Oenothera laciniata

• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Common Names

Description

Family Onagraceae

Annual or perennial herbs, or shrubs , rarely trees to 30 m tall, often with epidermal oil cells , usually with internal phloem . Leaves simple , spirally arranged , opposite, or occasionally whorled , entire or toothed to pinnatifid ; stipules present and usually caducous , or absent. Flowers perfect and hermaphroditic or occasionally unisexual , actinomorphic or zygomorphic, (2-) 4(-7) -merous, axillary , in leafy spikes or racemes or solitary, or occasionally in panicles, all but Ludwigia with distinct floral tube , nectariferous within. Sepals green or colored , valvate . Petals as many as sepals or rarely absent, variously colored, imbricate or convolute and occasionally clawed. Stamens as many as sepals in one series or 2 × as many as sepals in 2 series [in Lopezia Cavanilles reduced to 2 or 1 plus 1 sterile staminode]; anthers versatile or basifixed , dithecal , sometimes cross-partitioned, opening by longitudinal slits; pollen grains almost always united by viscin threads, shed as monads , tetrads , or polyads . Ovary inferior, with as many carpels and locules as sepals, septa sometimes thin or absent at maturity; placentation axile or parietal , ovules 1 to many per locule, in 1 or several rows or clustered, anatropous , bitegmic; style 1; stigma with as many lobes as sepals or clavate to globose . Fruit a loculicidal capsule or indehiscent nut or berry. Seeds small, smooth or variously sculptured , sometimes with a coma [or wing], with straight oily embryo, endosperm lacking.

Seventeen genera and ca. 650 species: widespread in temperate and subtropical areas, but best represented in W North America; six genera (two introduced ), 64 species (11 endemic, 11 introduced), and five natural hybrids (two endemic) in China.

Onagraceae are a well-defined, monophyletic family in the order Myrtales, with a sister relationship to Lythraceae. Within the order Myrtales, the Onagraceae are distinguished by a number of features including (1) a distinctive 4-nucleate embryo sac; (2) abundant raphides in vegetative cells ; (3) paracrystalline beaded pollen ektexine; and (4) pollen with viscin threads.

Some species of Oenothera are grown for the oil in their seeds, which contains gamma linolenic acid (GLA), used for medicinal purposes. Several species of Onagraceae also are cultivated in China for their horticultural value, including species of Fuchsia Linnaeus (generally distinguished by having large, tubular , red or orange flowers and fleshy berries ) and Clarkia Pursh (distinguished by having stigmas with commissural lobes with dry, unicellular papillae, and dry, elongate capsules similar to those of Epilobium but lacking comas on the seeds) . The most commonly cultivated Fuchsia is F. ×hybrida Hort. and the related F. magellanica Lamarck in F. sect. Quelusia (Vandelli) Candolle from South America; F. triphylla Linnaeus, in F. sect. Fuchsia, from Hispaniola, is known from only one gathering in Fujian. Similarly, Clarkia amoena (Lehmann) A. Nelson & J. F. Macbride is widely cultivated in China, whereas C. pulchella Pursh is known from only one gathering in Xizang; both species are native to W North America. There are no naturalized species of either Clarkia or Fuchsia in China.[1]

Genus Oenothera

Annual , biennial or perennial herbs, caulescent or acaulescent , with a taproot or fibrous roots , occasionally with rhizomes or shoots arising from spreading lateral roots . Leaves alternate or in a basal rosette that often is absent in mature plants , entire, toothed to pinnatifid ; stipules absent. Flowers perfect , actinomorphic , in axils of upper leaves, when numerous forming terminal leafy spikes, racemes , or corymbs, opening near sunset or near sunrise. Floral tube usually well developed, cylindric and somewhat flared near mouth , deciduous soon after anthesis . Sepals 4, green or yellowish, often tinged or striped red or purple. Petals 4, yellow, purple, pink, or white. Stamens 8; anthers versatile; pollen shed singly. Ovary with 4 locules; ovules numerous; stigma divided into 4 linear lobes , receptive all around, and subtended by a ± conspicuous ringlike indusium in early development, but often obscured when receptive. Fruit a dehiscent capsule [rarely indehiscent outside of China], straight or curved , terete to 4-angled or winged , sessile, occasionally pedicellate , or basal portion sterile and stipelike. Seeds numerous, in 1 or 2(or 3) rows or in clusters in each of 4 locules. 2n = 14, 28, 42, 56.

One hundred and twenty-one species: open, often disturbed habitats in temperate to subtropical areas of North, Central, and South America, with the center of diversity in SW North America; ten species (all naturalized within the past 200 years) in China.

Oenothera is currently divided into 15 sections , only three of which are represented in China. An evolutionary phenomenon that has occurred repeatedly in Oenothera (52 species) and several other genera of tribe Onagreae is permanent translocation heterozygosity , a peculiar, specialized genetic system based on heterozygosity for successive chromosomal translocations and manifested by autogamy and formation of a ring of 14 chromosomes at meiotic metaphase I (for reviews see Cleland, Oenothera Cytogenetics and Evolution. 1972; Holsinger and Ellstrand, Amer. Naturalist 124: 48-71. 1984). Permanent translocation heterozygote individuals breed true for their series of reciprocal translocations and are maintained by either balanced lethals or selective fertilization. These plants are essentially clonal. Many species of Oenothera that have become naturalized outside their natural range are permanent translocation heterozygotes, as noted in their descriptions .[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Open, disturbed , usually sandy sites, often along coastal areas; near sea level to 400 m. [3].

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 4,653 meters (0 to 15,266 feet).[4]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Annual , Perennial

Growth

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: High

Taxonomy

Unambiguous Synonyms

1. Raimannia laciniata (Hill) Rose Ex Britton & A. Brown.

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication : Veg. syst. 12(app.):64, t. 10. 1767 (Hort. kew. 172, t. 6. 1768)

Name verified on 01-Feb-2006 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 02-Feb-2006

Similar Species

Members of the genus Oenothera

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 837 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

O. aberrans · O. abramsi · O. abramsii · O. acaulis (Dandelion-Leaved Sundrop) · O. acaulis alba · O. acaulis 'Aurea' (Dandelion-Leaved Sundrop) · O. acaulis 'Lutea' · O. acaulis var. caulescens · O. acaulis var. grandiflora · O. acaulis var. major · O. acuticarpa · O. acutifolia · O. acutissima (Flaming Gorge Evening-Primrose) · O. adriatica · O. affinis (Long-Flower Evening-Primrose) · O. agari · O. agassizia · O. alata · O. alba · O. albescens · O. albicans · O. albicaulis (White-Stem Evening-Primrose) · O. albicaulis f. acaulis · O. albicaulis f. anthoxantha · O. albicaulis f. californica · O. albicaulis f. decumbens · O. albicaulis f. dentata · O. albicaulis f. erosa · O. albicaulis f. mucronata · O. albicaulis f. pinnatifida · O. albicaulis f. sinuata · O. albicaulis runcinata · O. albicaulis var. brevifolia · O. albicaulis var. californica · O. albicaulis var. decumbens · O. albicaulis var. gypsophila · O. albicaulis var. melanosperma · O. albicaulis var. nuttallii · O. albicaulis var. pallida · O. albicaulis var. runcinata · O. albicaulis var. tigrina · O. albicaulis var. trichocalyx · O. albicaulis var. xanthosperma · O. albida · O. albinervis · O. albipercurva · O. alyssoides · O. alyssoides var. decorticans · O. alyssoides var. minutiflora · O. alyssoides var. typica · O. alyssoides villosa · O. ambigua · O. ammophila · O. ammophila var. germanica · O. ammophila var. rhodoneura · O. ammophiloides · O. ammophiloides var. angustifolia · O. ammophiloides var. flecticaulis · O. ammophiloides var. laurensis · O. ammophiloides var. parva · O. amoena · O. amoena f. bicolor · O. amoena f. lindleyi · O. amoena f. roseo-alba · O. amoena f. rubicunda · O. amoena f. vinosa · O. andina · O. andina f. tripetala · O. andina var. anomala · O. andina var. typica · O. angelorum · O. angustifolia · O. angustissima · O. angustissima var. quebecensis · O. anisoloba · O. anomala · O. apicaborta · O. 'Apricot Delight' · O. arborea · O. arcuata · O. arenaria · O. arequipensis · O. argentinae · O. argillicola (Shale-Barren Evening-Primrose) · O. argillicola var. wherryi · O. arguta · O. arida · O. arizonica · O. arnottii · O. ascendens · O. asperifolia · O. atrovirens · O. atrovirens var. ostreae · O. aurantia · O. auricula · O. auricula f. vimineiformis · O. auricula var. bottae · O. auricula var. tenella · O. auricula var. whitneyi · O. australis

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Further Reading

• A flora of California, by Willis Linn Jepson. San Francisco, Calif., Cunningham, Curtis & Welch, 1909- ENG url p. 588.
• An illustrated flora of the Pacific States: Washington, Oregon, and California. Stanford University, Stanford University Press, 1923-[60] ENG url p. 194.
• An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British possessions: from Newfoundland to the parallel of the southern boundary of Virginia, and from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the 102d meridian / by Nathaniel Lord Britton and Hon. New York: C. Scribner's sons, 1913. ENG url p. 597.
• Annotated list of the ferns and flowering plants of New York state, by Homer D. House. Albany, The University of the state of New York, 1924. ENG url p. 520.
• Berichte der Schweizerischen Botanischen Gesellschaft = Bulletin de la Socit botanique Suisse. [Zrich]: Die Gesellschaft, 1891-1981. FRE url p. 142.
• Bulletin - United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.];1877-1971. ENG url p. 758.
• Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History. Bloomington, Ill.: The Laboratory, 1878-[1918]. ENG url p. 402.
• Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 27 1900 New York: Torrey Botanical Club, 1870- ENG url p. 329.
• Catalog of hymenoptera in America north of Mexico / prepared cooperatively by specialists on the various groups of Hymenoptera under the direction of Karl V. Krombein [et al.]. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979- ENG url p. 1867, p. 2061.
• Contributions to the botany of Vermont. Burlington, Vt.: Botanical Dept., University of Vermont, 1898-1911. ENG url p. 96.
• Dietrich, W. & W. L. Wagner. 1988. Systematics of Oenothera section Oenothera subsection Raimannia and subsection Nutantigemma (Onagraceae). Syst. Bot. Monogr. 24:41.
• Dietrich, W. 1977. The South American species of Oenothera sect. Oenothera (Raimannia, Renneria; Onagraceae). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 64:612–615.
• Flora of Delaware and the Eastern Shore: an annotated list of the ferns and flowering plants of the peninsula of Delaware, Maryland and Virginia. [Wilmington]: Society of Natural History of Delaware, 1946. ENG url p. 186.
• Flora of Illinois, containing keys for the identification of the flowering plants and ferns, by George Neville Jones Notre Dame, Ind., The University Press, 1945. ENG url p. 191.
• Flora of Indiana, by Charles C. Deam. Indianapolis, Wm. B. Burford printing co., contractor for state printing and binding, 1940. ENG url p. 706.
• Flora of Pennsylvania. Edited with the addition of analytical keys by John Kunkel Small. Boston, Ginn & Co., 1903. ENG url p. 223.
• Flora of Peru / by J. Francis Macbride. Chicago, [Ill.]: Field Museum of Natural History, [1941] ENG url p. 537.
• Flora of Vermont; a list of the fern and seed plants growing without cultivation. Prepared by Ezra Brainerd, L.R. Jones and W.W. Eggleston, committee for the Vermont botanical club. Burlington, Vt., Free Press Association, 1900. ENG url p. 96.
• Flora of the southeastern United States; being descriptions of the seed-plants, ferns and fern-allies growing naturally in North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, and in Oklahom by John Kunke New York, The author, 1913. ENG url p. 1353.
• Florida wild flowers; an introduction to the flora of the Florida peninsula, by Mary Francis Baker, photographs by the author. New York, The Macmillan company, 1926. ENG url p. 159.
• Handbook of the flora of Philadelphia and vicinity, containing data relating to the plants within the following radius: eastern Pennsylvania; all of New Jersey except the northern counties; and New Castle County, Delaware, with keys for identification co Philadelphia, Philadelphia Botanical Club, 1905. ENG url p. 233.
• Hickman, J. C., ed. 1993. The Jepson manual: Higher plants of California. (F CalifJep) [introduced].
• Holm, L. et al. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds. (Atlas WWeed)
• Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening. (Dict Gard)
• Jones, G. N. & G. D. Fuller. 1955. Vascular plants of Illinois. (F IllJones)
• Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society. Chapel Hill, N.C. [etc.]:Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society [etc.], 1884-2001. ENG url p. 140.
• Just's botanischer jahresbericht. Systematisch geordnetes repertorium der botanischen literatur aller länder. Berlin, Gebr. Borntraeger, 1874-98; GER url p. 199, p. 472, p. 644, p. 85.
• Kartesz, J. T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. (L US Can ed2)
• Munz, P. A. 1965. Onagraceae. In: Britton, N. L. et al., eds. ser. 1; C. T. Rogerson, ed. ser. 2, North American flora ser. 1, 1905-1957; ser. 2, 1954-1972 (N Amer fl) ser. 2, 5:109.
• National list of scientific plant names. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, 1982- ENG url p. 344.
• Nederlandsch kruidkundig archief. Leyden: S. en J. Luchtmans, 1846-1951. DUT url p. 61.
• Plant life of Alabama: an account of the distribution, modes of association, and adaptations of the flora of Alabama, together with a systematic catalogue of the plants growing in the state / by Charles Mohr. Montgomery, Ala.: Brown Printing Co., 1901. ENG url p. 151, p. 152, p. 192, p. 243, p. 255, p. 637.
• Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. [Washington, etc.: Entomological Society of Washington] ENG url p. 8.
• Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science. Indianapolis, Ind.[s.n.] ENG url p. 368.
• Skvorstov, A. K. 1994. Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir., Otd. Biol. 99:95.
• Sources of the Ohio flora, by A.D. Selby and J.W.T. Duvel. [Columbus, 1899] ENG url p. 50.
• The American botanist: a monthly journal for the plant lover. Binghamton, N.Y.: Willard N. Clute & Co., 1901-1948. ENG url p. 143.
• The University of Kansas science bulletin. [Lawrence]: University of Kansas, 1902-1996. ENG url p. 1058, p. 168, p. 50, p. 568, p. 790, p. 790.
• The plants of Southern New Jersey; with especial reference to the flora of the Pine Barrens and the geographic distribution of the species. Trenton, 1911. ENG url p. 44, p. 579.
• The plants of southern New Jersey; with especial reference to the flora of the pine barrens and the geographic distribution of the species. Trenton, 1911. ENG url p. 44.
• Tulane studies in zoology and botany. New Orleans: Tulane University, [1968- ENG url p. 14.
• Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964–1980. Flora europaea. (F Eur) [introduced].
• Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel. Basel, Birkher. GER url p. 272.
• Chen Chiajui, Lu Shangzhi & Li Yibin. 2000. Onagraceae. In: Chen Chiajui, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 53(2): 27-133.
• Chen Chiajui, Lu Shangzhi & Li Yibin. 2000. Onagraceae. In: Chen Chiajui, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 53(2): 27-133.

Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 14, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 22 providers.
• "Oenothera laciniata". in Flora of China Vol. 13 Page 423, 425. Published by Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 30, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 14, 2007:

• Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien, Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plant Herbarium, Oslo
• School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Arizona State University Vascular Plant Herbarium
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Plants
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
• University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2651301
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-27371
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13744085
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:613817-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 300403
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 27371
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 281538-2
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDONA0C0Q0
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: RALA6
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 52389

Footnotes

1. Jiarui Chen, Peter C. Hoch, Peter H. Raven, David E. Boufford & Warren L. Wagner "Onagraceae". in Flora of China Vol. 13 Page 274, 290, 400. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Jiarui Chen, Peter C. Hoch & Warren L. Wagner "Oenothera". in Flora of China Vol. 13 Page 400, 423, 427. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. "Oenothera laciniata". in Flora of China Vol. 13 Page 423, 425. Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
4. Mean = 258.430 meters (847.867 feet), Standard Deviation = 514.240 based on 1,069 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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