Nyssa sylvatica

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Nyssaceae

Trees or shrubs , dioecious or polygamo-monoecious . Leaves alternate, simple , estipulate. Flowers 5-merous, ± regular, subtended by 1-5 bracts; male ones in heads , racemes , or umbels; female and hermaphroditic ones solitary or in 2-12-flowered heads. Calyx tube adnate to ovary in bisexual or female flowers; lobes small or obsolete . Petals usually 5-10 (or absent). Stamens in male flowers usually 10 or more in 2 ± distinct whorls around a nectariferous disk. Ovary inferior, 1-8-loculed, with 1 pendulous, apotropous ovule per locule. Fruit a drupe; each locule of stone opening at apical part by a ± triangular abaxial valve at germination. Seeds 1-5; embryo straight; endosperm copious .

Five genera and about 30 species: mostly in temperate regions of E Asia and E North America; three genera (two endemic) and ten species (eight endemic) in China.

Recent studies suggest that this family can alternatively be treated as part of the Cornaceae (Xiang et al. , Amer. J. Bot. 85: 285-297. 1998).[1]

Genus Nyssa

Trees dioecious. Leaves often crowded near ends of branches, estipulate. Flowers unisexual , usually in heads or short racemes , in axil of a bract with 2 bracteoles. Male flowers 5-merous. Stamens 10, arranged in two alternate whorls; filaments linear ; anthers 2-celled, dorsifixed , with lateral lengthwise slits; disk pulvinate . Female flowers (4 or) 5-merous; staminodes usually present. Ovary inferior, 1(or 2) -loculed, 1-ovuled; style bifid, with stigmatic tissue at inside of stylar arms. Fruit drupaceous , laterally flattened, with persistent calyx and disk. n = 22 [in Nyssa javanica (Blume) Wangerin (Mehra & Bawainin, Evolution 23: 466-481. 1969) ].

About 12 species: four in North America, one in Costa Rica, one from India to Malaysia, and seven (five endemic) in China.

According to C. Q. Zhang (pers. comm. ), most Chinese species of Nyssa are endangered and some of them may already have become extinct .[2]

Physical Description

Landscaping

Landscape Uses: Specimen. Street tree . Lawn tree. For fall foliage . • Liabilities: Leaf spot. Rusts. Tupelo leaf miner. • Care: Follow a regular watering schedule during the first growing season to establish a deep, extensive root system . Watering can be reduced after establishment. Feed with a general purpose fertilizer before new growth begins in spring .

Habitat

Hardy to zone 4.

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,064 meters (0 to 6,772 feet).[3]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 20-40' apart. Has a taproot , making it difficult to transplant. Prefers moist, well-drained, acidic deep soils. Full sun . Fire resistant. Fall pruning recommended.

Soil: Organic , moist, well-drained soil. Tolerates very wet soil. • Minimum pH: 5.6 • Maximum pH: 6.0

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full sun

Moisture: Water Requirements: Once established needs only occasional water. Adapts to wet or dry sites.

Temperature: Heat Zones: High: 9 (>120 to 150 days) Low:2 (1 to 7 days) (map) • Cold Hardiness: 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b. (map)

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Nyssa multiflora var. sylvatica (Marshall) S.Watson • Nyssa sylvatica var. caroliniana (Poir.) Fern. • Nyssa sylvatica var. dilatata Fern. • Nyssa sylvatica var. typica Fern.

Notes

Publishing author : Marshall

Similar Species

Members of the genus Nyssa

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 14 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

N. aquatica (Cotton Gum) · N. biflora (Swamp Black Gum) · N. ogeche (Ogeechee Tupelo) · N. sinensis (Chinese Tupelo) · N. sylvatica (Black Gum) · N. sylvatica biflora (Black Tupelo) · N. sylvatica var. sylvatica (Black Tupelo) · N. sylvatica 'Autumn Cascade' (Weeping Blackgum) · N. sylvatica 'Bernheim Select' (Black Gum Bernheim Select) · N. sylvatica 'Pendula' (Weeping Blackgum) · N. sylvatica 'Red Rage' (Black Gum) · N. sylvatica 'Sheffield Park' (Black Gum) · N. sylvatica 'Wildfire' (Wildfire Blackgum) · N. ursina (Bear Tupelo)

More Info

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Further Reading

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• A general introduction to forestry in the United States, with special reference to recent forest conservation policies, by Nelson Courtlandt Brown. New York, Chapman & Hall, limited, 1935. url p. 288.
• A guide and key to the aquatic plants of the Southeastern United States, by Don E. Eyles and Lynne Robertson, Jr. With original drawings by Garnet W. Jex. Washington, U. S. Govt. Print. Off., 1963. url p. 130.
• A history of the game birds, wild fowl and shore birds of Massachusetts and adjacent states, including those used for food which have disappeared since the settlement of the country, and those which are now hunted for food or sport, with observations on their former abundance and recent decre By Edward Howe Forbush. Boston, Wright & Potter Printing Company, State Printers, 1916 url p. 583, p. 587.
• A history of the game birds, wild-fowl and shore birds of Massachusetts and adjacent states: including those used for food which have disappeared since the settlement of the country, and those which are now hunted for food or sport, with observations on their former abundance and recent decre Boston: Wright & Potter printing company, state printers, 1912. url p. 583, p. 583, p. 587, p. 587.
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Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 12, 2012.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 22, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 13 providers.
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
• The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Dec 27, 2011.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 24, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 22, 2007:

• Marine Science Institute, UCSB, Paleobiology Database
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• US National Plant Germplasm System, United States National Plant Germplasm System Collection
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
• University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium
• Utah Valley State College
• , Utah Valley State College Herbarium

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2651654
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-27822
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13744314
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:271953-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 25455
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 27821
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 271953-1
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDNYS01030
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: NYSYT
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 84

Footnotes

1. Haining Qin & Chamlong Phengklai "Nyssaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 13 Page 300. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Haining Qin & Chamlong Phengklai "Nyssa". in Flora of China Vol. 13 Page 300, 301. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. Mean = 283.920 meters (931.496 feet), Standard Deviation = 340.950 based on 107 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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