Magnolia macrophylla (Bigleaf Magnolia)

Interesting Facts

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This handsome tree is occasionally cultivated. A close relative, M. dealbata Zuccarini, occurs in Mexico. [source]
The largest known tree of Magnolia macrophylla, 32m in height with a trunk diameter of 53 cm, is recorded from Daniel Boone National Forest , Tight Hollow, Kentucky (American Forestry Association 1994). [source]
The Cherokee tribe used Magnolia macrophylla, mainly the bark , as an analgesic, antidiarrheal, gastrointestinal aid, respiratory aid, and toothache remedy (D.E. Moerman 1986). [source]

Common Names

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Common Names in English:

Bigleaf Magnolia, Big-Leaf Magnolia, Large-Leaf Cucumber-Tree, Large-Leaved Cucumber Tree, Umbrella-Tree

Description

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Family Magnoliaceae

Trees or shrubs , deciduous or evergreen , aromatic . Pith homogeneous or diaphragmed . Leaves alternate, simple , petiolate ; stipules early or tardily deciduous, at first surrounding stem, adnate on adaxial side of petiole (free in Magnolia grandiflora ), often ochreate, leaving persistent annular scar around node. Leaf blade pinnately veined, unlobed (or evenly 2-10-lobed in Liriodendron ), margins entire. Inflorescences terminal , solitary flowers (often paired in Magnolia ashei ), pedunculate ; spathaceous bracts 2 (Magnolia ) or 1 (Liriodendron ) . Flowers: perianth hypogynous, segments imbricate; tepals deciduous, 6-18, in 3 or more whorls of 3, ± similar or outer tepals sepaloid , inner tepals petaloid ; stamens numerous , hypogynous, free, spirally arranged ; filaments very short to 1/2 length of anthers ; anthers introrse , latrorse , or extrorse , longitudinally dehiscent ; connective with distal appendage ; pistils numerous, superior, spirally arranged on elongate receptacle (torus), stalked or sessile, free or ±concrescent, 1-locular; placentation marginal , placenta 1; ovules 1-2; style 1, short and recurved (Magnolia ) or large and winglike (Liriodendron ) ; stigma 1, terminal or terminal decurrent (Magnolia ) or recurved (Liriodendron ) . Fruits conelike syncarps consisting of aggregates of coalescent , woody follicles (follicetums, as in Magnolia ) or apocarps consisting of aggregates of indehiscent samaras (samaracetums, as in Liriodendron ) . Seeds 1-2 per pistil, arillate , endosperm oily (Magnolia ), or without aril, adherent to dry endocarp ( Liriodendron ) .

Genera ca. 6(-12), species ca. 220 (2 genera, 9 species in the flora ) : mostly in Asia, the Pacific Islands, and the Western Hemisphere.

Magnoliaceae are pollinated by beetles.

Herbarium material of Magnolia is usually incomplete and inadequate for critical study. Collections should include material of the stipules, spathaceous bracts, a full complement of stamens, and all of the perianth segments to facilitate identification of Magnolia species.[1]

Genus Magnolia

Trees or shrubs , deciduous or evergreen . Pith homogeneous or diaphragmed . Leaves distinctly alternate or sometimes crowded in terminal whorl-like clusters ; stipules early deciduous, free or adnate to and proximal on petiole . Leaf blade : base deeply cordate or auriculate or cuneate to abruptly narrowed or rounded , margins entire, apex obtuse or acute to acuminate; surfaces abaxially chalky white or green to glaucous, pubescent or glabrous . Flowers protogynous, appearing with or before leaves; tepals 9-15, petaloid , usually spreading , creamy white, rarely greenish, yellow, or orange-yellow, outermost tepals sepaloid , sometimes strongly reflexed , greenish; stamens on elongate torus, early deciduous; filaments white or purple, very short; anthers introrse or latrorse . Follicles persistent , coalescent , forming conelike aggregate, abaxially dehiscent. Seeds with red, pink, or orange oily aril, extruded from follicles and suspended by funiculi. x =19.

Species ca. 120: temperate and tropical regions , Western Hemisphere, Asia (Himalayas, China, Japan, Taiwan, Malaysia, and Indonesia) .[2]

Physical Description

Species Magnolia macrophylla

Trees , deciduous, single-trunked, to 15(-32) m. Bark yellowish to gray, smooth . Pith homogeneous . Twigs and foliar buds silky-pubescent. Leaves crowded in terminal whorl-like clusters ; stipules (9-) 11-17 × 3-6.5 cm, abaxially pilose , glandular . Leaf blade broadly elliptic to obovate-oblong, 50-110 × 15-30 cm, base truncate to deeply cordate or auriculate , apex acute to short-acuminate or obtuse ; surfaces abaxially chalky white, sometimes pale green to glaucous, pilose, adaxially deep green, glabrous . Flowers solitary, fragrant, 35-40(-50) cm across; spathaceous bracts 2, outer bract abaxially rusty gray, inner bract thinner, glabrous; tepals creamy white, glandular, innermost whorl purple-blotched at base, outermost segments strongly reflexed , greenish; stamens (300-) 350-580, 12.5-24.5 mm; filaments white; pistils 50-80. Follicetums globose-ovoid, 5-8 × 5-7 cm; follicles short-beaked, distally appressed silky-pubescent. Seeds ± ovoid , 10-12 mm, pointed , aril orange-red. 2 n =38. [source]

The disposition of Magnolia macrophylla and its close relative M. ashei has been perplexing since M. ashei was described. Some investigators have treated them as geographic varieties or subspecies , and this has some questionable merit. In the foliar state M. macrophylla is hardly, if at all, distinguishable from M. ashei, but in other morphologic details of flower and fruit, they are readily distinguished. They also differ in the floral odors, which are distinct and chemically different (L.B. Thien et al. 197). Magnolia macrophylla and M. ashei are allopatric . Magnolia macrophylla is a much larger, usually single-trunked tree of the piedmont with a wider distribution, larger leaves, more stamens, larger stipules, and both filiform and flagelliform trichomes on the leaves. The follicetum is nearly globose-ovoid, with more pistils and larger seeds. Magnolia macrophylla produces the largest leaves and flowers of any species of the genus. [source]

Habit: Tree

Flowers: Bloom Period: February, March, April. • Flower Color: near white, white

Size/Age/Growth

Size: 20-30' tall.

Habitat

Alluvial woods and sheltered valleys, piedmont; 150-300 m [3].

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 634 meters (0 to 2,080 feet).[4]

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 12-15' apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 5.6 • Maximum pH: 7.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b. (map)

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Infraphylum: Radiatopses () - Kenrick & Crane, 1997
        Class: Spermatopsida () - Brongniart, 1843
        Subclass: Magnoliidae () - Novák ex Takhtajan, 1967
        Superorder: Magnolianae () - Takhtajan, 1967
        Order: Magnoliales () - Bromhead, 1838
        Family: Magnoliaceae () - A.L. de Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. - Magnolia Family
        Subfamily: Magnolioideae ()
        Tribe: Magnolieae ()
        Genus: Magnolia () - C. Linnaeus, 1753 - [For Pierre Magnol (1638-1715), professor and director of the botanical garden at Montpellier, France]
        Subgenus: nom ()
        Specific epithet: macrophylla - Michx.
        Botanical name: - Magnolia macrophylla Michx.

Synonyms

Magnolia michauxiana de Candolle • Magnolia pilosissima P. Parm.

Notes

Publishing author : Michx. Publication : Fl. Bor.-Amer. (Michaux) 1: 327 1803 [19 Mar 1803]

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Magnolia

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 213 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

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Notes

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Contributors

Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed May 2, 2012.
Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 22, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 5 providers.
"Magnolia macrophylla". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Published by Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Dec 27, 2011.
USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 29, 2008)
World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Release date: November 27, 2009

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 22, 2007:

Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2645053
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Kew-117698
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 14245016
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:554766-1
GRIN Nomen Number: 23117
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 18075
International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 554766-1
Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDMAG02050
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: MAMA2
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 48842

Footnotes

Frederick G. Meyer "Magnoliaceae". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Christopher H. Haufler, Michael D. Windham, Frank A. Lang, S. A. Whitmore "Magnolia". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
"Magnolia macrophylla". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Mean = 198.100 meters (649.934 feet), Standard Deviation = 149.750 based on 149 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Magnolia macrophylla

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Magnoliaceae

Genus Magnolia

Physical Description

Species Magnolia macrophylla

Size/Age/Growth

Habitat

Biology

Reproduction

Growth

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Notes

Similar Species

Members of the genus Magnolia

More Info

Further Reading

Notes

Contributors

Data Sources

Identifiers

Footnotes