Persea borbonia

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Lauraceae

Shrubs to tall trees , evergreen or rarely deciduous ( Cassytha a parasitic vine with leaves reduced to scales ), usually aromatic . Leaves alternate, rarely whorled or opposite, simple , without stipules, petiolate . Leaf blade : unlobed (unlobed or lobed in Sassafras ), margins entire, occasionally with domatia (crevices or hollows serving as lodging for mites ) in axils of main lateral veins (in Cinnamomum ) . Inflorescences in axils of leaves or deciduous bracts, panicles (rarely heads ), racemes , compound cymes, or pseudoumbels (spikes in Cassytha ), sometimes enclosed by decussate bracts. Flowers bisexual or unisexual , bisexual only, or staminate and pistillate on different plants , or staminate and bisexual on some plants, pistillate and bisexual on others; flowers usually yellow to greenish or white, rarely reddish; hypanthium well developed, resembling calyx tube , tepals and stamens perigynous; tepals 6(-9), in 2(-3) whorls of 3, sepaloid , equal or rarely unequal, if unequal then usually outer 3 smaller than inner 3 (occasionally absent in Litsea ) ; stamens (3-) 9(-12), in whorls of 3, but 1 or more whorls frequently staminodial or absent; stamens of 3d whorl with 2 glands near base ; anthers 2- or 4-locular, locules opening by valves ; pistil 1, 1-carpellate; ovary 1-locular; placentation basal; ovule 1; stigma subsessile , discoid or capitate. Fruits drupes, drupe borne on pedicel with or without persistent tepals at base, or seated in ± deeply cup-shaped receptacle (cupule), or enclosed in accrescent floral tube . Seed 1; endosperm absent.

Genera ca. 50, species 2000-3000 (9 genera, 13 species in the flora ) : pantropical , a few species also in subtropical and temperate regions

Cassytha is sometimes placed in its own family , Cassythaceae; it is here retained in Lauraceae.[1]

Genus Persea

Shrubs to medium-sized trees , evergreen . Bark reddish brown, thin, fissured . Leaves alternate, aromatic . Leaf blade pinnately veined; surfaces pubescent , especially abaxially, becoming glabrescent with age; domatia absent. Inflorescence appearing when mature leaves are present, axillary , flowers in pedunculate , compound cymes. Flowers bisexual ; tepals persistent , yellowish, pubescent, outer tepals slightly shorter than inner; stamens 9, anthers 4-locular, 4-valved, anthers of outer 6 stamens introrse , anthers of inner 3 latrorse ; staminodes 3, sagittate ; ovary nearly globose . Drupe dark blue to black, nearly globose, borne on pedicel with tepals persistent at base ; cupule absent. x = 12.

Species ca. 150: tropical and subtropical regions, Western Hemisphere.

Pubescence type and density are the most reliable characteristics in identifying species and are best seen on young leaves and branches.[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

In hammocks , mixed hardwoods , coastal dunes, maritime forests ; outer Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains , rarely in the Piedmont; 0-100 m [3].

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 280 meters (0 to 919 feet).[4]

Biology

Growth

Culture: Space 20-30' apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 5.1 • Maximum pH: 7.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b, 11. (map)

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Laurus borbonia Linnaeus • Persea littoralis Small • Tamala borbonia (Linnaeus) Rafinesque • Tamala littoralis (Small) Small

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Similar Species

Members of the genus Persea

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 26 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

P. americana (Abacate) · P. americana var. americana (West-Indian Avocado) · P. americana var. drymifolia (Mexican Avocado) · P. americana var. Lulu (Avocado) · P. americana var. nubigena (Guatemalan Avocado) · P. americana 'Bernecker' (Alligator Pear) · P. americana 'Brogdon' (Alligator Pear) · P. americana 'Choquette' (Alligator Pear) · P. americana 'Emerald' (Avocado) · P. americana 'Knowles' (Avocado) · P. americana 'Lula' (Alligator Pear) · P. americana 'Miguel' (Alligator Pear) · P. americana 'Simmonds' (Alligator Pear) · P. borbonia (Florida Mahogany) · P. borbonia borbonia (Red-Tip Bay) · P. cubeba (Mountain-Pepper) · P. humilis (Scrub Bay) · P. indica (Vi) · P. krugii (Canela) · P. lingue (Lingue) · P. membranacea (Sweetwood) · P. nubigena (Guatemalan Avocado) · P. nubigena var. guatemalensis (Guatemalan Avocado) · P. palustris (Red Bay) · P. schiedeana (Aguacatillo) · P. urbaniana (Aquacatillo)

More Info

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Further Reading

• A survey of natural areas in Brunswick County, North Carolina: for The North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Coastal Natural Area Inventory Project / Raleigh: North Carolina Coastal Energy Impact Program, Office of Coastal Management, North Carolina Dept. of Natural Resources and Community Development, [1982?] url , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , p. 7.
• A survey of natural areas in Tyrrell County, North Carolina: for The North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Coastal Natural Area Inventory Project / Raleigh: North Carolina Coastal Energy Impact Program, Office of Coastal Management, North Carolina Dept. of Natural Resources and Community Development, [1982?] url p. 26, p. 28, p. 31, p. 35, p. 37, p. 40, p. 57, p. 65, p. 69, p. 70, p. 8, p. 83, p. 91.
• A working plan for forest lands in Berkeley County, South Carolina. By Charles S. Chapman. Washington, Gov't print. off., 1905. url p. 46.
• American forest trees, by Henry H. Gibson; ed. by Hu Maxwell. Chicago, Hardwood record, 1913. url , p. 13, p. 531.
• American forest trees; edited by Hu Maxwell. ChicagoHardwood Record1913 url , p. 531.
• An outline of plant geography, by Douglas Houghton Campbell. New York, The Macmillan company, 1926. url p. 101.
• Annals of the Entomological Society of America. [College Park, Md., etc.]: Entomological Society of America. url p. 361.
• Annual report / Albany: University of the State of New York, 1902-1918. url p. 87.
• Bartonia;proceedings of the Philadelphia botanical club. .. 47 - 51 1980 - 19 Philadelphia, Philadelphia Botanical Club, Academy of Natural Sciences. url p. 102, p. 29.
• Beekeeping; a discussion of the life of the honeybee and of the production of honey, by Everett Franklin Phillips. London, Macmillan & Co., 1918. url p. 389.
• Biggle bee book a swarm of facts on practical bee-keeping, carefully hived / by Jacob Biggle. Philadelphia: W. Atkinson Co., 1909. url .
• Biosphere Reserves, Compilation 5, October 1990: programme on man and the biosphere (MAB) IUCN url p. 141.
• Bulletin / Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology. Washington: G.P.O., 1901-1971. url p. 209.
• Bulletin of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. [Washington, D.C.?]: Supt. of Docs., G.P.O., 1913-1923. url , , p. 19.
• Carnegie Institution of Washington publication. Washington, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1902- url p. 48.
• Check list of the forest trees of the United States: their names and ranges / by George B. Sudworth. Washington, D.C.: Dept. of Agriculture, Forestry Division, 1898. url p. 119.
• Classification of wetlands and deepwater habitats of the United States / by Lewis M. Cowardin. .. [et al.]. Washington, D.C.: Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1979. url p. 23, p. 38.
• Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 13 1909-1912 Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1890- url p. 341, p. 364, p. 449, p. 518, p. 573.
• Contributions from the University of Michigan Herbarium. 9 1972 Ann Arbor: University Herbarium, University of Michigan, 1939- url p. 568, p. 593, p. 619.
• Cooperative economic insect report. Hyattsville, MD. [etc.]Plant Protection and Quarantine Programs Animal and Plant Health Service. url p. 106, p. 241, p. 35, p. 556.
• Ecology and behavior of the Manatee (Trichechus manatus) in Florida / by Daniel S. Hartman. [Pittsburgh, Pa.]: American Society of Mammalogists, 1979. url p. 2, p. 5.
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• FWS/0BS. [Washington]Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Dept. of the Interior. url p. 112, p. 114, p. 120, p. 121, p. 127, p. 21, p. 21, p. 23, p. 36, p. 36, p. 39, p. 440, p. 76, p. 92.
• Field manual of trees; including southern Canada and the northern United States to the southern boundary of Virginia, Kentucky and Missouri, westward to the limits of the prairie, by John H. Schaffner. Columbus, Ohio, R. G. Adams, 1922. url p. 56.
• Flood tolerance of plant species in bottomland forests of the southeastern United States / 1992. url p. 176, p. 177, p. 181, p. 182, p. 183, p. 184, p. 185, p. 188, p. 192, p. 197.
• Forest vegetation in Maryland / Baltimore: The Department, 1974. url p. 62.
• Forestry quarterly. Ithaca, N.Y. [etc.] url p. 529.
• Great Basin naturalist memoirs. 1982 [Provo, Utah]Brigham Young University, 1976-1992. url p. 246, p. 887, p. 888, p. 910.
• Heteroptera, or true bugs of eastern North America, with especial reference to the faunas of Indiana and Florida, by W.S. Blatchley. .. Indianapolis, The Nature publishing company, 1926. url p. 215, p. 330.
• How to keep bees for profit, New York, The Macmillan company, 1918. url p. 305.
• IUCN Directory of Neotropical Protected Areas IUCN url p. 357.
• Inland wetlands of the United States: evaluated as potential registered natural landmarks / Richard H. Goodwin, William A. Niering. [Washington]: National Park Service: may be purchased from the Supt. of Docs., Govt. Print. Off., 1975. url p. 96.
• Journal of the New York Entomological Society. Lawrence, Kan.: Allen Press [etc.] url p. 249, p. 260.
• Museum bulletin / Albany, N.Y.: University of the State of New York, 1908-1916. url p. 87.
• Native woody plants of the United States, their erosion-control and wildlife values. Washington, U. S. Govt. print. off., 1938. url , , , , , , p. 180, p. 269.
• Natural area inventory of Hyde County, North Carolina / [Raleigh]: North Carolina Coastal Energy Impact Program, Office of Coastal Management, North Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Community Development, 1982. url p. 107, p. 112, p. 123, p. 138, p. 151, p. 183, p. 19, p. 190, p. 198, p. 202, p. 37, p. 45, p. 65, p. 85, p. 92, p. 99.
• Natural area inventory of Pamlico County, North Carolina / [Raleigh]: North Carolina Coastal Energy Impact Program, Office of Coastal Management, North Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Community Development, 1982. url p. 102, p. 103, p. 104, p. 109, p. 20, p. 38, p. 39, p. 41, p. 46, p. 55, p. 69, p. 78, p. 87.
• Natural area inventory of Pender County, North Carolina / Raleigh: North Carolina Coastal Energy Impact Program, Office of Coastal Management, North Carolina Dept. of Natural Resources and Community Development, [1982?] url p. 102, p. 116, p. 12, p. 129, p. 143, p. 156, p. 20, p. 42, p. 59, p. 71, p. 72, p. 74, p. 88, p. 97.
• Natural area inventory of Washington County, North Carolina / [Raleigh]: North Carolina Coastal Energy Impact Program, Office of Coastal Management, North Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Community Development, 1982. url p. 113, p. 120, p. 133, p. 134, p. 143, p. 39, p. 60, p. 90, p. 98.
• Natural areas inventory of Carteret County, North Carolina: for the North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Coastal Natural Area Inventory Project / [Raleigh]: N.C. Coastal Energy Impact Program, Office of Coastal Management, N.C. Dept. of Natural Resources and Community Development, [1983]. url p. 107, p. 136, p. 140, p. 141, p. 163, p. 173, p. 181, p. 186, p. 210, p. 234.
• Natural areas inventory, Gates County, North Carolina / Raleigh: North Carolina Coastal Energy Impact Program, Office of Coastal Management, North Carolina Dept. of Natural Resources and Community Development, [1982] url p. 171, p. 172, p. 199, p. 200, p. 44.
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• Pamphlets on forestry in Texas. [1900?- url p. 142.
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• Plant life of Alabama, an account of the distribution, modes of association, and adaptations of the flora of Alabama, together with a systematic catalogue of the plants growing in the state. By Charles Mohr. .. Montgomery, Ala., Brown printing co., 1901. url p. 518.
• Plant life of Alabama. An account of the distribution, modes of association, and adaptations of the flora of Alabama, together with a systematic catalogue of the plants growing in the state. Prepared in cooperationwith the Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1901. url .
• Plant life of Alabama: an account of the distribution, modes of association, and adaptations of the flora of Alabama, together with a systematic catalogue of the plants growing in the state / by Charles Mohr. Montgomery, Ala.: Brown Printing Co., 1901. url p. 518.
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Notes

Contributors

• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed March 27, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 22, 2007:

• Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden Virtual Herbarium Darwin Core format
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
• University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2645109
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-18149
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13729078
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:467947-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 27396
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 18149
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDLAU0B020
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: TABO3
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 52216

Footnotes

1. Henk van der Werff "Lauraceae". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. B. Eugene Wofford "Persea". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. "Persea borbonia". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
4. Mean = 32.580 meters (106.890 feet), Standard Deviation = 80.610 based on 236 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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