Magnolia grandiflora (Bull Bay)

Overview

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Southern magnolia. <em>Magnolia grandiflora</em>

Tree , native to SE US and Texas, introduced into Hawaii early in the 19th century, first planted at Hanalei, Kauai.

Interesting Facts

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Southern magnolia ( Magnolia grandiflora ) is the state tree of both Louisiana and Mississippi. [source]
The largest known tree of Magnolia grandiflora, 37.2m in height with a trunk diameter of 1.97m, is recorded from Smith County, Mississippi (American Forestry Association 1994). [source]
The Choctaw and Koasati tribes used the bark of Magnolia grandiflora as dermatological and kidney aids (D.A. Moerman 1986). [source]
State flower of Mississippi. Flowers are pickled and eaten in some parts of England.

Common Names

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Click on the language to view common names.

Common Names in English:

Bull Bay, Bull-Bay, Magnolia, Southern Magnolia

Common Names in French:

Laurier Tulipier

Common Names in Japanese:

Taisan-Boku

Description

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Family Magnoliaceae

Trees or shrubs , deciduous or evergreen , aromatic . Pith homogeneous or diaphragmed . Leaves alternate, simple , petiolate ; stipules early or tardily deciduous, at first surrounding stem, adnate on adaxial side of petiole (free in Magnolia grandiflora ), often ochreate, leaving persistent annular scar around node. Leaf blade pinnately veined, unlobed (or evenly 2-10-lobed in Liriodendron ), margins entire. Inflorescences terminal , solitary flowers (often paired in Magnolia ashei ), pedunculate ; spathaceous bracts 2 (Magnolia ) or 1 (Liriodendron ) . Flowers: perianth hypogynous, segments imbricate; tepals deciduous, 6-18, in 3 or more whorls of 3, ± similar or outer tepals sepaloid , inner tepals petaloid ; stamens numerous , hypogynous, free, spirally arranged ; filaments very short to 1/2 length of anthers ; anthers introrse , latrorse , or extrorse , longitudinally dehiscent ; connective with distal appendage ; pistils numerous, superior, spirally arranged on elongate receptacle (torus), stalked or sessile, free or ±concrescent, 1-locular; placentation marginal , placenta 1; ovules 1-2; style 1, short and recurved (Magnolia ) or large and winglike (Liriodendron ) ; stigma 1, terminal or terminal decurrent (Magnolia ) or recurved (Liriodendron ) . Fruits conelike syncarps consisting of aggregates of coalescent , woody follicles (follicetums, as in Magnolia ) or apocarps consisting of aggregates of indehiscent samaras (samaracetums, as in Liriodendron ) . Seeds 1-2 per pistil, arillate , endosperm oily (Magnolia ), or without aril, adherent to dry endocarp ( Liriodendron ) .

Genera ca. 6(-12), species ca. 220 (2 genera, 9 species in the flora ) : mostly in Asia, the Pacific Islands, and the Western Hemisphere.

Magnoliaceae are pollinated by beetles.

Herbarium material of Magnolia is usually incomplete and inadequate for critical study. Collections should include material of the stipules, spathaceous bracts, a full complement of stamens, and all of the perianth segments to facilitate identification of Magnolia species.[1]

Genus Magnolia

Trees or shrubs , deciduous or evergreen . Pith homogeneous or diaphragmed . Leaves distinctly alternate or sometimes crowded in terminal whorl-like clusters ; stipules early deciduous, free or adnate to and proximal on petiole . Leaf blade : base deeply cordate or auriculate or cuneate to abruptly narrowed or rounded , margins entire, apex obtuse or acute to acuminate; surfaces abaxially chalky white or green to glaucous, pubescent or glabrous . Flowers protogynous, appearing with or before leaves; tepals 9-15, petaloid , usually spreading , creamy white, rarely greenish, yellow, or orange-yellow, outermost tepals sepaloid , sometimes strongly reflexed , greenish; stamens on elongate torus, early deciduous; filaments white or purple, very short; anthers introrse or latrorse . Follicles persistent , coalescent , forming conelike aggregate, abaxially dehiscent. Seeds with red, pink, or orange oily aril, extruded from follicles and suspended by funiculi. x =19.

Species ca. 120: temperate and tropical regions , Western Hemisphere, Asia (Himalayas, China, Japan, Taiwan, Malaysia, and Indonesia) .[2]

Physical Description

Species Magnolia grandiflora

Trees , evergreen , single-trunked, to 37 m. Bark gray, rough, thick, furrowed in thick plates . Pith diaphragmed . Twigs and foliar buds densely red- or white-hairy. Leaves distinctly alternate, not in terminal whorl-like clusters ; stipules 2, free , 4.5-13 × 1.5-3.5 cm, abaxially densely brown-silky, sometimes deeply notched . Leaf blade narrowly to broadly elliptic or oblanceolate , (7.5-) 13-20(-26) × (4.5-) 6-10(-12.5) cm, thick-leathery, base narrowly cuneate, apex abruptly tapered and acute to short-acuminate, rarely obtuse ; surfaces abaxially glabrous to densely red-brown felted, adaxially bright green, lustrous , glabrous . Flowers strongly lemony fragrant, 15-30(-45) cm across; spathaceous bracts 2, leathery, outer bract abaxially brown to grayish pilose , deeply notched, smaller, inner bract adaxially densely brown to grayish pilose, shallowly notched, larger; tepals creamy white; stamens (179-) 213-383(-405), 16-29 mm; filaments purple; pistils (45-) 55-81(-89). Follicetums cylindric to somewhat obovoid , 7-10 × 3.5-5 cm; follicles beaked , sparsely to densely silky-villous. Seeds lenticular to narrowly ellipsoid , (9-) 12-14 mm, adaxially slightly grooved , aril red. 2 n =114. [source]

Magnolia grandiflora (a hexaploid ) is highly variable, especially the leaves, which range from glabrous to densely red-brown felted on the abaxial surface. It is the only magnolia species in the flora with free stipules, and the inner spathaceous bract is unique among Magnolia taxa in the flora. Curled filiform trichomes occur on the abaxial leaf surface. In the wild, hybrids with M. virginiana (a diploid) have been reported but not confirmed by the present author . The compatibility of these taxa is well known from the Freeman hybrid, a highly sterile tetraploid growing at the U.S. National Arboretum in Washington, D.C. In crosses using the hexaploid M. grandiflora, this parent is dominant and nearly masks the other parent. [source]

Magnolia grandiflora is an escape , and it naturalizes in the tidewater area of Virginia and locally elsewhere beyond its natural range in the southeastern United States. It ranks among the noblest of North American broadleaved trees and is cultivated widely in the United States and in many other countries. A large number of cultivars have been introduced to horticulture . [source]

ID Features: Wooly, brown pubescence on terminal buds. Terminal buds are 0.75" to 1.25" long. Valvate, appressed and small lateral buds. Ash-gray, smooth bark. Emits citrus odor when branch bruised. Red seeds. Large, white flowers.

Habit: A large, low branching and dense evergreen tree . Pyramidal to oval growth habit. • Growth Form: Single Stem • Shape and Orientation: Rounded

Flowers: White flowers. Blooms in spring and sporadically throughout season . Fragrant. Up to 12" in diameter. Saucer shaped. Found singly. • Bloom Period: February, March, April. • Flower Color: near white, white • Flower Conspicuous: Large, cup shaped

Seeds: Seed per Pound: 6400 • Seed Spread Rate: Slow • Seedling Vigor: High • Fruit: Elongated aggregate of follicles, 3" to 8" long. Red seeds. Showy. Persistent . Attracts birds. Matures in September. • Fruit/Seed Abundance: Medium • Fruit/Seed Color: Red • Fruit/Seed Conspicuous: Yes • Cold Stratification Required: Yes

Foliage: Large, leathery, glossy • Foliage Shape: Ovate • Foliage Color: Green • Normal foliage color: Green • Underside foliage: Green • Juvenile foliage: Green • Mature foliage: Green • New foliage: Green • Spring foliage: Green • Summer foliage: Alternate leaf arrangement . Simple , evergreen leaves. Elliptic leaf shape. 5" to 10" long. 2" to 5" wide. Entire leaf margins. Dense, brown pubescence on underside. Think and leathery. Leaf color is dark green. • Fall foliage: No fall color. • Winter foliage: Green • Foliage Porosity Summer: Dense • Foliage Porosity Winter: Dense • Foliage Texture: Coarse • Fall Conspicuous: Yes • Leaf Retention: Yes

Size/Age/Growth

Active Growth Period: Spring and Summer • Growth Rate: Moderate. • Mature Height (feet): 100.0 • Maximum Height at 20 Years (feet): 40 • Size: 30 to 80 ft . or taller, 15 to 50 ft. or more wide. • Vegetative Spread Rate: None • Lifespan: Lifespan

Landscaping

Landscape Uses: Espalier . Buffer . Screen . For flowers and fruit. For fragrance. As a specimen. Shade tree . Street tree. Golf courses . Park tree. • Liabilities: Leaves and fruit can be a litter problem. Can not tolerate soil compaction and rarely with survive in a construction. site. Roots will girdle . Scale and aphids. Leaf spot. Thin bark , easily damaged by lawn equipment. Young trees don't flower. • Care: Follow a regular watering schedule during the first growing season to establish a deep, extensive root system . Watering can be reduced after establishment. Feed with a general purpose fertilizer before new growth begins in spring .

Habitat

Wooded dunes, hammocks , river bottoms , mesic woods , and ravine slopes ; coastal plain ; 0-120m [3].

Hardy to zone 6.

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 4,653 meters (0 to 15,266 feet).[4]

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Perennial • Coppice Potential: No • Progagated by Bulbs: No • Propagated by Bare Root: Yes • Propagated by Container: Yes • Propagated by Corms: No • Propagated by Cuttings: No • Propagated by Seed: Yes • Propagated by Sod: No • Propagated by Sprigs: No • Propagated by Tubers: No • Fruit/Seed Period Begin: Summer • Fruit/Seed Period End: Summer • Fruit/Seed Persistence: Yes

Growth

Culture: Full sun to shade. Soil tolerant . Transplant from container or B&B, difficult to transplant. Prune after flowering. Prefers rich, well-drained soil. Somewhat drought tolerant.

Soil: Adapted to Medium Textured: Adapted to Medium Textured Soils • Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils: No • Anaerobic Tolerance: None • Salinity Tolerance: Medium • CaCO3 Tolerance: Low • Minimum pH: 4.5 • Maximum pH: 6.5 • Fertility Requirement: Low

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full sun • Shade Tolerance: Tolerant

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: Low • Minimum Precipitation: 35 • Maximum Precipitation: 60 • Moisture Use: High • Water Requirements: Water regularly, when top 3 in. of soil is dry.

Temperature: Minimum Temperature (F): 7°F. • Minimum Frost Free Days: 220 • Heat Zones: High: 9 (>120 to 150 days) Low:3 (>7 to 14 days) (map) • Cold Hardiness: 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b. (map)

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Infraphylum: Radiatopses () - Kenrick & Crane, 1997
        Class: Spermatopsida () - Brongniart, 1843
        Subclass: Magnoliidae () - Novák ex Takhtajan, 1967
        Superorder: Magnolianae () - Takhtajan, 1967
        Order: Magnoliales () - Bromhead, 1838
        Family: Magnoliaceae () - A.L. de Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. - Magnolia Family
        Subfamily: Magnolioideae ()
        Tribe: Magnolieae ()
        Genus: Magnolia () - C. Linnaeus, 1753 - [For Pierre Magnol (1638-1715), professor and director of the botanical garden at Montpellier, France]
        Specific epithet: grandiflora - L.
        Botanical name: - Magnolia grandiflora L.

Synonyms

M. foetida (Linnaeus) Sargent • M. lacunosa Rafinesque • M. virginiana Linnaeus Var. foetida Linnaeus • Magnolia angustifolia Millais • Magnolia elliptica Link • Magnolia exoniensis Millais • Magnolia ferruginea W. Watson • Magnolia ferruginea Z. Collins Ex Rafinesque • Magnolia foetida (L.) Sarg. • Magnolia foetida f. margaretta Ashe • Magnolia foetida f. parvifolia Ashe • Magnolia foetida Sarg. • Magnolia galissoniensis Millais • Magnolia gloriosa Millais • Magnolia grandiflora f. galissoniensis K. Koch • Magnolia grandiflora f. lanceolata (Aiton) Rehder • Magnolia grandiflora var. elliptica W. T. Aiton • Magnolia grandiflora var. exoniensis Loud. • Magnolia grandiflora var. ferruginea Sims • Magnolia grandiflora var. lanceolata Aiton • Magnolia grandiflora var. obovata W. T. Aiton • Magnolia hartwegii G. Nicholson • Magnolia hartwicus G. Nicholson • Magnolia lacunosa Raf. • Magnolia lanceolata Link • Magnolia longifolia Sweet • Magnolia maxima Lodd. Ex G. Don • Magnolia microphylla Ser. • Magnolia obovata Aiton Ex Link • Magnolia Obtusifolia • Magnolia praecox Millais • Magnolia pravertiana Millais • Magnolia rotundifolia Millais • Magnolia stricta G. Nicholson • Magnolia tardiflora Ser. • Magnolia tomentosa Ser. • Magnolia virginiana var. foetida L.

Notes

Publishing author : L.

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Magnolia

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 213 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

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Notes

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Contributors

Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed May 2, 2012.
Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed March 10, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from provider.
"Magnolia grandiflora". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Published by Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Dec 27, 2011.
USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 29, 2008)
World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Release date: November 27, 2009

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 16, 2007:

Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Bishop Museum Natural History Specimen Data
Comisión nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad, Herbario del Instituto de Ecología, A.C., México
GBIF-Spain, Dirección General de Investigación, Desarrollo Tecnológico e Innovación de la Junta de Extremadura(DGIDTI): HSS
GBIF-Spain, Herbario Universidad de Málaga: MGC-Cormófitos
GBIF-Spain, Jardín Botánico de Córdoba: Herbarium COA
Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2645052
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Kew-117615
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 14241126
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:554723-1
GRIN Nomen Number: 23108
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 18074
International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 554722-1
Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDMAG02040
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: MAGR4
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 48841

Footnotes

Frederick G. Meyer "Magnoliaceae". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Christopher H. Haufler, Michael D. Windham, Frank A. Lang, S. A. Whitmore "Magnolia". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
"Magnolia grandiflora". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Mean = 188.460 meters (618.307 feet), Standard Deviation = 587.540 based on 292 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Magnolia grandiflora

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Magnoliaceae

Genus Magnolia

Physical Description

Species Magnolia grandiflora

Size/Age/Growth

Landscaping

Habitat

Biology

Reproduction

Growth

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Notes

Similar Species

Members of the genus Magnolia

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Notes

Contributors

Data Sources

Identifiers

Footnotes