Mollugo verticillata

• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Molluginaceae

Herbs annual or perennial , subshrubs , or shrubs , rarely dioecious, glabrous or rarely hairy . Stems erect or prostrate . Leaves simple , alternate, rarely opposite, often in a basal rosette or in pseudowhorls on stems, margin entire; stipules absent or membranous. Inflorescences terminal or in seemingly axillary cymes, rarely as a solitary flower. Flowers bisexual , rarely unisexual , actinomorphic , hypogynous, rarely perigynous. Tepals 5, rarely 4, free or connate below into a tube , lobes white or pink to purple, sometimes yellow inside (in Glinus) . Petals absent or few to many, white, pink, or purple. Stamens 3-5 or many, arranged in several rings , free or connate at base in bundles; anthers dehiscing by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, syncarpous (in Gisekia developmentally syncarpous; fruit a deeply lobed schizocarp) ; carpels 2-5 or many, placentation axile , rarely seemingly basal. Stigmas as many as locules. Ovules 1 to many per locule. Fruit usually a loculicidal capsule or deeply (3-) 5-15-lobed mericarps (in Gisekia), rarely breaking into 2 nutlets [in Limeum Linnaeus, not in Flora area]. Seeds with embryo curved around a hard, starchy perisperm .

About 14 genera and 120 species: arid , tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres; three genera and eight species in China.

The relationships of the anomalous genus Gisekia are uncertain. In the past, Gisekia has been included in Aizoaceae, often together with Molluginaceae. Recent treatments offer either a placement in Phytolaccaceae (e.g. , Rohwer in Kubitzki, Fam. Gen. Fl. Pl. 2: 511, 514. 1993) or in a family of its own, Gisekiaceae (e.g., Gilbert, Kew Bull . 48: 343–356. 1993) ; one of us (Hartmann) favors either option. The mericarpic fruit separates the genus from Aizoaceae and Molluginaceae, from which it differs also by the presence of betalain and the absence of anthocyanin as pigments. No currently accepted plant family contains both anthocyanin and betalain producers.[1]

Genus Mollugo

Herbs, annual [perennial ], glabrous . Stems prostrate to erect , branching from base . Leaves whorled , opposite, or alternate; basal leaves usually largest, cauline leaves gradually reduced distally; stipules absent or rudimentary . Inflorescences axillary or terminal , reduced umbellate or cymose . Flowers pedicellate ; sepals persistent , 5, distinct , not stellate-pubescent; petals absent; stamens 3-5, alternate with the sepals or carpels, basally connate by a small hypogynous ring ; pistils 3-5-locular; ovules 5-15 per locule; styles 3-5, distinct. Fruits capsular , 3-valved. Seeds: flattened laterally, reniform , smooth or reticulate to ribbed , strophioles absent. x = 9.

Species 35: North America, West Indies, Central America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia.

Although Mollugo has little economic value, some species have been used medicinally or as vegetables. Mollugo spergula, which has been used in India as a green vegetable, contains bitter triterpenoid saponins and sometimes is used as a source of antiseptics (A. K . Barua et al. 1989) and has been used also as a potherb (A. K. Tripathi 1988). Antifungal compounds have been isolated from Mollugo pentaphylla (M. Hamburger et al. 1989).

The taxonomy of species of Mollugo is in great disarray, and the genus is in need of a thorough worldwide revision .[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Weedy in fields , gardens, roadsides, moist to dry soils, sand; 0-3000 m [3].

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,382 meters (0 to 7,815 feet).[4]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Annual

Growth

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: High

Taxonomy

Unambiguous Synonyms

1. Mollugo berteriana Ser.

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication : Sp. pl. 1:89. 1753

Name verified on 12-Mar-2004 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 12-Mar-2004

Similar Species

Members of the genus Mollugo

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 84 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

M. angustifolia · M. araucana · M. arenaria · M. bellidifolia · M. berterana · M. berteroana · M. brevipes · M. caespitosa · M. cambessedesii · M. cerviana (Thread-Stem Carpet-Weed) · M. chevalieri · M. costata · M. crockeri · M. cubensis · M. cuneifolia · M. decandra · M. deltoidea · M. denticulata · M. dichotoma · M. disticha · M. enneandra · M. erecta · M. flavescens · M. floriana · M. fragilis · M. glinoides · M. glinus · M. glomerata · M. gracillima (Slender Carpetweed) · M. herniarioides · M. herniarioioes · M. hirta · M. hoffmannseggiana · M. insularis · M. juncea · M. leiosperma · M. linearis · M. linkii · M. lotoides · M. malabarica · M. marginata · M. maritima · M. minuta · M. molluginea · M. molluginis · M. mudicaulis · M. multiflora · M. namaquensis · M. novo-hollandica · M. nudicaulis (Naked-Stem Carpet-Weed) · M. nudicaulis var. navassensis · M. oppositifolia · M. orygioides · M. parviflora · M. patens · M. pentaphylla (Mollugo) · M. pinosia · M. pumila · M. pusilla · M. radiata · M. reflexa · M. schrankii · M. serrulata · M. setiflora · M. snodgrassii · M. spergula · M. sperguloides · M. striata · M. stricta · M. subserrata · M. suffruticosa · M. sumatrana · M. tenella · M. tenuissima · M. tetraphylla · M. trifolia · M. trigastrotheca · M. triphylla · M. umbellata · M. venticillata · M. verticellata · M. verticillata (Green Carpet-Weed) · M. verticillate · M. walteri

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Further Reading

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Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 14, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 25 providers.
• Light, Kris. East Tennessee Wildflowers
• "Mollugo verticillata". in Flora of North America Vol. 4 Page 11, 507, 510,. Published by Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 29, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 14, 2007:

• Herbier de la Guyane, Herbier de la Guyane
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plant Herbarium, Oslo
• Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
• SysTax, Herbarium Universitat Ulm
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
• University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2646297
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-19899
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13736656
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:163207-2
• GRIN Nomen Number: 101375
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 19899
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 363768-1
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDMOL02040
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: MOBE3
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 48295

Footnotes

1. Dequan Lu & Heidrun E. K. Hartmann "Molluginaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 5 Page 437. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. "Mollugo". in Flora of North America Vol. 4 Page 76, 509, 510. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. "Mollugo verticillata". in Flora of North America Vol. 4 Page 11, 507, 510,. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
4. Mean = 255.990 meters (839.862 feet), Standard Deviation = 420.910 based on 1,377 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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