Morus alba

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Clusters of female flowers develop into the familiar dark purplish to black mulberries that were a fairly dependable source of sustenance for pioneers in western North America.

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Moraceae

Trees , shrubs , vines , or rarely herbs, frequently with milky or watery latex, sometimes spiny . Stipules present, frequently caducous . Leaves alternate, rarely opposite; petiole often present and well-defined; leaf blade simple , sometimes with cystoliths , margin entire or palmately lobed , venation pinnate or palmate. Inflorescences axillary , frequently paired , racemose, spicate , capitate, or rarely cymose , sometimes a fig or syconium with flowers completely enclosed within a hollow receptacle. Flowers unisexual (plants monoecious or dioecious), small to very small. Calyx lobes (1 or) 2-4(-8), free or connate , imbricate or valvate . Corolla absent. Male flowers: stamens as many as and opposite to calyx lobes (except in Artocarpus), straight or inflexed in bud; anthers 1- or 2-loculed, crescent-shaped to top-shaped; pistillode (rudimentary sterile pistil) often present. Female flowers: calyx lobes usually 4; ovary superior, semi-inferior, or inferior, 1(or 2) -loculed; ovules 1 per locule, anatropous or campylotropous; style branches 1 or 2; stigmas usually filiform . Fruit usually a drupe, rarely an achene, enveloped by an enlarged calyx and/or immersed in a fleshy receptacle, often joined into a syncarp. Seed solitary; endosperm present or absent.

Between 37 and 43 genera and 1100â1400 species: widespread in tropical and subtropical areas, less common in temperate areas; nine genera and 144 species (26 endemic, five introduced ) in China.

Economically, the most important species are those of Morus and Maclura associated with the production of silk . Some species in Broussonetia, Maclura, and Morus are important for paper making; some species in Artocarpus, Ficus, and Morus have edible fruit; and some species of Artocarpus and Broussonetia are used for furniture or timber.[1]

Genus Morus

Trees or shrubs , deciduous, with latex; monoecious or dioecious. Winter buds with 3-6 bud scales; scales imbricate. Stipules free , sublateral, caducous . Leaves alternate; leaf blade simple to deeply palmately lobed , margin toothed ; primary veins 3-5 from base , secondary veins pinnate. Male inflorescences axillary , spicate , many-flowered, shortly pedunculate . Female inflorescences shortly spicate to capitate. Male flowers: calyx lobes 4, imbricate; stamens inflexed in bud; pistillode top-shaped. Female flowers: sessile; calyx lobes 4, imbricate, fleshy in fruit; ovary 1-loculed; style present or not; stigma 2-branched, abaxially pubescent or papillose . Fruit with enlarged, succulent calyx usually aggregated into juicy syncarp. Syncarp with achenes enclosed by enlarged and succulent calyx; endocarp shell-like; exocarp fleshy. Seed globose ; endosperm fleshy; embryo incurved ; cotyledon elliptic .

About 16 species: widespread in all temperate areas, also in the mountains of tropical Africa, Indonesia, and South America; 11 species (five endemic, one introduced ) in China.

Morus species are cultivated in many temperate and tropical countries. The leaves are used as food for silkworms and the fruit for human consumption . Male material is often very difficult to name .[2]

Physical Description

Landscaping

Landscape Uses: For extreme tolerance. Difficult sites. Raise silkworms. Fruit attracts birds. Fruitless and weeping forms more useful than straight species. • Liabilities: Considered "trash tree ". Suckers . Invasive. Bacterial blight , leaf spot, canker , powdery mildewy, scale, witches'. broom . Tree looks unkept. Fruit can be extremely messy, don't plant near walkways or parking lots . • Care: Follow a regular watering schedule during the first growing season to establish a deep, extensive root system . Watering can be reduced after establishment. Feed with a general purpose fertilizer before new growth begins in spring .

Habitat

Disturbed areas, woodland margins , fencerows, dry to moist thickets; 0-1500 m [3].

Hardy to zone 5, and warmer parts of zone 4.

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,998 meters (0 to 9,836 feet).[4]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Transplants readily. Tolerant of drought , urban and seaside conditions. Full sun . Prune in winter. Prefers moist, well-drained fertile soil. PH adaptable.

Soil: Minimum pH: 6.1 • Maximum pH: 6.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full sun

Moisture: Water Requirements: Once established needs only occasional water.

Temperature: Heat Zones: High: 8 (>90 to 120 days) Low:3 (>7 to 14 days) (map) • Cold Hardiness: High:8 (10 to 20 F) Low:4 (-30 to -20 F) (map)

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Morus alba var. tatarica (Linnaeus) Seringe • Morus tatarica L.

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Similar Species

Members of the genus Morus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 43 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

M. alba (Common Mulberry) · M. alba 'Beautiful Day' (White Mulberry Tree) · M. alba 'Bellaire' (White Mulberry Tree) · M. alba 'Chaparral' (Fruitless Weeping Mulberry) · M. alba 'Contorted' (Mulberry) · M. alba 'Nuclear Blast' (White Mulberry Tree) · M. alba 'Oscar's' (Mulberry) · M. alba 'Pakistan' (Mulberry) · M. alba 'Pendula' (Weeping White Mulberry) · M. alba 'Shangri La' (Mulberry) · M. alba 'Sweet Lavender' (Mulberry) · M. alba 'White Shahtoot' (Mulberry) · M. australis (Southern Mulberry Tree) · M. bombycis (Wild Korean Mulberry) · M. cathayana (Mulberry) · M. excelsa (African Teak) · M. latifolia (Large-Leaved Mulberry) · M. macroura (Long-Fruited Mulberry) · M. microphylla (Little-Leaf Mulberry) · M. mongolica (Mongolian Mulberry) · M. multicaulis (Multi-Trunked Mulberry) · M. nigra (Black Mulberry) · M. nigra 'Bachuus Noir' (Mulberry) · M. nigra 'Black Beauty' (Black Mulberry) · M. nigra 'Black Tartarian' (Mulberry) · M. nigra 'Buzza Black' (Mulberry) · M. nigra 'Chelsea' (Black Mulberry) · M. nigra 'Shah' (Mulberry) · M. nigra 'Silk Hope' (Mulberry) · M. nigra 'Superberry' (Mulberry) · M. nigra 'Wellington' (Black Mulberry) · M. rubra (Red Mulberry) · M. rubra var. tomentosa (Red Mulberry) · M. rubra 'Gelato' (Mulberry) · M. serrata (Himalayan Mulberry) · M. tiliaefolia (Wild Korean Mulberry) · M. tinctoria (Indian Mulberry) · M. 'Collier' (Mulberry) · M. 'Geraldi Dwarf' (Dwarf Mulberry) · M. 'Illinois Everbearing' (Mulberry Tree) · M. 'Paradise' (Mulberry) · M. 'Red Shahtoot' (Mulberry) · M. 'Unryu' (Contorted Mulberry Tree)

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Further Reading

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• Southern wild flowers and trees, together with shrubs, vines and various forms of growth found through the mountains, the middle district and the low country of the South, by Alice Lounsberry, with plates, vignettes and diagrams by Mrs. E. Rowan, with an introduction by C. D. Beadle. New York, Stokes[1901] url p. 565.
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Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed March 27, 2012.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 16, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 32 providers.
• "Morus alba". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Published by Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 29, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 16, 2007:

• Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien, Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien
• Forest Research Institute, Department of Natural Forests, Herbarium
• International Plant Genetic Resources Institute(IPGRI), EURISCO
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
• School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Arizona State University Vascular Plant Herbarium
• The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx River Bioblitz
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Herbarium of Oskarshamn
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Lund Botanical Museum
• Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum, Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum
• US National Plant Germplasm System, United States National Plant Germplasm System Collection
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
• University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium
• University of Washington Burke Museum, Vascular Plant Collection - University of Washington Herbarium
• Utah Valley State College
• , Utah Valley State College Herbarium

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 1
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-19066
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 4490920
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:291504-2
• GRIN Nomen Number: 24607
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 19066
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 854616-1
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDMOR0D010
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: MOTA
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 50628

Footnotes

1. Zhengyi Wu, Zhe-Kun Zhou & Michael G. Gilbert "Moraceae". in Flora of China Vol. 5 Page 21. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Zhengyi Wu, Zhe-Kun Zhou & Michael G. Gilbert "Morus". in Flora of China Vol. 5 Page 22. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. "Morus alba". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
4. Mean = 324.880 meters (1,065.879 feet), Standard Deviation = 363.760 based on 1,160 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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