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Passiflora edulis

(Byron Beauty Hybrid Passionflower, Granadilla, Maracuja, Maracuya, Parcha, Passion Fruit, Passionflower, Passionfruit, Purple Granadilla, Qarandila)

Overview:

Vine from Brazil with tendrils and showy, crowned flowers; time of introduction unknown but already escaped into the woods of East Maui by 1888. Grown for its flavorful fruits. Each seed is enclosed in a juicy, sheath-like aril that originates from the funiculus (seed stalk).

Another form with yellow fruits, P. edulis f. flavicarpa Deg., was first planted in Hawaii on Pensacola St. in 1931.

Conservation Status

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Population Analysis

  • For the 835,580 species in the Class Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons), we average 4.30 observations each in our database; for the Byron Beauty Hybrid Passionflower, we have 232 observations. Compared to other species in this Class, this species is moderately common.
  • A two-sample t-test can be used to determine whether the trend in observations of the Byron Beauty Hybrid Passionflower is the same as the trend in observations of Magnoliopsida. Is this species just as common, as a proportion of all observations, as it once was? The answer is yes, changes in observation rate of this species do not significantly differ from changes in observation rate of its Class.

Taxonomy

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  • Domain: Eukaryota Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
    • Kingdom: Plantae Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
      • Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae Cavalier-Smith, 1981 - Green Plants
        • Phylum: Tracheophyta Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
          • Subphylum: Spermatophytina (auct.) Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Seed Plants
            • Infraphylum: Angiospermae auct.
              • Class: Magnoliopsida Brongniart, 1843 - Dicotyledons
                • Subclass: Dilleniidae Takhtajan, 1967
                  • Superorder: Violanae R. Dahlgren ex Reveal, 1992
                    • Order: Passiflorales Dumortier, 1829
                      • Family: Passifloraceae (pass-iff-FLOR-uh) A.L. de Jussieu ex Kunth, 1817 - Passion-Flower Family
                        • Subfamily: Pyroideae
                          • Tribe: Maleae
                            • Genus: Passiflora (pass-iff-FLOR-uh) Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 955. 1753. - Passionflower
                              • Specific epithet: edulis Sims
                                • Botanical name: Passiflora edulis Sims

Notes:

Name Status: Accepted Name. Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication: Bot. Mag. 45: t. 1989. 1818

Name verified on 12-May-1992 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 25-Jun-2007

Physical Description

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Family Passifloraceae:

Climbing herbs or lianas with axillary tendrils, rarely shrubs or trees, vegetative ramification through a supra-axillary bud. Leaves alternate (rarely subopposite), spirally arranged, simple or rarely compound, stipulate or not, petiolate, petiole or base of blade often with 1 to many glands; leaf blade entire or lobed, venation pinnate or palmate, often with glands on margin and abaxial surface. Inflorescence cymose, axillary, sessile or pedunculate, primary axis often a tendril, secondary axis often reduced; bracts minute to foliaceous, sometimes glandular. Pedicels articulate distal to bracts. Flowers mostly actinomorphic, bisexual, functionally unisexual, or polygamous; perianth persistent, segments free or partially fused at base. Sepals (3-) 5(or 6) . Petals (3-) 5(or 6), imbricate. Corona inserted on hypanthium, composed of filaments or hairs often in multiple series. Stamens (4 or) 5(-60), inserted on androgynophore or at base of hypanthium; filaments free to base or sometimes partially fused; anthers dorsifixed, 2-celled, dehiscing via longitudinal slits, sometimes with apical appendage. Ovary (1-) 3(-5) -carpellate, superior, 1-loculed, sessile or stipitate on elongate androgynophore; placentation parietal; ovules many, anatropous; styles (1-) 3(-5), free to partially fused at base; stigmas globose, capitate, papillate, or divided. Fruit a berry or loculicidally 3(-5) -valved capsule. Seeds numerous, compressed, often beaked, enclosed by fleshy aril; testa reticulate or pitted; endosperm copious, oily; embryo straight; cotyledons foliaceous.

About 16 genera and 660 species: mainly in tropical and subtropical areas, particularly diverse in the New World tropics; two genera and 23 species (seven endemic, seven introduced) in China.[1]

Genus Passiflora:

Herbaceous or woody perennial vines, rarely shrubs or trees. Leaves simple or rarely compound, alternate (subopposite in one species), entire or dissected, petiolate, usually with extra-floral nectaries on petiole and/or blade; stipules linear to leaflike, often glandular. Inflorescence axillary, cymose; peduncle often highly reduced or absent, central axis developed into a tendril, secondary axes often highly reduced to 1 or 2 flowers; bracts minute to foliaceous, sometimes glandular. Flowers bisexual (rarely plants dioecious) . Hypanthium broad to campanulate. Sepals 5, often petaloid, sometimes with a subapical projection. Petals 5 (rarely absent) . Corona present at base of perianth in one to several series of showy filaments; innermost series (operculum) membranous, partially to entirely fused, margin entire or fimbriate, often incurved over nectar chamber; extra-staminal nectariferous disk (limen) present around base of androgynophore, fused to base of hypanthium. Stamens (4 or) 5(-8) ; filaments free (rarely connate into a tube around ovary) ; anthers linear or oblong, dorsifixed, versatile. Ovary on androgynophore, stipitate or sessile, 3(-5) -carpellate; styles 3(-5), free; stigmas capitate. Fruit a berry (rarely a dehiscent capsule) . Seeds arillate, compressed, testa pitted; endosperm oily, abundant; embryo straight; cotyledons elliptic or oblong-elliptic; germination epigeal (rarely hypogeal) .

About 520 species: mainly in tropical America and tropical Asia; 20 species (seven endemic, seven introduced) in China.[2]

Habit: Vine

Flowers: Flower Color: lavender, light blue, near white, violet, white

Images:

Distribution

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Range and Population

cultivated in Europe, probably from seeds sent from Brazil, Brazil (Southern America)

Caribbean

Native: .

Reproduction

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Duration: Perennial

Growth

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Culture: Space 4-6' apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 6.1 • Maximum pH: 7.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun.

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b. (map)

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Passiflora:

There are approximately 1,428 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them: P. pedata stipularis · P. alato-caerulea · P. belottii · P. buonapartea · P. caponii · P. colvillei · P. decaisneana · P. innesii · P. kewensis · P. lawsoniana · P. lemicheziana · P. loudoni · P. 'Aafje' (Passionflower) · P. 'Adularia' (Passion Flower) · P. 'Allardii' (Passion Flower) · P. 'Allspice' (Passion Flower) · P. 'Amethyst' · P. 'Anastasia' · P. 'Andy' (Passionflower) · P. 'Anemona' · P. 'Angelo Blu' · P. 'Anna Christine' · P. 'Anna' · P. 'Aragorn' (Passionflower) · P. 'Aurora' · P. 'Barborea' · P. 'Blaumilch' (Passion Flower) · P. 'Blue Bird' · P. 'Blue Bouquet' (Blue Bouquet Passionflower) · P. 'Blue Carnival' · P. 'Blue Eyed Susan' (Passion Flower) · P. 'Blue Horizon' (Passion Flower) · P. 'Blue Moon' · P. 'Byron Beauty' (Byron Beauty Passionflower) · P. 'Cacita' · P. 'Coordination' · P. 'Coral Glow' (Passion Flower) · P. 'Crimson Tears' (Passion Flower) · P. 'Crimson Trees' · P. 'Curiosa' · P. 'Dakota Ransom' (Passion Flower) · P. 'Debby' · P. 'Donna Brigham' (Passion Flower) · P. 'Eclipse' · P. 'Eden' · P. 'Elizabeth' (Passion Flower) · P. 'Empress Eugenie' · P. 'Enigma' · P. 'Erik' · P. 'Evatoria' · P. 'Everywhere' · P. 'Excel' · P. 'Fairylights' · P. 'Fledermouse' (Passion Flower) · P. 'Flying V' (Passionflower) · P. 'Golden Glow' · P. 'Grace Ann' · P. 'Hartwiesiana' · P. 'Hematite' · P. 'Hil Pas Eden' · P. 'Indigo Dream' (Passion Flower) · P. 'Inspiration' (Passion Flower) · P. 'Inverleith' · P. 'Jeanette' (Jeanette Passionflower) · P. 'Jelly Joker' · P. 'Joan Marie' · P. 'Kate Adie' · P. 'Lady Margaret' (Passion Flower) · P. 'Lavender Lady' (Amethyst Passion Flower) · P. 'Lilac Lady' · P. 'Lucia' · P. 'Maria' · P. 'Marie' (Passion Flower) · P. 'Mary Jane' (Passionflower) · P. 'Mavis Mastics' · P. 'Maxim' · P. 'Miranda' · P. 'New Incense' · P. 'Oriental Sunset' · P. 'Panama Red' (Passion Flower) · P. 'P. Cinnabarina' (Passion Flower) · P. 'Perfume' · P. 'Peter Lawerence' · P. 'Peter Lawrence' (Passion Flower) · P. 'Pink Jewel' · P. 'Pink Nightmare' · P. 'Pink Polka Dot' · P. 'Pink Promenade' · P. 'Piresii' (Passion Flower) · P. 'Pura Vida 1' · P. 'Pura Vida 2' · P. 'Pura Vida 7' · P. 'Pura Vida Purple' (Passion Flower) · P. 'Pura Vida' (Passion Flower) · P.'Pura-Vida' (Passion Flower) · P. 'Purple Gem' (Passion Flower) · P. 'Purple Haze' (Passion Flower) · P. 'Purple Passion' · P. 'Purple Rain' · P. 'Purple Tiger' (Passion Flower)

Bibliography

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  • Bao Shihying. 1999. Passifloraceae. In: Ku Tsuechih, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 52(1): 97-120.
  • Harling, G. & B. Sparre, eds. 1973–. Flora of Ecuador. (F Ecuador) 31:101.
  • Henderson, L. 2001. Alien weeds and invasive plants: a complete guide to declared weeds and invaders in South Africa. Plant Protection Research Institute, Handbook 12. (Weeds SAfr 2001)
  • Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening. (Dict Gard)
  • IPGRI. New World Fruits Database - on-line resource. (New World Fruits)
  • Killip, The American Species of Passifloraceae (Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 19(1-2): 1-331, 333-613. 1938);
  • Kunkel, G. 1984. Plants for human consumption. (L Edible Pl)
  • McGuffin, M. et al., eds. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2. (Herbs Commerce ed2)
  • McVaugh, R. 1983–. Flora Novo-Galiciana. (F NGalicia)
  • Reitz, R., ed. 1965–. Flora ilustrada catarinense. (F SCatarin)
  • Ulmer, T. & J. M. MacDougal. 2004. Passiflora: passionflowers of the world. (Passiflora World) 288–289.
  • Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plant species of the world: a reference guide to environmental weeds. (Invasive Pl Spec)
  • Zuloaga, F. O. & O. Morrone, eds. 1996. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de la República Argentina. I. Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae y Angiospermae (Monocotyledonae), II. Dicotyledonae. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 60, 74., 1999 (L Argent)
  • de Wilde, A monograph of the genus Adenia Forsk. (Passifloraceae) (Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 71(18): 1-281. 1971)
  • de Wilde, The Indigenous Old World Passifloras (Blumea 20: 227-250. 1973 ["1972"]).

More Info

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Notes

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Contributors:

  • Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
  • Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed December 01, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 24 providers.
  • USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 30, 2008)

Data Sources:

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal December 01, 2007:

Identifiers:

Footnotes:

  1. Yinzheng Wang, Shawn E. Krosnick, Peter Møller Jørgensen & David Hearn "Passifloraceae". in Flora of China Vol. 13 Page 141. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  2. Yinzheng Wang, Shawn E. Krosnick & Peter Møller Jørgensen "Passiflora". in Flora of China Vol. 13 Page 141. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.

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Last Revised: May 15, 2008