Magnolia acuminata (Cucumber Magnolia)

Overview

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Cucumber Tree, Cooper's Rock, West Virginia

Endangered

Interesting Facts

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The largest known tree of Magnolia acuminata, 29.6m in height with a trunk diameter of 1.26m, is recorded from a specimen cultivated in Waukon, Iowa (American Forestry Association 1994). [source]
The Cherokee and Iroquois tribes used Magnolia acuminata, largely the bark , as an analgesic, antidiarrheal, gastrointestinal aid, anthelmintic , toothache remedy, and for various other uses (D.E. Moerman 1986). [source]

Common Names

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Common Names in English:

Cucumber Magnolia, Blue Magnolia, Cucumber-Tree, Cucumbertree Magnolia

Description

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Family Magnoliaceae

Trees or shrubs , deciduous or evergreen , aromatic . Pith homogeneous or diaphragmed . Leaves alternate, simple , petiolate ; stipules early or tardily deciduous, at first surrounding stem, adnate on adaxial side of petiole (free in Magnolia grandiflora ), often ochreate, leaving persistent annular scar around node. Leaf blade pinnately veined, unlobed (or evenly 2-10-lobed in Liriodendron ), margins entire. Inflorescences terminal , solitary flowers (often paired in Magnolia ashei ), pedunculate ; spathaceous bracts 2 (Magnolia ) or 1 (Liriodendron ) . Flowers: perianth hypogynous, segments imbricate; tepals deciduous, 6-18, in 3 or more whorls of 3, ± similar or outer tepals sepaloid , inner tepals petaloid ; stamens numerous , hypogynous, free, spirally arranged ; filaments very short to 1/2 length of anthers ; anthers introrse , latrorse , or extrorse , longitudinally dehiscent ; connective with distal appendage ; pistils numerous, superior, spirally arranged on elongate receptacle (torus), stalked or sessile, free or ±concrescent, 1-locular; placentation marginal , placenta 1; ovules 1-2; style 1, short and recurved (Magnolia ) or large and winglike (Liriodendron ) ; stigma 1, terminal or terminal decurrent (Magnolia ) or recurved (Liriodendron ) . Fruits conelike syncarps consisting of aggregates of coalescent , woody follicles (follicetums, as in Magnolia ) or apocarps consisting of aggregates of indehiscent samaras (samaracetums, as in Liriodendron ) . Seeds 1-2 per pistil, arillate , endosperm oily (Magnolia ), or without aril, adherent to dry endocarp ( Liriodendron ) .

Genera ca. 6(-12), species ca. 220 (2 genera, 9 species in the flora ) : mostly in Asia, the Pacific Islands, and the Western Hemisphere.

Magnoliaceae are pollinated by beetles.

Herbarium material of Magnolia is usually incomplete and inadequate for critical study. Collections should include material of the stipules, spathaceous bracts, a full complement of stamens, and all of the perianth segments to facilitate identification of Magnolia species.[1]

Genus Magnolia

Trees or shrubs , deciduous or evergreen . Pith homogeneous or diaphragmed . Leaves distinctly alternate or sometimes crowded in terminal whorl-like clusters ; stipules early deciduous, free or adnate to and proximal on petiole . Leaf blade : base deeply cordate or auriculate or cuneate to abruptly narrowed or rounded , margins entire, apex obtuse or acute to acuminate; surfaces abaxially chalky white or green to glaucous, pubescent or glabrous . Flowers protogynous, appearing with or before leaves; tepals 9-15, petaloid , usually spreading , creamy white, rarely greenish, yellow, or orange-yellow, outermost tepals sepaloid , sometimes strongly reflexed , greenish; stamens on elongate torus, early deciduous; filaments white or purple, very short; anthers introrse or latrorse . Follicles persistent , coalescent , forming conelike aggregate, abaxially dehiscent. Seeds with red, pink, or orange oily aril, extruded from follicles and suspended by funiculi. x =19.

Species ca. 120: temperate and tropical regions , Western Hemisphere, Asia (Himalayas, China, Japan, Taiwan, Malaysia, and Indonesia) .[2]

Physical Description

Species Magnolia acuminata

Trees , deciduous, single-trunked, to 30 m. Bark dark gray, furrowed . Pith homogeneous . Twigs and foliar buds silvery-pubescent. Leaves distinctly alternate, not in terminal whorl-like clusters ; stipules 3.2-4.3 × 1.4-1.6 cm, abaxially pilose . Leaf blade broadly ovate-elliptic, oblong to oblong-obovate, rarely somewhat rotund , (5-) 10-25(-40) × 4-15(-26) cm, base cuneate to truncate or broadly rounded , often somewhat oblique , apex acuminate; surfaces abaxially pale green to whitish, pilose to nearly glabrous , adaxially green, glabrous or rarely scattered pilose. Flowers slightly aromatic , 6-9 cm across; spathaceous bracts 2, abaxially silky-pubescent; tepals erect , strongly glaucous to greenish or sometimes yellow to orange-yellow, outermost tepals reflexed , much shorter, green; stamens (50-) 60-122(-139), 5-13 mm; filaments white; pistils (35-) 40-45(-60). Follicetums oblong-cylindric, often asymmetric , 2-7 × 0.8-2.7 cm; follicles short-beaked, glabrous. Seeds heart-shaped, somewhat flattened to somewhat globose , 9-10 mm, smooth , aril reddish orange. 2n=76. [source]

Trees, deciduous, single-trunked, to 30 m. Bark dark gray, furrowed. Pith homogeneous. Twigs and foliar buds silvery-pubescent. Leaves distinctly alternate, not in terminal whorl-like clusters; stipules 3.2-4.3 × 1.4-1.6 cm, abaxially pilose. Leaf blade broadly ovate-elliptic, oblong to oblong-obovate, rarely somewhat rotund, (5-) 10-25(-40) × 4-15(-26) cm, base cuneate to truncate or broadly rounded, often somewhat oblique, apex acuminate; surfaces abaxially pale green to whitish, pilose to nearly glabrous, adaxially green, glabrous or rarely scattered pilose. Flowers slightly aromatic, 6-9 cm across; spathaceous bracts 2, abaxially silky-pubescent; tepals erect, strongly glaucous to greenish or sometimes yellow to orange-yellow, outermost tepals reflexed, much shorter, green; stamens (50-) 60-122(-139), 5-13 mm; filaments white; pistils (35-) 40-45(-60). Follicetums oblong-cylindric, often asymmetric, 2-7 × 0.8-2.7 cm; follicles short-beaked, glabrous. Seeds heart-shaped, somewhat flattened to somewhat globose, 9-10 mm, smooth, aril reddish orange. 2 n =76. [source]

Studies of Magnolia acuminata have failed to reconcile the nature of variation in this widespread species. In an attempt to settle differences in variation patterns, J.W. Hardin (1954) recognized four infraspecific taxa in M. acuminata. Later (1972, 1989) Hardin abandoned his earlier views for a more conservative stance, stating that variation in M. acuminata lacked any consistent pattern or geographic correlation . This is the view taken here--no infraspecific taxa are accepted for M. acuminata at this time. Its flowers are normally greenish and glaucous or sometimes yellow to orange-yellow, less showy than those of other magnolias in the flora . In southern areas, trees with yellow to orange-yellow flowers (originally described by Michaux as M. cordata ) occur in North Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and perhaps elsewhere, together with trees that bear normal greenish flowers. Both filiform and flagelliform trichomes occur on the leaves; cylindric trichomes also occur. [source]

Magnolia acuminata is of value to horticulturists because no other species of the genus has yellow tepals. Magnolia acuminata contains major quantities of xanthophyll lutein-5,6-epoxide and, in smaller amounts, acarotene-5,6-epoxide. Although this carotenoid occurs randomly throughout populations of M. acuminata, often it is masked by chlorophyll and not visibly expressed. Sometimes the carotenoid pigment shows through, as in the hybrid M. acuminata × M. denudata 'Elizabeth'. In that cross the M. acuminata parent tree was a nondescript plant with greenish flowers; yet out of this hybrid came 'Elizabeth', a stunning plant with light canary yellow flowers, a result completely unexpected. A thorough field study of M. acuminata is clearly warranted, and further investigation of the carotenoid flower pigments is needed to clarify the taxonomy of this widespread tree. [source]

ID Features: Whitish, silvery, silky pubescent terminal buds. Terminal buds are 0.5" to 0.75" long. Valvate, appressed lateral buds. Ash-gray, smooth bark. U-shaped leaf scar. Emits spicy odor when branch bruised. Red seeds. Greenish white flowers.

Habit: A deciduous tall tree with wide-spreading branches, pyramidal in youth and becoming more open with age.

Flowers: Greenish white flowers. Fragrant. Blooms in spring . Generally hidden by foliage . 2.5" to 3" in diameter. • Bloom Period: April, May, June. • Flower Color: chartreuseyellow-green

Seeds: Fruit: Elongated aggregate of follicles, 2" to 3" long. Red seeds. Showy. Persistent . Looks like a cucumber.

Foliage: Summer foliage: Alternate leaf arrangement . Simple , deciduous leaves. Entire leaf margins. Ovate leaf shape. 6" to 12" long. Yellowish green leaf color. Cordate leaf base. Slightly pubescent . • Fall foliage: Yellowish bronze fall color.

Size/Age/Growth

Growth Rate: Fast. • Size: 50' to 80' tall and equal in width .

Landscaping

Landscape Uses: As a specimen. Shade tree . Street tree. Golf courses . Park tree. • Liabilities: Thin bark easily damaged by lawn equipment. Scale.

Habitat

Hardy to zone 4 and warmer parts of 3

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 1,092 meters (0 to 3,583 feet).[3]

Biology

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Growth

Culture: Full sun to partial shade. Soil tolerant . Transplant from container or B&B, difficult to transplant. Prune after flowering. Prefers fertile , moist soil.

Soil: Minimum pH: 6.1 • Maximum pH: 7.8

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Sun to Partial Shade.

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a. (map)

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Infraphylum: Radiatopses () - Kenrick & Crane, 1997
        Class: Spermatopsida () - Brongniart, 1843
        Subclass: Magnoliidae () - Novák ex Takhtajan, 1967
        Superorder: Magnolianae () - Takhtajan, 1967
        Order: Magnoliales () - Bromhead, 1838
        Family: Magnoliaceae () - A.L. de Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. - Magnolia Family
        Subfamily: Magnolioideae ()
        Tribe: Magnolieae ()
        Genus: Magnolia () - C. Linnaeus, 1753 - [For Pierre Magnol (1638-1715), professor and director of the botanical garden at Montpellier, France]
        Specific epithet: acuminata - (L.) L.
        Botanical name: - Magnolia acuminata (L.) L.

Synonyms

Kobus acuminata (L.) Nieuwl. • Kobus acuminata (Linnaeus) Nieuwland • M. acuminata cordata (Michaux) E. Murray • M. acuminata var. aurea (Ashe) Ashe • M. acuminata var. cordata (Michaux) Seringe • M. acuminata var. ludoviciana Sargent • M. acuminata var. ozarkensis Ashe • M. acuminata var. subcordata (Spach) Dandy • M. cordata Michaux • Magnolia acuminata cordata (Michx.) E. Murray • Magnolia acuminata f. aurea (Ashe) Hardin • Magnolia acuminata ozarkensis (Ashe) E. Murray • Magnolia acuminata var. alabamensis Ashe • Magnolia acuminata var. aurea (Ashe) Ashe • Magnolia acuminata var. cordata (Michx.) Sarg. • Magnolia acuminata var. decandollei (Savi) Dc. • Magnolia acuminata var. ludoviciana Sarg. • Magnolia acuminata var. ozarkensis Ashe • Magnolia acuminata var. subcordata (Spach) Dandy • Magnolia candollei Link • Magnolia cordata Michx. • Magnolia decandollei Savi • Magnolia pensylvanica Dc. • Magnolia rustica Dc. • Magnolia virginiana L. Var. acuminata L. • Magnolia virginiana Linnaeus var. Magnolia virginiana var. acuminata L. • T. acuminatum var. aureum Ashe • T. acuminatum var. flavum Small • T. acuminatum var. ludovicianum (Sargent) Ashe • T. acuminatum var. ozarkense (Ashe) Ashe • T. americanum Spach • T. americanum var. subcordatum Spach • T. cordatum (Michaux) Small • Tulipastrum acuminatum (L.) Small • Tulipastrum acuminatum (Linnaeus) Small • Tulipastrum acuminatum var. aureum Ashe • Tulipastrum acuminatum var. ludovicianum (Sarg.) Ashe • Tulipastrum americanum Spach • Tulipastrum americanum var. subcordatum Spach • Tulipastrum americanum var. vulgare Spach • Tulipastrum cordatum (Michx.) Small • Yulania acuminata (L.) D. L. Fu

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Magnolia

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 213 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

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Flora of Indiana, by Charles C. Deam. Indianapolis, Wm. B. Burford printing co., contractor for state printing and binding, 1940. url p. 1135, p. 478, p. 479.
Flora of Pennsylvania, Boston, Ginn & Company, 1903. url .
Flora of Pennsylvania. Edited with the addition of analytical keys by John Kunkel Small. Boston, Ginn & Co., 1903. url p. 133.
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Flora of the southeastern United States; being descriptions of the seed-plants, ferns and fern-allies growing naturally in North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, and in Oklahom by John Kunkel Small. New York, The author, 1913. url p. 1331.
Flora of the southern United States: containing an abridged description of the flowering plants and ferns of Tennessee, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida: arranged according to the natural system. Cambridge, Mass., Cambridge Botanical Supply Co., 1897. url p. 12.
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Forest leaves. Philadelphia: Pennsylvania Forestry Association, 1886-1950. url , , , , , .
Forest of Port Rico; Washington, Govt. print. off., 1916. url p. 68.
Forest products, their manufacture and use: embracing the principal commercial features in the production, manufacture, and utilization of the most important forest products other than lumber, in the United States / New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1919. url .
Forest trees, for shelter, ornament and profit. A practical manual for their culture and propagation. New York, H.T. Williams, 1871. url , .
Forest vegetation in Maryland / Baltimore: The Department, 1974. url p. 63.
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Forestry. London: W. Rider, [1883-1886]. url p. 132.
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Garden guide, the amateur gardeners' handbook; how to plan, plant and maintain the home grounds, the suburban garden, the city lot. How to grow good vegetables and fruit. How to care for roses and other favorite flowers, hardy plants, trees, shrub New York, A. T. De La Mare company, inc.[c1917] url , .
Garden guide; the amateur gardeners' handbook. Profusely illustrated with over 275 teaching plans and diagrams and reproduced photographs, all made expressly for this standard text book. Edited by A. T. De La Mare. New York, A. T. De La Mare[c1920] url p. 28.
Gardeners' chronicle of America. New York: Chronicle Press, 1905-1950. url p. 247.
Gardening in California, San Francisco, A. M. Robertson, 1914. url p. 131.
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Handbook of hardy trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants. .. Based on the French work of Messrs. Decaisne and Naudin. ..entitled 'Manuel de l'amateur des jardins, ' and including the original woodcuts by Riocreux and Leblanc. Boston, Estes & Lauriat, 1873. url .
Handbook of plants and general horticulture. 1890. url p. 110.
Handbook of the flora of Philadelphia and vicinity, containing data relating to the plants within the following radius: eastern Pennsylvania, north to the Blue mountains, and west to the Susquehanna; all of New Jersey except the northern counties; and Philadelphia, Philadelphia Botanical Club, 1905. url .
Handbook of the trees of the northern states and Canada east of the Rocky Mountains / Lowville, N. Y.: The author, 1918. url .
Hardy ornamental flowering trees and shrubs. London, Smith, Elder, 1908. url , , .
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Horticulture. Boston, Mass.: Horticulture Pub. Co., c1904- url p. 572, p. 579.
How to know wild fruits; a guide to plants when not in flower by means of fruit and leaf. Illustrated by Mary Elizabeth Herbert. New York, Macmillan, 1905. url p. 29, p. 338.
How to plan the home grounds; New York:Doubleday & McClure Co., 1899. url .
Identification of the economic woods of the United States, including a discussion of the structural and physical properties of wood, New York, John Wiley & sons, inc.; [etc., etc.]1919. url , , , , , .
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Illustrated catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy, at Harvard College / published by order of the Legislature of Massachusetts. Cambridge: Museum of Comparative Zoology, 1865-1875. url p. 25.
Illustrated key to the wild and commonly cultivated trees of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada; based primarily upon leaf characters, New YorkHolt1912 url p. 165.
International review of the science and practice of agriculture. Rome: International Institute of Agriculture, Bureau of Agricultural Intelligence and Plant Diseases, 1916-1926. url p. 1241.
Inventory of seeds and plants imported / U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry. Washington, D.C.: G.P.O., 1914-1924. url p. 25.
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Journal of the New York Botanical Garden. 21 1920 Lancaster, Pa.: Published for the Garden by the New Era Printing Co., 1900- url p. 100, p. 13, p. 161, p. 164, p. 219, p. 230, p. 253, p. 298, p. 306, p. 334.
Key and flora: northern and central states / Boston: Ginn, 1908. url .
Landscape gardening. Notes and suggestions on lawns and lawn planting--laying out and arrangement of country places, large and small parks, cemetery plots, and railway-station lawns--deciduous and evergreen trees and shru New York, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1891. url , , .
Landscaping your home / Urbana: University of Illinois Press, c1975. url p. 222.
Leaf key to the trees of the northern states and Canada, and a botanical glossary. By Romeyn Beck Hough. Lowville, N. Y., The author, 1910. url p. 8.
List of Pteridophyta and Spermatophyta growing without cultivation in northeastern North America. Prepared by a Committee of the Botanical Club, American Association for the Advancement of Science. New York, 1894. url p. 155.
Lists of plant types for landscape planting; the materials of planting for ornament listed according to their various uses, by Stephen F. Hamblin. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1923. url , , , , , , , , p. 3.
Logging; the principles and general methods of operation in the United States, by Ralph Clement Bryant. .. New York: J. Wiley & Sons; [etc., etc.], 1913. url p. 23, p. 571.
London trees. Being an account of the trees that succeed in London, with a descriptive account of each species and notes on their comparative value and cultivation. With guide to where the finest London trees may b by A. D. Webster. London, The Swarthmore Press, 1920. url p. 203.
Manual of gardening: a practical guide to the making of home grounds and the growing of flowers, fruits, and vegetables for home use / New York: Macmillan Co., 1911. url .
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Manual of the botany of the northern United States: including the district east of the Mississippi, and north of North Carolina and Tennessee / New York: American Book Company, c1889. url p. 49.
Manual of the flora of the northern states and Canada / by Nathaniel Lord Britton. New York: Holt, 1905. url p. 409, p. 410.
Manual of the southeastern flora: being descriptions of the seed plants growing naturally in Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, eastern Louisiana, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. 1933 New York: The author, 1933. url p. 534.
Manual of the trees of North America (exclusive of Mexico) by Charles Sprague Sargent, with seven hundred and eighty-three illustrations from drawings by Charles Edward Faxon and Mary W. Gill. Boston and New York, Houghton Mifflin company, 1922. url p. 343, p. 904, p. 905.
Manures for fruit and other trees, a practical handbook for the gardener, horticulturist and student. London, Robert Sutton, 1908. url .
Meehan's monthly: a magazine of horticulture, botany, and kindred subjects. Phila., PA: T. Meehan & Sons, 1891-1902. url , , , , , , , , , .
Memoir / Ithaca, N.Y. url p. 498.
Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club. 5 1893 - 18 Durham, N.C.: Published for the Club by the Seeman Printery, 1889- url p. 155, p. 228, p. 274, p. 32, p. 39, p. 42.
Missouri Botanical Garden invites you to know our trees. 1990 [St. Louis]: Missouri Botanical Garden, 1990. url p. 11.
Monographs of the United States Geological Survey. Washington: Govt. Print. Off., 1882- url p. 721, p. 888.
Morphology of the angiosperms. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1961. url p. 118, p. 391, p. 86.
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National list of scientific plant names. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, 1982- url p. 420.
Native trees of Canada / by B.R. Morton; with notes on nomenclature and utilization by R.G. Lewis. Ottawa: Dept. of the Interior, Forestry Branch, 1921. url p. 190, p. 98.
Native woody plants of the United States, their erosion-control and wildlife values. Washington, U. S. Govt. print. off., 1938. url p. 163.
Naturalist's guide to the Americas, prepared by the Committee on the Preservation of Natural Conditions of the Ecological Society of America, with assistance from numerous organizations and individuals, assembled and edited by chairman, Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1926. url p. 335, p. 349, p. 476.
New England trees in winter Storrs, Conn., Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station, 1911. url .
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North American trees: being descriptions and illustrations of the trees growing independently of cultivation in North America, north of Mexico and the West Indies / New York: H. Holt and Co., 1908. url .
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Our native birds of song and beauty, being a complete history of all the songbirds, flycatchers, hummingbirds, swifts, goatsuckers, woodpeckers, kingfishers, trogons, cuckoos, and parrots, of North America. 1 1893 Milwaukee, G. Brumder, 1893-96. url p. 142.
Our native trees and how to identify them; a popular study of their habits and their peculiarities, New York, C. Scribner's Sons, 1917. url , , , , , .
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Outlines of botany for the high school laboratory and classroom (based on Gray's Lessons in botany) by Robert Greenleaf Leavitt. .. prepared at the request of the Botanical Department of Harvard University. New York, American Book Co.[1901] url p. 49.
Outlines of forestry: or, The elementary principles underlying the science of forestry: being a series of primers of forestry / by Edwin J. Houston. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1893. url p. 215, p. 220.
Outlines of forestry; Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott company, 1893. url p. 215, p. 220.
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Physiological plant anatomy, tr. by Montagu Drummond. London, MacMillan, 1914. url p. 730, p. 772.
Phytologia memoirs. Plainfield, N.J.: H.N. Moldenke and A.L. Moldenke, 1980- url p. 277.
Phytologia. Bronx Park, New York, H.A. Gleason and H.N. Moldenke, url p. 161, p. 353, p. 365.
Plant health care for woody ornamentals: a professional's guide to preventing and managing environmental stresses and pests / [Urbana, Ill.]: Cooperative Extension Service, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, c1997. url p. 194, p. 196.
Plant life of Alabama. An account of the distribution, modes of association, and adaptations of the flora of Alabama, together with a systematic catalogue of the plants growing in the state. Prepared in cooperationwith the Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1901. url , , , , .
Plant life of Alabama: an account of the distribution, modes of association, and adaptations of the flora of Alabama, together with a systematic catalogue of the plants growing in the state / by Charles Mohr. Montgomery, Ala.: Brown Printing Co., 1901. url p. 168, p. 180, p. 46, p. 505.
Plant materials of decorative gardening; the woody plants, by William Trelease. Urbana, The author, 1917. url p. 78.
Plant-geography upon a physiological basis. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1903. url .
Popular deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs, for planting in parks, gardens, cemetries, etc., etc. New YorkAmerican News Co.[1868] url p. 123.
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Practical forestry: a treatise on the propagation, planting, and cultivation, with a description, and the botanical and popular names of all the indigenous trees of the United States, both evergreen and deciduous, togeth New York: Orange Judd Co., 1914, c1884. url .
Practical landscape gardening, with reference to the improvement of rural residences, giving the general principles of art; with full directions for planting shade trees, shrubbery and flowers, and laying out grounds. Cincinnati, Moore, Wilstach, Keys & co., 1855. url p. 164.
Practical landscape gardening: the importance of careful planning, locating the house, arrangement of walks and drives, construction of walks and drives, lawns and terraces, how to plant a property, laying out a flower garden, arch New York, A.T. De La Mare Company, inc., 1916. url .
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Preliminary list of the mammals of New York / Gerrit S. Miller, Jr. Albany: University of the State of New York, 1899. url p. 290.
Preliminary study of forest conditions in Tennessee. By R. Clifford Hall. Nashville, McQuiddy printing company, 1910. url p. 47.
Principles of American forestry / New York, J. Wiley & Sons, 1903. url .
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Proceedings of the Rochester Academy of Science. Rochester, N.Y.: The Academy.1889- url p. 70.
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Propagation of forest trees having commercial value and adapted to Pennsylvania / [Harrisburg, Pa.]: Pennsylvania Dept. of Forestry, 1902. url p. 13.
Publication. Field Columbian Museum. Chicago.: Field Columbian Museum, 1895-1909. url p. 106, p. 109, p. 204, p. 246, p. 263.
Reforesting Pennsylvania's waste land. Harrisburg, Pa., W.S. Ray, state printer, 1916. url p. 15.
Report of the Botanist. Albany, N.Y.: University of the State of New York, Office of the Regents, 1871-1888 url p. 79.
Report of the Geological Survey of Ohio. Columbus, Nevins & Myers, state printers, 1873-93. url .
Report of the Pennsylvania Department of Forestry, for the years. .. Harrisburg, Pa.: Harrisburg Pub. Co., state printer, 1907-1912. url , p. 100.
Report of the State Botanist. Albany, N.Y.: University of the State of New York, 1898-1925. url , , p. 13, p. 95.
Report of the United States Entomological Commission. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1878-90. url p. 487, p. 669.
Report on forests and forestry / by John A. Warden. Washington: G.p.o., 1875. url p. 54.
Report on the botany of Barren and Edmonson counties. Frankfort, 1876 url .
Report on the forests of North America (exclusive of Mexico), by Charles S. Sargent. .. Washington: Govt. print. off., 1884. url p. 20, p. 226, p. 256.
Report on the fossil plants of the auriferous gravel deposits of the Sierra Nevada / by Léo Lesquereux. 6 1878 Cambridge: Welch, Bigelow, and Company, University Press, 1878. url p. 24, p. 25.
Report on the geology and agriculture of the State of Mississippi: Jackson, E. Barksdale, State Printer, 1860. url p. 108.
Report. Albany, J. B. Lyon, 1894. url .
Reports of the Director. .. / Experimental Farms. Ottawa: Experimental Farms, 1888-1916. url p. 298, p. 48, p. 90.
Reports of the Survey. Botanical series. Minneapolis [etc.]1892- url p. 45.
Researches on Fungi. .. by A. H. Reginald Buller. .. London, New York [etc.]Longmans, Green and co., 1909- url p. 491.
Roosevelt wild life bulletin. .. of the Roosevelt Life Forest Experiment Station of the New York College of Forestry at Syracuse University. Syracuse, N.Y.: The University, c1922-[1950] url p. 294.
Rural essays / by A.J. Downing; edited, with a memoir of the author, by George William Curtis; and a letter to his friends, by Frederika Bremer. New York: G.P. Putnam, 1853. url p. 376.
Rural essays. New York, G.P. Putnam1853. url .
Select extra-tropical plants readily eligible for industrial culture or naturalisation with indications of their native countries and some of their uses / by Baron Ferd. von Mueller. Melbourne: R. S. Brain, govt. printer, 1895. url p. 624.
Shade trees, indigenous shrubs and vines. Peoria, Ill., Transcript Pub. Co., 1883. url .
Smithsonian miscellaneous collections. 71 1921 Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1862-1968. url p. 96, p. 98.
Special papers / Ohio Academy of Sciences. Columbus, Ohio: The Academy, 1899-1929. url p. 149.
Statement of work done by the Pennsylvania Department of Forestry, during. .. [Harrisburg]: Wm. Stanley Ray, state printer of Pennsylvania, 1902. url , .
Students' handbook to accompany Plants and their uses / by Frederick Leroy Sargent. New York: Henry Holt, 1914. url .
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Taxonomic literature: a selective guide to botanical publications and collections with dates, commentaries and types (TL2) Utrecht: Bohn, Scheltema & Holkema, 1976-1988. url p. 86.
Technical publication / New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University. Syracuse, N.Y.: The College, 1914- url p. 218, p. 219, p. 365, p. 398, p. 409, p. 56, p. 57, p. 66, p. 71, p. 71.
Technical series. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1895-1915. url p. 183, p. 190, p. 26.
Text-book of botany, morphological and physiological. Oxford, Clarendon press, 1882. url p. 652.
Textbook of theoretical botany, by R. C. McLean and W. R. Ivimey-Cook. London, Longmans, Green[1951- url p. 1614.
The American botanist: a monthly journal for the plant lover. Binghamton, N.Y.: Willard N. Clute & Co., 1901-1948. url p. 125, p. 95.
The American farmer's encyclopedia: embracing all the recent discoveries in agricultural chemistry, and the use of mineral, vegetable and animal manures, with descriptions and figures of American insects, injurious to vegetation. Being by Gouverneur Emerson, of Pennsylvania, upon the basis of Johnson's Farmer's encyclopedia. New York: A.O. Moore, Agricultural Book Publisher, 1858, [c1857] url p. 372.
The American flora: or history of plants and wild flowers: containing their scientific and general description, natural history, chemical and medical properties, mode of culture, propagation, &c., designed as a book of by A. B. Strong. New York: Hull & Spencer, 1855. url p. 114.
The American florist: a weekly journal for the trade. Chicago: American Florist Company, [1885-1931] url p. 1208.
The American flower garden / by Neltje Blanchan; planting lists by Leonard Barron; illustrated with one hundred full-page photographs. New York: Doubleday, Page & Company, 1909. url .
The American handbook of ornamental trees By Thomas Meehan Philadelphia, Lippincott, Grambo, and co., 1853 url p. 245, p. 248.
The American home garden. New York, Harper & brothers, 1860. url p. 490.
The American home garden: being principles and rules for the culture of vegetables, fruits, flowers, and shrubbery, to which are added brief notes on farm crops, with a table of their average product and chemical constituents New York: Harper & Brothers, 1859. url p. 490.
The American woods: exhibited by actual specimens and with copious explanatory text / by Romeyn B. Hough. Lowville, N.Y.: Pub., and sections prepared by the author, 1910, c1888 url p. 2.
The Blattaria and Orthoptera of Essex County, Ontario / [Toronto]: Royal Ontario Museum, 1941. url p. 1.
The Bradley bibliography; a guide to the literature of the woody plants of the world published before the beginning of the twentieth century; Cambridge, Riverside Press, 1911-18. url p. 211, p. 781.
The California horticulturist and floral magazine. San Francisco, Calif.: F.A. Miller & Co., 1870- url p. 138, p. 139, p. 139, p. 9.
The Canadian field-naturalist. Ottawa, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club. url p. 259, p. 263, p. 475, p. 519, p. 525, p. 560, p. 607, p. 646, p. 730.
The Canadian journal of science, literature and history. Toronto: Canadian Institute, 1868-1878. url p. 58.
The English flower garden and home grounds: design and arrangement shown by existing examples of gardens in Great Britain and Ireland, followed by a description of the plants, shrubs and trees for the open-air garden and their culture / by W. Robinson; illustrated with many engravings on wood. London: J. Murray, 1906. url p. 675, p. 679.
The Garden: an illustrated weekly journal of gardening in all its branches. London: [s.n., url , , p. 106, p. 173, p. 304, p. 42, p. 464, p. 464, p. 522.
The Gardener's monthly and horticulturist. Philadelphia, Pa.: Charles H. Marot, 1876-1888. url , , , p. 10, p. 17, p. 195, p. 196, p. 230, p. 260, p. 322, p. 36.
The Gardener. Edinburgh;W. Blackwood and sons, 1867-1882. url p. 372.
The Gardeners' chronicle: a weekly illustrated journal of horticulture and allied subjects. London: [Gardeners Chronicle], 1874-1955. url , , p. 10, p. 11, p. 111, p. 180, p. 2, p. 208, p. 21, p. 216, p. 216, p. 216, p. 256, p. 270, p. 312, p. 316, p. 332, p. 34, p. 354, p. 372, p. 381, p. 384, p. 386, p. 388, p. 396, p. 416, p. 42, p. 436, p. 448, p. 457, p. 492, p. 500, p. 552, p. 568, p. 582, p. 590, p. 590, p. 60, p. 64, p. 671, p. 709, p. 723, p. 762, p. 784, p. 786.
The Glasgow naturalist. Glasgow, Andersonian Naturalists of Glasgow. url p. 111, p. 117.
The Illustrated dictionary of gardening: a practical and scientific encyclopaedia of horticulture for gardeners and botanists / edited by George Nicholson. ..; assisted by J.W.H. Trail. .. and J. Garrett. ... London: L. Upcott Gill; 1887-1889. url p. 451, p. 452, p. 455.
The Journal of horticulture, cottage gardener and country gentlemen. London: George W. Johnson and Robert Hogg, 1861-1877. url , p. 112, p. 462, p. 7, p. 8.
The Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History. Cincinnati: The Society, 1878/79 [i.e. 1878 or 1879]-1945. url p. 232.
The Laramie flora of the Denver basin, with a review of the Laramie problem, Washington, Govt. print. off., 1922. url .
The North America sylva, or, A description of the forest trees of the United States, Canada, and Nova Scotia considered particularly with respect to their use in the arts and their introduction into commerce, to which is added a description of the most useful of the European forest trees / Philadelphia: W.M. Rutter, 1865. url .
The North American Pyrenomycetes. A contribution to mycologic botany, Newfield, N. J., Ellis & Everhart, 1892 [c1890] url .
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The North American sylva; or, A description of the forest trees of the United States, Canada, and Nova Scotia. .. / To which is added a description of the most useful of the European forest trees. .. Translated from the French of F. Andrew Michaux. .. With notes by J. Jay Smith. .. Philadelphia: Rice Rutter & co., 1865. url , p. 15.
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Notes

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Contributors

Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed May 2, 2012.
Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed March 10, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from provider.
"Magnolia acuminata". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Published by Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Dec 27, 2011.
USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 29, 2008)
World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Release date: November 27, 2009

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 22, 2007:

Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
UK National Biodiversity Network, Botanical Society of the British Isles - Vascular Plants Database
US National Plant Germplasm System, United States National Plant Germplasm System Collection
USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2645051
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Kew-117423
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 4490920
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:554627-1
GRIN Nomen Number: 23094
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 18071
International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 554627-1
Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDMAG02010
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: TUCO2
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 48835

Footnotes

Frederick G. Meyer "Magnoliaceae". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Christopher H. Haufler, Michael D. Windham, Frank A. Lang, S. A. Whitmore "Magnolia". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Mean = 312.980 meters (1,026.837 feet), Standard Deviation = 224.120 based on 501 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Magnolia acuminata

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Magnoliaceae

Genus Magnolia

Physical Description

Species Magnolia acuminata

Size/Age/Growth

Landscaping

Habitat

Biology

Growth

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Similar Species

Members of the genus Magnolia

More Info

Further Reading

Notes

Contributors

Data Sources

Identifiers

Footnotes