, rarely bisexual and fertile; corollas whitish [yellow] (tubes longer than ± campanulate throats , lobes 5, erect or recurved, lanceolate to linear; styles linear to clavate, branches usually 0 or short-conic and papillate, sometimes lanceolate to oblong and ± hispidulous ). Cypselae narrowly cylindric to weakly fusiform or ± prismatic , 5- or 10-ribbed, faces glabrous [villous ]; pappi (pistillate florets) readily falling or fragile, of 60-100+, white, smooth or barbellulate bristles (elongating in fruit). x = 30.

Species 15-18: boreal North America, southward in w Cordillera , Eurasia .

North American Petasites is taxonomically difficult as a result of low variability in reproductive morphology and a high degree of leaf polymorphism . The conservative reproductive structures across all taxa make identification almost impossible without foliage and, unhappily, flowering usually occurs prior to emergence of basal leaves . Further compounding the taxonomic confusion is the apparent intergradation of many of the different leaf forms as well as leaf morphologies being subject to environmental plasticity.

Using morphometric , isozymic, and chromosomal data as well as crossing studies and observations of field and herbarium specimens, relationships of the various entities have been interpreted by D. M. Cherniawsky and R. J. Bayer (1998, 1998b). North American Petasites has been shown to be loosely comprised of four polymorphic groups. Close relationships among the groups were evident in all analyses by Cherniawsky and Bayer and suggested rapid and recent morphologic and genetic divergence in North America. They postulated that groups within North American Petasites have not yet reached a level of differentiation characteristic of distinct species. On this basis, North American Petasites is treated here as one polymorphic species with four infraspecific taxa, one a hybrid.

Characters used in this treatment are those found to be the most taxonomically discriminating by D. M. Cherniawsky and R. J. Bayer (1998c), although there is a high degree of overlap of ranges across all taxa. Morphologic variation is continuous for most reproductive characters. Values for reproductive characters are mostly continuous with only a few extreme ranges providing some taxonomic demarcation. Although leaf characters were shown to be the most reliable, it is recommended that a combination of both flowers and leaves be used for accurate identifications.

In cooler regions of the northern hemisphere, Petasites glacialis and P. gmelinii, both with yellow corollas and 1[-3] heads per array, approach the Bering Strait in northeastern Siberia; they apparently do not reach Alaska (E. Hultén 1968).

Two relatively large-leaved exotic species of Petasites are sold as ornamentals : the European P. hybridus (Linnaeus) Gaertner, Meyer, & Scherbius, with purplish florets and reniform to orbiculate-cordate, shallowly angular-lobed, finely and unevenly toothed leaf blades 10-90(-100) cm wide; and the Asian P. japonicus (Siebold & Zuccarini) Maximowicz, with creamy white to whitish corollas and reniform-cordate, unlobed, finely toothed leaf blades 15-30(-150) cm wide. They occasionally escape cultivation (e.g. , P. hybridus established in Michigan).

The rhizomes, petioles, leaf blades, and young flower stalks of some species of Petasites are (or have been) used for food in various ways and their ashes are used as a salt substitute. In folk medicine, some species of Petasites are used as antiasthmatics, antispasmodics , and expectorants and in salve or poultice form.[1]

Physical Description

Habitat

Typically found in the intertidal zone at the water's edge at a mean distance from sea level of 59 meters (195 feet).[2]

Biome: Coastal.

Biology

Growth

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Sun to Partial Shade.

Taxonomy

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Comment: Data Providers: African Flowering Plants Database , New Zealand Plant Name Database, Govaerts World Compositae Checklist A-G, IPNI, Euro+Med, LCR Editor, Flora of Tasmania Online. GCC LSID: urn :lsid:compositae.org:names:ACA19E7E-8556-4B14-9B12-A5F35E29055B

Last scrutiny: 15-Aug-09

Similar Species

Members of the genus Petasites

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 17 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

P. albus (White Butterbur) · P. fragrans (Winter Heliotrope) · P. frigidus (Arctic Butter-Bur) · P. frigidus var. frigidus (Arctic Sweet Coltsfoot) · P. frigidus var. nivalis (Arctic Sweet Coltsfoot) · P. frigidus var. Palmata (Northern Sweet Coltsfoot) · P. frigidus var. palmatus (Arctic Sweet Coltsfoot) · P. hybridus (Pestilence Wort) · P. japonicus (Fuki) · P. japonicus f. purpureus (Japanese Butterbur) · P. japonicus var. giganteus (Fuki) · P. japonicus var. giganteus 'Nishiki-Buki' (Fuki) · P. palmatus 'Golden Palms' (Sweet Butterbur) · P. paradoxus (Sweet Coltsfoot) · P. sagittatus (Arrow Butterbur) · P. vitifolius (Sweet Coltsfoot) · P. x vitifolius (Sweet Coltsfoot)

More Info

• Search for Pictures: images.google.com
• Search for Scholarly Articles: Google Scholar
• Search using Scientific Name and Vernacular Names: All the Web | AltaVista Canada | AltaVista | Excite | Google | HotBot | Lycos
• Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books

Further Reading

• A dictionary of the flowering plants and ferns, by J. C. Willis. CambridgeThe University Press, 1919 url p. 501.
• A guide to the natural history of the Isle of Wight: a series of contributions by specialists relating to the various branches of natural history and kindred subjects / edited by Frank Morey. Newport, Isle of Wight: The County Press, 1909. url p. 160.
• A new British flora: British wild flowers in their natural haunts / described by A. R. Horwood; with sixty-four plates in colour representing 350 different plants, from drawings by J. N. Fitch and many illustrations from photographs. London: Gresham, 1919. url p. 126.
• A practical guide to garden plants, containing descriptions of the hardiest and most beautiful annuals and biennials, hardy herbaceous and bulbous perennials, hardy water and bog plants, flowering and ornamental trees and shrubs, conife London;Longmans, Green, 1901. url , , p. 539, p. 95.
• A survey and record of Woolwich and West Kent containing descriptions and records, brought up-to-date, of geology, botany, zoology, archaeology and industries of the district, with a brief photographic commentary, in commemoration of the 12th Ann General editors, C.H. Grinling, T.A. Ingram [and] B.C. Polkinghorne. Woolwich: Labour Representation Print. Co., 1909. url p. 144.
• Agricultural index. New York, H. W. Wilson Co. url p. 247, p. 831.
• An account of the flowering plants, ferns and allies of Harleston. With a sketch of the geology, climate, and natural characteristics of the neighbourhood. Compiled and edited by Francis William Galpin. To which are added Observations on the birds of the district, by Charles Candler. London, Bartlett, 1888. url p. 26.
• An illustrated encyclopaedia of gardening, by Walter P. Wright London, J. M. Dent & sons, ltd.; url p. 309.
• Anales de la Sociedad Española de Historia Natural. Madrid: La Sociedad, url p. 206, p. 206, p. 427, p. 97.
• Annual report Missouri Botanical Garden. 8 1897 St. Louis: Board of Trustees, 1890-1912. url p. 123, p. 196.
• Annual reports and proceedings of the Belfast Naturalists' Field Club. url p. 318, p. 694.
• British bee journal & bee-keepers adviser. London. url p. 183, p. 452, p. 50.
• British journal of entomology and natural history. [London]: British Entomological and Natural History Society, 1988- url p. 147.
• Catalogue of scientific papers (1800-1900) Comp. by the Royal society of London. Cambridge, C. J. Clay and sons, 1867-1902; url p. 866.
• Catalogue of scientific papers, 1800-1900. Compiled by the Royal Society of London. London, C.J. Clay and Sons, 1867-1902 [etc.] Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1914-25. url p. 866.
• Colour in my garden, by Louise Beebe Wilder. Illustrated in colour, by Anna Winegar. Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, Page, 1918. url p. 364.
• Cyclopedia of American horticulture, comprising suggestions for cultivation of horticultural plants, descriptions of the species of fruits, vegetables, flowers and ornamental plants sold in the United by L. H. Bailey. .. assisted by William Miller. .. and many expert cultivators and botanists. London: The Macmillan company, 1909. url p. 1284.
• English botany, or, Coloured figures of British plants / edited by John T. Boswell Syme; the popular portion by Mrs. Lankester; the figures by J. Sowerby, J. de C. Sowerby, J.W. Salter, and John Edward Sowerby. London: R. Hardwicke, 1863-1886. url p. 526.
• Flora of County Kerry: including the flowering plants, ferns, Characeae, &c. Dublin: Hodges, Figgis, 1916. url .
• Flora of Guernsey and the lesser Channel Islands: namely, Alderney, Sark, Herm, Jethou, and the adjacent islets. London, Dulau, 1901. url p. 111, p. 18, p. 367, p. 425.
• Flora of Plymouth: an account of the flowering plants and ferns found within twelve miles of the town; history of local botanical investigation. London, J. Van Voorst, 1880. url p. 209, p. 25, p. 252, p. 412.
• Flora of the Bristol coal-field. Edited (for the Bristol Naturalists' Society) by James Walter White. .. Bristol, J. Fawn & Son [etc.]1881-[86] url p. 96.
• Flora vectensis: being a systematic description of the phænogamous or flowering plants and ferns indigenous to the Isle of Wight. London, W. Pamplin, 1856. url .
• Florula Mortolensis. An enumeration of the plants growing wild at La Mortola. Ventimiglia, Billi, 1905. url .
• Flowers of the field. London, G. Routledge, 1908. url .
• Flowers of the field. London, Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge[186-?] url p. 364.
• Flowers of the field. Rev. throughout and edited by Clarence Elliott. With an appendix including the Pipe-wort tribe (Eriocauleae) the Sedge tribe (Cyperaceae) and the Grass tribe (Gramineae) LondonG. Routledge[n.d.] url p. 169.
• Garden and forest; a journal of horticulture, landscape art and forestry. New York: The Garden and forest publishing co., 1888-97. url , p. 74.
• Garden planning and planting / ed. by H. H. Thomas; with numerous illustrations from photographs and sketches. London; Cassell and company, ltd., 1910. url p. 110.
• Garden planning and planting / edited by H. H. Thomas. -- London; Cassell and company, 1910. url p. 110.
• Hand-list of herbaceous plants cultivated in the Royal Botanic Gardens. London, Printed for H. M. Stationery Off. by Darling, 1902. url p. 1181, p. 851.
• Handbook of flower pollination based upon Hermann Müller's work 'The fertilisation of flowers by insects'; tr. by J.R. Ainsworth Davis. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1906. url p. 90.
• Handbook of flower pollination: based upon Hermann Mu?ller's work 'The fertilisation of flowers by insects' / Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1906-09. url .
• Hardwicke's science-gossip: an illustrated medium of interchange and gossip for students and lovers of nature. London: Robert Hardwicke, 1866- url p. 139, p. 21, p. 287, p. 63, p. 67, p. 67, p. 95.
• Hardy flowers. Descriptions of upwards of thirteen hundred of the most ornamental species, with directions for their arrangement, culture, etc.. .. By W. Robinson. London, Macmillan, 1878. url p. 197.
• How to find and name wild flowers; being a new method of observing and identifying upwards of 1, 200 species of flowering plants in the British isles; with an introduction by F.E. hulme. .. illustrated by the author, and with four autochrome plates by H. Essenhigh Corke. .. London, Cassell[1906-1930] url p. 219.
• Irish ethno-botany and the evolution of medicine in Ireland. Dublin, M. H. Gill, 1919. url , p. 94.
• Johnson's Gardeners' dictionary and cultural instructor. London, A. T. De La Mare printing and publishing co., ltd.[1916] url p. 883.
• Journal of botany, British and foreign. London: Robert Hardwicke, 1863-1942. url p. 12, p. 214, p. 239, p. 253, p. 254, p. 26, p. 260, p. 260, p. 271, p. 282, p. 289, p. 29, p. 301, p. 309, p. 330, p. 341, p. 376, p. 386, p. 44, p. 49, p. 82.
• Journal of conchology. London: D. Bogue. url p. 198.
• Knowledge. v. 1-40; Nov. 1881-Dec. 1917. LondonWyman [etc.] url p. 162.
• Lists of plant types for landscape planting; the materials of planting for ornament listed according to their various uses, by Stephen F. Hamblin. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1923. url , , , , , p. 111, p. 127, p. 147, p. 150, p. 86, p. 99.
• Midland naturalist. London: Hardwicke and Bogue, 1878- url p. 93.
• Monthly microscopical journal: transactions of the Royal Microscopical Society, and record of histological research at home and abroad. London, R. Hardwicke, 1869-1877. url p. 236, p. 293.
• My garden in spring, by E. A. Bowles. New York: Dodge Pub. Co., [1914] url p. 158.
• Nature. London, Macmillan. url p. 365.
• Nicholson, G. The illustrated dictionary of gardening: a practical and scientific encyclopædia of horticulture for gardeners and botanists /edited by George Nicholson; assisted by J.W.H. Trail. .. and J. Garrett. .. 9 1884 London: L.U. Gill, [1884]-88. url p. 388, p. 402, p. 432, p. 481, p. 84.
• Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. 2 1902 Edinburgh: H. M. Stationery Off. url p. 164, p. 336, p. 341, p. 376, p. 406.
• Odorographia: a natural history of raw materials and drugs used in the perfume industry: intended to serve growers, manufacturers and consumers / by J. Ch. Sawer. London: Gurney & Jackson, 1892-1894. url p. 187, p. 381.
• Proceedings - Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society. Dorchester, Eng. url p. 37.
• Proceedings of the Bristol Naturalists' Society. Bristol: The Society, 1863-1912. url p. 148, p. 281, p. 67.
• Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, 1841- url p. 178, p. 407.
• Proceedings of the South London Entomological & Natural History Society. London [Eng]: South London Entomological and Natural history Society, [1897-1933] url p. 116, p. 121.
• Quarterly journal of microscopical science. London, J. and A. Churchill [etc.] url p. 215.
• Rambles of a naturalist round Folkestone: with occasional papers on the fauna and flora of the district, to which are added lists of plants, lepidoptera, birds, and land and freshwater shells / by Henry Ullyett. Folkestone: J. English, 1880. url p. 6.
• Science-gossip. Berlin: R. Friedländer & Sohn, [1894]-1902. url p. 287, p. 343.
• Standardized plant names; a catalogue of approved scientific and common names of plants in American commerce. Salem, Mass., 1923. url p. 52.
• Textbook of theoretical botany, by R. C. McLean and W. R. Ivimey-Cook. London, Longmans, Green[1951- url p. 1954, p. 1959, p. 2181.
• The American florist: a weekly journal for the trade. Chicago: American Florist Company, [1885-1931] url p. 489.
• The Annals and magazine of natural history; zoology, botany, and geology being a continuation of the Annals combined with Loudon and Charlesworth's Magazine of Natural History. London, Taylor and Francis, Ltd. url p. 328.
• The Annals of Scottish natural history. Edinburgh: David Douglas, 1892-1911. url p. 103, p. 110, p. 113, p. 228, p. 34, p. 47.
• The English flower garden and home grounds: design and arrangement followed by a description of the plants, shrubs and trees for the open-air garden and their culture / by W. Robinson. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1921. url p. 618.
• The English flower garden, with illustrative notes. By Henry A. Bright. .. London, Macmillan and co., 1881. url p. 33.
• The Florists' exchange: a weekly medium of interchange for florists, nurserymen, seedsmen and the trade in general. New York, N.Y.: [A.T. De la Mare Ptg. and Pub. Co., url p. 270.
• The Garden: an illustrated weekly journal of gardening in all its branches. London: [s.n., url , , , , , , p. 112, p. 113, p. 126, p. 145, p. 154, p. 204, p. 218, p. 239, p. 275, p. 311, p. 34, p. 40, p. 46, p. 478, p. 53, p. 53, p. 548, p. 6, p. 606, p. 624, p. 63, p. 65, p. 656, p. 75, p. 89, p. 90.
• The Gardener's monthly and horticultural advertiser. Philadelphia [Pa.: s.n.1859-1875] url p. 95.
• The Gardeners' chronicle and agricultural gazette. London: published for the proprietors, 1844-1873. url p. 1583, p. 378, p. 79.
• The Gardeners' chronicle: a weekly illustrated journal of horticulture and allied subjects. London: [Gardeners Chronicle], 1874-1955. url , , , , , , p. 106, p. 107, p. 123, p. 129, p. 147, p. 161, p. 166, p. 172, p. 183, p. 193, p. 196, p. 209, p. 213, p. 214, p. 228, p. 246, p. 252, p. 277, p. 33, p. 34, p. 345, p. 399, p. 420, p. 432, p. 441, p. 446, p. 47, p. 489, p. 54, p. 63, p. 78, p. 80, p. 85, p. 90, p. 91, p. 96.
• The Illustrated dictionary of gardening: a practical and scientific encyclopaedia of horticulture for gardeners and botanists / edited by George Nicholson. ..; assisted by J.W.H. Trail. .. and J. Garrett. ... London: L. Upcott Gill; 1887-1889. url p. 369, p. 376, p. 388, p. 432.
• The Irish naturalist. Dublin: Eason & Son, Ltd., 1892- url p. 172, p. 177, p. 181, p. 188, p. 189, p. 270, p. 32, p. 47, p. 52, p. 8, p. 9, p. 90.
• The Journal of horticulture, cottage gardener and country gentlemen. London: George W. Johnson and Robert Hogg, 1861-1877. url p. 230.
• The Journal of the Linnean Society. Botany. 43 1915-17 London: the Society: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts & Green: ||Williams and Norgate, 1865-1968. url p. 549.
• The Land's End, a naturalist's impressions in west Cornwall, New York, D. Appleton and company, 1908. url p. 279, p. 322.
• The Land's End: a naturalist's impressions in West Cornwall / by W. H. Hudson; with forty-nine illustrations by A. L. Collins. London: Hutchinson & Co., 1908. url p. 279, p. 322.
• The Naturalist. 1893 [Doncaster: Yorkshire Naturalists' Union], 1874- url p. 328, p. 344, p. 85, p. 96.
• The Phytologist: a popular botanical miscellany. London, John van Voorst, 1844-56. url p. 1068, p. 64, p. 847.
• The Scottish naturalist. Perth [etc.]: Cowan & Co. [etc.], url p. 253.
• The Victoria history of Berkshire. edited by P.H. Ditchfield and William Page. [LondonConstable]1906-1923 url p. 58.
• The Victoria history of the county of Kent; ed. by William Page. London, Constable, 1908- url p. 58.
• The book of hardy flowers; a simple and complete descriptive guide to the cultivation in gardens of the trees and shrubs, perennial and annual flowers, that are hardy, or are suitable for planting out-of-doors in summer in temp Ed. by H. H. Thomas. .. Beautifully illustrated with thirty-two direct color photographs by H. Essenhigh Corke and sixty-four half-tone plates. 1915 New York, Funk & Wagnalls company; [etc., etc.][1915] url p. 328, p. 451.
• The flora of Berkshire; being a topographical and historical account of the flowering plants and ferns found in the county, with short biographical notices of the botanists who have contributed to Berkshire botany during the Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1897. url p. 199, p. 80.
• The flora of Suffolk a topographical enumeration of the plants of the county, showing the results of former observations and of the most recent researches / by W.M. Hind; assisted by Churchill Babington; with an introductory chapter of the geology, climate and meteorology of Suffolk by Wheelton Hind. London: Gurney and Jackson, 1889. url p. 486.
• The standard cyclopedia of horticulture; a discussion, for the amateur, and the professional and commercial grower, of the kinds, characteristics and methods of cultivation of the species of plants grown in the regions of the United States a Illustrated with colored plates, four thousand engravings in the text, and ninety-six full-page cuts. New York, Macmillan, 1919 [c1914] url p. 3599.
• The transactions of the Yorkshire Naturalists' Union. Leeds [etc.] url p. 229.
• Transactions and proceedings of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh. [Edinburgh]: The Society, 1891-1970. url , , , p. 158, p. 158, p. 164, p. 164, p. 294, p. 294, p. 357, p. 357, p. 42, p. 471, p. 5.
• Transactions of the Edinburgh Field Naturalists' and Microscopical Society. [Edinburgh]: The Club, 1891- url p. 138, p. 457.
• Villa gardening: a handbook for amateur and practical gardeners / by Edward Hobday. London; MacMillan, 1887. url p. 90.
• Wood and garden; notes and thoughts, practical and critical, of a working amateur, London, Longmans, Green, 1910. url p. 258.
• Cherniawsky, D. M. and R. J. Bayer. 1998c. Systematics of North American Petasites (Asteraceae: Senecioneae). III. A taxonomic revision. Canad. J. Bot. 76: 20612075.
• Toman, J. 1972. A taxonomic survey of the genera Petasites and Endocellion. Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 7: 381406.

Notes

Contributors

• GCC: Global Compositae Checklist. Release date: November 18, 2009
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed February 16, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 6 providers.
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal February 16, 2008:

• Australian National Herbarium
• , Australian National Herbarium
• Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
• Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum, Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Botanical Society of the British Isles - Vascular Plants Database

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 1672857
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Ast-13095
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 4988207
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:142894-3
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 880403

Footnotes

1. Randall J. Bayer, A. Linn Bogle, Donna M. Cherniawsky "Petasites". in Flora of North America Vol. 20 Page 541, 542, 543, 635, 636, 637. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Standard Deviation = 118.100 based on 4,808 observations. Terrestrial altitude and ocean depth information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.