Lycopodium scariosum

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Lycopodiaceae

Plants terrestrial , on rock, or epiphytic. Roots emerging near origin , or growing through cortex and emergent some distance from origin. Horizontal stems present or absent, mainly protostelic, in some species becoming actino- or plectostelic, on substrate surface or subterranean , or forming stolons. Upright shoots simple or branched, usually conspicuously leafy at least at base ; abscising gemmae formed by reduced lateral shoots. Lateral shoots present or absent, simple or branched, branching pattern dichotomous and sometimes pseudomonopodial; leaves uniform or dimorphic or trimorphic. Upright and lateral shoots round or flat in cross section ; leaves on subterranean parts flat, appressed , nonphotosynthetic, and scalelike; leaves on aerial parts appressed, ascending , or spreading , with 1 central unbranched vein , needlelike to lanceolate to ovate , remote to dense and imbricate, with or without basal and/or mucilage canals. Strobili sessile or stalked , upright, nodding , or pendent. Sporangia solitary, adaxial near leaf base or axillary ; subtending leaves (sporophylls) unmodified and photosynthetic to much modified, nonphotosynthetic, reduced, and aggregated in strobili; sporangia reniform to globose , thick-walled with hundreds of spores, outer walls variously modified. Spores all 1 kind, trilete, thick-walled, surfaces pitted to small-grooved, rugulate, or reticulate . Gametophytes subterranean and nonphotosynthetic or surficial and photosynthetic.

Genera 10--15, species 350--400 (7 genera, 27 species in the flora ) : worldwide.

The Lycopodiaceae are an extremely diverse , ancient family . The family may contain even more than the estimated 400 species because the tropical members and the very large genus Phlegmariurus are still poorly known. The relationships among genera of Lycopodiaceae are not well understood because large evolutionary gaps exist among most genera. Some of the genera, notably Diphasiastrum, Huperzia, and Lycopodiella, exhibit extensive interspecific hybridization, which has caused much taxonomic confusion in the past. Differences in expressions of many of the generic characters are subtle, and some of the characters are microscopic.[1]

Genus Lycopodium

Plants mainly trailing on ground . Roots emerging from point of origin on underside of main stems . Horizontal stems on substrate surface or subterranean , long-creeping. Upright shoots scattered along horizontal stem, 5--16 mm diam., round or flat in cross section , unbranched or with 1--4 lateral branchlets . Leaves not imbricate, linear to linear-lanceolate; leaves on horizontal stems scattered, appressed , membranous; leaves on lateral branchlets mostly 6-ranked or more, monomorphic with few exceptions, appressed, ascending to spreading , margins entire to dentate . Gemmiferous branchlets and gemmae absent. Strobili single and sessile or multiple and pedunculate , apex blunt to acute; peduncle, when present, conspicuously leafy; sporophylls extremely reduced, much shorter than peduncle or stem leaves. Sporangia reniform . Spores reticulate , sides at equator convex , angles acute. Gametophytes nonphotosynthetic, mycorrhizal, subterranean, flat and irregularly button-shaped, with ring meristem around circumference. x = 34.

Species 15--25: mainly temperate and subarctic .

In striking contrast to Diphasiastrum, Huperzia, and Lycopodiella, interspecific hybridization is practically unknown in Lycopodium. Many of the species now recognized in Lycopodium have been segregated from Lycopodium clavatum, L. annotinum, and L. jussiaei Desvaux ex Poiret. The three groups given in the key below should probably be treated as subgenera .[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 3,687 meters (0 to 12,096 feet).[3]

Taxonomy

Notes

Publishing author : G.Forst. Publication : Florae Insulae Australiae Prodromus 1786 (Oct. - Nov. 1786)

Similar Species

Members of the genus Lycopodium

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 51 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

L. alpinum (Alpine Club Moss) · L. annotinum (Clubmoss) · L. annotinum f. groen;andicum (Clubmoss) · L. annotinum pungens (Stiff Clubmoss) · L. apodum (Meadow Spike Moss) · L. argenteum (Northern Sennet) · L. carinatum (Club Moss) · L. cernua (Lycopodium) · L. circinale (Blackfin Barracuda) · L. clavatum (Common Club Moss) · L. clavatum contiguum (Staghorn Club-Moss) · L. clavatum f. brevipedunculatum (Staghorn Club-Moss) · L. clavatum f. incurvum (Common Club Moss) · L. clavatum f. robustinus (Staghorn Club-Moss) · L. clavatum var. aristatum (Staghorn Club-Moss) · L. clavatum var. clavatum (Running Clubmoss) · L. clavatum var. raddianum (Staghorn Club-Moss) · L. complanatum (Plants) · L. complanatum complanatum (American Clubmoss) · L. complanatum f. canadense (Christmas Green) · L. dendroideum (Tree Groundpine) · L. deuterodensum (Bushy Clubmoss) · L. digitatum (Fan Club-Moss) · L. douglasii (Douglas' Spikemoss) · L. fastigiatum (Mountain Clubmoss) · L. habereri (Haberer's Clubmoss) · L. hickeyi (Hickey's Clubmoss) · L. issleri (Issler's Clubmoss) · L. lagopus (One-Cone Clubmoss) · L. longifolium (Pacific Threadfin) · L. lycopodiella (Lycopodiella) · L. mirabile (Thread-Fishes) · L. nudum (Clubmosses) · L. obscurum (Ground Pine) · L. obscurum f. dendroideum (Flat-Branch Tree Club-Moss) · L. obscurum f. foliaceum (Flat-Branch Tree Club-Moss) · L. obscurum f. parvispicatum (Ground Pine) · L. phlegmaria (Queensland Tassel-Fern) · L. proniflorum (Mullet) · L. pungens (Stiff Clubmoss) · L. sabinaefolium sitchense (Sitka Clubmoss) · L. sabinifolium (Ground-Fir) · L. scariosum (Spreading Clubmoss) · L. sitchense (Alaskan Clubmoss) · L. tristachyum (Deep-Root Clubmoss) · L. venustulum (Hairtip Clubmoss) · L. volubile (Climbing Clubmoss) · L. x habereri (Hybrid) · L. × issleri (Issler's Clubmoss) · L. x zeilleri (Zeiller's Clubmoss) · L. zeilleri (Deeproot Clubmoss)

More Info

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Further Reading

• A contribution to the flora of Australia / by William Woolls. Sydney: F. White, 1867. url p. 88.
• A hand-list of the Jamaica ferns and their allies / by G.S. Jenman. Demerara: Printed at Baldwin, 1881. url p. 63.
• Bulletin of miscellaneous information /Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 1912 London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1900-1941. url p. 24.
• Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 33 1906 New York: Torrey Botanical Club, 1870-1996 url p. 122, p. 123, p. 247.
• Contributions from the Hull Botanical Laboratory. [Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1895- url p. 51, p. 57, p. 63, p. 65.
• Embryogenesis in plants. London, Methuen;[1955] url p. 105.
• Grisebach, A. H. R. Flora of the British West Indian islands /by A.H.R. Grisebach. [1859]-18 London, L. Reeve, 1864. url p. 646.
• Hand-list of ferns and fern allies cultivated in the Royal Botanic Gardens. London, Printed for H. M. Stationery Off., by Darling, 1906. url p. 147, p. 147.
• Hooker, J. D. The botany of the Antarctic voyage of H.M. discovery ships Erebus and Terror in the Years 1839-1843: under the command of Captain Sir James Clark Ross /by Joseph Dalton Hooker. London: Reeve Brothers, 1844-60. url p. 112, p. 157, p. 55.
• Illustrations of the New Zealand flora / edited by T.F. Cheeseman with the assistance of W.B. Hemsley; the plates drawn by Matilda Smith. Wellington: John Mackay, Govt. Printer, 1914. url p. 554.
• Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society. Oxford [etc.]Royal Microscopical Society. url p. 210, p. 216, p. 314, p. 611, p. 62.
• Life and letters of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker. .. Based on materials collected and arranged by Lady Hooker. .. by Leonard Huxley. London: J. Murray, 1918. url p. 493.
• Malayan fern allies. Handbook to the determination of the fern allies of the Malayan islands (incl. those of the Malay peninsula, the Philippines and New Guinea). By Capt. C.R.W.K. van Alderwerelt van Rosenburgh. Pub. by the Dept. of agriculture, industry and commerce, Netherlands India. Batavia: Landsdrukkerij, 1915. url p. 50.
• Malayan fern allies: handbook to the determination of the fern allies of the Malayan Islands (incl. those of the Malay Peninsula, the Philippines and New Guinea) / by C.R.W.K. van Alderwerelt van Rosenburgh. Batavia [Djakarta]: Landsdrukkerij, 1915. url p. 50.
• Manual of the New Zealand flora. By T. F. Cheeseman. .. Wellington, N. Z., J. Mackay, Govt. Printer, 1906. url p. 1039.
• Nature. London, Macmillan. url p. 383.
• Plant morphogenesis. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1960. url p. 360.
• Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. Sydney, Linnean Society of New South Wales. url p. 84.
• Pteridophyta of Peru. Rolla M. Tryon, Robert G. Stolze; with the collaboration of: R. James Hickey, Benjamin Øllgaard. 34 1994 Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, 1994. url p. 55, p. 57.
• The Gardeners' chronicle and agricultural gazette. London: published for the proprietors, 1844-1873. url p. 365.
• The Gardeners' chronicle: a weekly illustrated journal of horticulture and allied subjects. London: [Gardeners Chronicle], 1874-1955. url p. 174.
• The Journal of the Linnean Society. Botany. 42 1914 London: the Society: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts & Green: ||Williams and Norgate, 1865-1968. url p. 207, p. 39, p. 443.
• The Natural history of Juan Fernandez and Easter Island / edited by Carl Skottsberg. Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksells Boktryckeri, 1920-1956. url , .
• The Philippine journal of science. 22 1923 Manila. url p. 182, p. 69, p. 74, p. 75.
• The Plant world. Baltimore [etc.]Plant World Association [etc.] url p. 226.
• The distribution of the vegetation and flora of New Zealand. By L. Cockayne. Nelson, N.Z., R.W. Stiles & Co., Printers, 1920 url p. 62.
• The illustrated dictionary of gardening, a practical and scientific encyclopedia of horticulture for gardeners and botanists. Ed. by George Nicholson. Assisted by Professor J. W. H. Trail and J. Garrett. London: L. U. Gill, [1884]-89. url p. 307.
• The natural history of Juan Fernandez and Easter Island / edited by Carl Skottsberg. Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksells Boktryckeri, 1920- url p. 225, p. 397.
• The subantarctic islands of New Zealand. Reports on the geo-physics, geology, zoology, and botany of the islands lying to the south of New Zealand, based mainly on observatiohs and collections made during an expedition in the government stea Ed. by Chas. Chilton. Pub. by the Philosophical institute of Canterbury. Wellington, N.Z., Printed by J. Mackay, govt. printer, 1909. url p. 444.
• Transactions and proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. Wellington: New Zealand Institute. url , p. 100, p. 102, p. 109, p. 110, p. 148, p. 161, p. 163, p. 193, p. 197, p. 198, p. 209, p. 211, p. 233, p. 233, p. 236, p. 237, p. 244, p. 258, p. 259, p. 261, p. 263, p. 273, p. 274, p. 276, p. 295, p. 296, p. 299, p. 300, p. 301, p. 317, p. 321, p. 356, p. 361, p. 362, p. 364, p. 365, p. 367, p. 368, p. 369, p. 4, p. 5, p. 81, p. 82, p. 93, p. 94, p. 98.
• Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 2nd series: Botany 4 1894-1896 London. url p. 109.
• Transactions of the Royal Society of Victoria. Melbourne: The Society, 1888- url p. 39, p. 43.
• Øllgaard, B. 1990. Lycopodiaceae. In: K. Kubitzki et al., eds. 1990+. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. 1+ vol. Berlin etc. Vol. 1, pp. 31--39.
• Øllgaard, B. 1987. A revised classification of the Lycopodiaceae s. lat. Opera Bot. 92: 153--178.
• Øllgaard, B. 1989. Index of the Lycopodiaceae. Biol. Skr. 34: 1--135.
• Wagner, W. H. Jr. and J. M. Beitel. 1992. Generic classification of modern North American Lycopodiaceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 79: 676--686.
• Wagner, F. S. 1992. Cytological problems in Lycopodium sens. lat. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 79: 718--729.
• Wagner, W. H. Jr. 1993. A new combination for a North American lycopod. Novon 3: 305.
• Hickey, R. J. 1977. The Lycopodium obscurum complex in North America. Amer. Fern J. 67: 45--49.
• Wagner, W. H. Jr., J. M. Beitel, and R. C. Moran. 1989. Lycopodium hickeyi: A new species of North American clubmoss. Amer. Fern J. 79: 119--121.

Notes

Contributors

• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 11, 2012.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed March 14, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 7 providers.
• The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Dec 27, 2011.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal March 14, 2008:

• Australian National Herbarium (CANB)
• National Herbarium of New South Wales: Plants of Papua New Guinea

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 3417228
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 15595034
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:132364-3
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 132364-3
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 961121

Footnotes

1. Warren H. Wagner Jr. & Joseph M. Beitel "Lycopodiaceae". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. "Lycopodium". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. Mean = 597.090 meters (1,958.957 feet), Standard Deviation = 926.220 based on 932 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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