Myriophyllum spicatum

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Aquatic Plant. A submerged aquatic plant that can rapidly colonize a pond , lake or area of slow-moving water. Creates dense mats of vegetation that shade out other native aquatic plants , diminish habitat and food resource value for fish and birds, and decrease oxygen levels in the water when the plant decays.

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Haloragaceae

Herbs perennial , rarely annual , aquatic or terrestrial , monoecious or dioecious. Stem creeping , ascending or erect , often rooting at lower nodes. Leaves estipulate, 2-4-whorled, decussate, or alternate, in terrestrial species always simple , in aquatic submersed species always pectinately lobed . Inflorescence an indeterminate or determinate spike of 1-5-flowered dichasia borne in axils of leaflike primary bracts; occasional lateral inflorescences simpler. Flowers minute, actinomorphic , epigynous , protandrous, anemophilous or entomophilous, bisexual or unisexual . Sepals (2-) 4, but absent in female flowers of some Myriophyllum, mostly persistent . Petals alternisepalous, (2-) 4, absent in female flowers of some Myriophyllum, imbricate, longer than sepals, often deciduous with stamens. Stamens 1 or 2 Ã as many as sepals; filaments short, slender; anthers basifixed , mostly oblong or linear , 4-loculed, dehiscing by slits, antisepalous anthers sometimes somewhat longer than antipetalous ones; pollen grains shedding at 3-celled stage. Ovary inferior, 1(or 2) - or 4-celled, septa solid or practically absent (present only at base and apex of ovary) ; styles as many (rarely half as many) as sepals, alternisepalous, free , mostly short, grading into globose or subulate stigmas, spreading in fruit; stigmatic papillae hairlike; ovules as many as styles, rarely 1, apical, pendulous, anatropous . Fruit nutlike or a drupe, variously ornamented with wings, ribs , and tubercles , indehiscent and 1-seeded or breaking up into (2-) 4 1-seeded mericarps; pericarp membranous or endocarp woody; exocarp membranous or swollen and spongy . Seeds with thin testa; embryo cylindric , surrounded by thick, white albumen.

About eight genera and ca. 100 species: mainly S hemisphere, particularly Australia, but Myriophyllum cosmopolitan and Proserpinaca Linnaeus confined to the N hemisphere; two genera and 13 species (one endemic, one introduced ) in China.

The spelling "Haloragidaceae" was used in FRPS, but the family name is conserved in Appendix IIB of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, where the spelling Haloragaceae is used.[1]

Genus Myriophyllum

Herbs perennial , aquatic , submerged or shortly emergent, monoecious or dioecious. Stem soft, few to many branched, rhizomatous . Submerged leaves 3- or 4-whorled, rarely alternate, pectinate , ovate to oblong in outline; segments filiform ; emergent leaves smaller, sometimes uppermost ones undivided, reducing to bracts of inflorescence. Inflorescence usually emergent, a terminal spike with flowers 4-whorled, or in axils of emergent leaves. Flowers subtended by a primary bract and 2 bracteoles, sessile, usually 4-merous, minute, lowermost ones female, uppermost ones male, sometimes middle ones bisexual . Male flowers: calyx deeply 2-4-lobed; petals 2-4, boat-shaped , often pink; stamens 2-8, epipetalous . Female and bisexual flowers: calyx tube united with ovary; lobes 4, minute; petals minute, often caducous or absent; ovary (2-) 4-celled; style absent; stigmas 4, sessile, recurved, plumose , papillose . Fruit a schizocarp, separating into (2-) 4 mericarps. Seed 1 per mericarp.

About 35 species: aquatic or wet habitats worldwide, mostly in Australia; 11 species (one endemic, one introduced ) in China.

Myriophyllum has economic importance in the purification of water, as feed for pigs, ducks, and fish, and in polishing wood . The plants are used medicinally to reduce fever and as an antidiarrheal.[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Stagnant waters, lakes , ditches, slow streams , springs ; near sea level to 4200 m , rarely to 5200 m in springs[3].

An aquatic weed found worldwide. Prefers lakes, ponds , shallow reservoirs and low energy areas of rivers and streams. Brackish water of protected tidal creeks and bays . Common in waterbodies that have experienced disturbances such as nutrient loading , intense plant management , or abundant motorboat use. Able to tolerate a wide range of water conditions, including spring water and brackish water of tidal creeks and bays with salinity of up to 10 parts per thousand . Most often found in water 0.5 to 2.5 m deep, but can be found at depths up to 3m. Tolerant to a range of temperatures , able to overwinter in frozen lakes and ponds in northern states and Canada; but also able to grow in shallow, over-heated bays in Florida.

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 1,684 meters (0 to 5,525 feet).[4]

Ecology: Myriophyllum spicatum grows into dense infestations which shades out and replaces other aquatic plants and is of less value as a food resource than the native plants it replaces. At high densities, it supports fewer aquatic insects which serve as a food resource for fish. Large predatory fish lose foraging space and are less efficient at obtaining prey . Another impact is a reduction in oxygen levels within the water due to the decay of the large mats of the plant. The dense mats impede water movement and interfere with recreational activities such as swimming, boating, fishing and water skiing.

Biology

Reproduction

Myriophyllum spicatum can spread by sexual or vegetative reproduction with the majority of local reproduction by stolons and vegetative fragments. Average seed set of 112 seeds per stalk .

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b. (map)

Taxonomy

Notes

Publishing author : L. Publication : Sp. Pl. 2: 992 1753 [1 May 1753]

Similar Species

Members of the genus Myriophyllum

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 19 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

M. alterniflorum (Alternate-Flowered Water Milfoil) · M. aquatica (Parrot's Feather) · M. aquaticum (Brazilian Watermilfoil) · M. brasiliensis (Red Stemmed Parrot's Feather) · M. brasillensis var. Spiralis (Dwarf Parrot's Feather) · M. farwellii (Farwell's Water-Milfoil) · M. heterophyllum (Broadleaf Water-Milfoil) · M. hippuroides (Western Water-Milfoil) · M. humile (Low Water-Milfoil) · M. laxum (Loose Watermilfoil) · M. pinnatum (Cut-Leaf Water-Milfoil) · M. propium (Miniature Parrots Feather) · M. quitense (Andean Water Milfoil) · M. sibiricum (American Watermilfoil) · M. spicatum (Eurasian Water-Milfoil) · M. tenellum (Slender Water-Milfoil) · M. ussuriense (Asian Watermilfoil) · M. verrucosum (Red Water-Milfoil) · M. verticillatum (Whorl-Leaf Watermilfoil)

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Further Reading

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Notes

Contributors

• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 12, 2007:

• GBIF-Spain, Departamento de Biolog. Veg. II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid: MAF
• Jyväskylä University Museum - The Section of Natural Sciences, Vascular plant collection of Jyvaskyla University Museum
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• NLBIF, Limnodata
• Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plant Herbarium, Oslo
• Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plants, Field notes, Oslo
• Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
• Steiermärkisches Landesmuseum Joanneum - Herbarium GJO, Herbarium GJO
• The Danish Biodiversity Information Facility, Botany registration database by Danish botanists
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Botany
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Herbarium of Oskarshamn
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Lund Botanical Museum
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Plants
• Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum, Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Environment and Heritage Service - EHS Species Datasets
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Scottish Borders Biological Records Centre - SWT Scottish Borders Local Wildlife Site Survey data 1996-2000 - species information
• University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium
• University of Washington Burke Museum, Vascular Plant Collection - University of Washington Herbarium

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 1
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-27039
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 4395043
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:430465-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 400094
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 27039
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 430465-1
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDHAL040B0
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: MYSP2
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 10233

Footnotes

1. Jiarui Chen & Michele Funston "Haloragaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 13 Page 427, 428. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. "Myriophyllum". in Flora of China Vol. 13 Page 428, 429. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. "Myriophyllum spicatum". in Flora of China Vol. 13 Page 430. Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
4. Mean = 94.580 meters (310.302 feet), Standard Deviation = 134.680 based on 8,331 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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