Lycium sandwicense

NatureServe: G3 Vulnerable

Taxonomy

Unambiguous Synonyms:

1. Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense (Gray) C.L. Hitchc.

Notes:

Name Status: Accepted Name. Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Physical Description

Family Solanaceae:

Herbs, shrubs, small trees, or climbers. Stems sometimes prickly, rarely thorny; hairs simple, branched, or stellate, sometimes glandular. Leaves alternate, solitary or paired, simple or pinnately compound, without stipules; leaf blade entire, dentate, lobed, or divided. Inflorescences terminal, overtopped by continuing axes, appearing axillary, extra-axillary, or leaf opposed, often apparently umbellate, racemose, paniculate, clustered, or solitary flowers, rarely true cymes, sometimes bracteate. Flowers mostly bisexual, usually regular, 5-merous, rarely 4- or 6-9-merous. Calyx mostly lobed. Petals united. Stamens as many as corolla lobes and alternate with them, inserted within corolla, all alike or 1 or more reduced; anthers dehiscing longitudinally or by apical pores. Ovary 2-5-locular; placentation mostly axile; ovules usually numerous. Style 1. Fruiting calyx often becoming enlarged, mostly persistent. Fruit a berry or capsule. Seeds with copious endosperm; embryo mostly curved.

About 95 genera with 2300 species: best represented in western tropical America, widespread in temperate and tropical regions; 20 genera (ten introduced) and 101 species in China.

Some species of Solanaceae are known in China only by plants cultivated in ornamental or specialty gardens: Atropa belladonna Linnaeus, Cyphomandra betacea (Cavanilles) Sendtner, Brugmansia suaveolens (Willdenow) Berchtold & Presl, Nicotiana alata Link & Otto, and Solanum jasminoides Paxton.^[1]

Genus Lycium:

Shrubs, often armed with thorns, pubescent with simple hairs. Leaves usually fasciculate on short shoots, petiolate or subsessile; leaf blade small, plane or linear-cylindric, entire. Inflorescences solitary or fasciculate axillary flowers; peduncle absent. Flowers pedicellate. Calyx campanulate, 2- or 5-dentate or -lobed. Corolla funnelform or campanulate; tube short, limb usually (4- or) 5-lobed, enlarged at throat. Stamens inserted high in corolla tube, included or exserted; anthers oblong-elliptic, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary 2-locular; ovules 1 to many. Style slender. Berry red, orange, yellow, or black, globose, ovoid, or oblong, fleshy or juicy; fruiting calyx slightly enlarged. Seeds numerous or few, compressed, pitted.

About 80 species: South America, S Africa, a few in temperate Europe and Asia; seven species in China.^[2]

Habit: Shrub

Images:

Distribution

Range and Population

Oceania

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Similar Species

Members of the genus Lycium:

There are approximately 550 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them: L. chilense gracile · L. chilense paraguariense · L. depressum angustifolium · L. pallidum exsertum · L. abeliaeflorum · L. acanthocladium · L. aciculare · L. acnistoides · L. acutifolium · L. afrum · L. aggregatum · L. albiflorum · L. ameghinoi · L. americanum var. chrysocarpum · L. amoenum · L. anatolicum · L. andersonii (Anderson Boxthorn) · L. andersonii f. deserticola (Anderson Boxthorn) · L. andersonii f. deserticolum · L. andersonii var. andersonii · L. andersonii var. andersonii Gray (Anderson Wolfberry) · L. andersonii var. deserticola · L. andersonii var. deserticola (C.L.Hitchc.) C.L.Hitchc. ex Munz (Desert Anderson Wolfberry) · L. andersonii var. pubescens · L. andersonii var. wrightii (Anderson Boxthorn) · L. andersonii var. wrightii Gray (Water Jacket) · L. angustifolium · L. apiculatum · L. arabicum · L. arborescens · L. arenicola · L. arenicolum · L. argentino-cestroides · L. argentino-elongatum · L. argentinum · L. argentinum var. umbrosum · L. armatum · L. arochae · L. aschersonii · L. athium · L. australe · L. austrinum · L. bachmannii · L. Barbarium 'Nativehart' · L. barbarum (Common Matrimony Vine) · L. barbarum var. auranticarpum · L. barbatum · L. barbinodum · L. berberidoides · L. berberioides var. berberioides · L. berlandieri (Berlandier Wolf-Berry) · L. berlandieri Dunal var. berlandieri Dunal · L. berlandieri Dunal var. longistylum C.L.Hitchc. (Berlandier Wolfberry) · L. berlandieri Dunal var. parviflorum (Gray) Terracc. (Berlandier's Wolfberry) · L. berlandieri f. parviflorum · L. berlandieri subvar. brachyanthum · L. berlandieri subvar. pubescens · L. berlandieri subvar. richii · L. berlandieri subvar. wrightii · L. berlandieri var. andersonii · L. berlandieri var. barbinodum · L. berlandieri var. berlandieri · L. berlandieri var. brevipes · L. berlandieri var. longiflorum · L. berlandieri var. longistylum · L. berlandieri var. miersii · L. berlandieri var. normale · L. berlandieri var. palmeri · L. berlandieri var. parviflorum (Berlandiers Wolfberry) · L. berlandieri var. peninsulare · L. berlandieri var. schaffneri · L. biesei · L. boerhaviaefolium · L. bosciifolium · L. brachanthum · L. brachyanthum · L. breanum · L. brevipes var. Brevipes (Desert-Thorn) · L. brevistylum · L. caespitosum · L. californicum (California Desert-Thorn) · L. californicum carinatum · L. californicum subsp. carinatum · L. californicum var. arizonicum · L. californicum var. interior · L. calpiche · L. campanulatum · L. canescens · L. canum · L. capense · L. capillare · L. capsulare · L. carinatum · L. carnosum · L. carolianum · L. carolinianum (Carolina Desert-Thorn) · L. carolinianum f. hassei · L. carolinianum f. jacquiniana · L. carolinianum var. arizonicum · L. carolinianum var. californicum

Bibliography

• Kuang Ko-zen & Lu An-ming, eds. 1978. Solanaceae. Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 67(1): 1-175.

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Notes

Contributors:

• African Regional Workshop (Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees, Zimbabwe) 1998. Pericopsis elata. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 20 October 2006.
• American Plant Food Company, 7405 River Road, Bethesda MD.
• Barneby RC and Forero E, 1994/1995 (from ILDIS).
• Barneby RC & Forero E, 1994/1995 (from ILDIS).
• Barneby RC & Grimes JW (Monograph 1996/97), 2001-05 (from ILDIS).
• Barneby RC and Forero E, 1994/1995 (from ILDIS).
• Behnke Nurseries, Potomac MD USA
• BioSystematic Database of World Diptera, 7.0, 2005.
• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2005. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. [http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/]. Access date: Nov 23, 2005
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2006. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed April 21, 2007.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2007. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed September 17, 2007.
• Carr, Gerald
• Chappill J, 2001-06 (from ILDIS).
• Computer Aided Identification of Phlebotomine sandflies of AmericasJan 2, 1997.
• Cristofolini G, 2001-06 (from ILDIS).
• Fantz PR, 1999 (from ILDIS).
• Fautin, Daphne G. (from Hexacorallians of the World).
• Fortunato RH, 2001-05 (from ILDIS).
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed January 27, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 2 providers.
• Hexacorallians of the World 2001.
• Heyn CC and Heller D 1991/1993 (from ILDIS).
• Heyn CC & Heller D 1991/1993 (from ILDIS).
• Home of the Xylariaceae 2006.
• Hopkins HF, 2001-03 (from ILDIS).
• ILDIS World Database of Legumes, 10, Nov 2005
• ILDIS World Database of LegumesNov 10, 2005.
• IOPI Global Plant Checklist 2005.
• Kirk P.M., 14-Sep-2005 (from Species Fungorum, Sep 2006).
• LepIndex: The Global Lepidoptera Names Index
• Lewis GP, 1994/1995 (from ILDIS).
• Light, Kris. East Tennessee Wildflowers
• Marlin, Bruce. CirrusImage.com.
• Merrifield Garden Center, Fairfax VA USA
• Newell CA, 1997 (from ILDIS).
• Nghia, N.H. 1998. Dalbergia entadoides. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 20 October 2006.
• Nielsen IC and Rico ML, 1994 (from ILDIS).
• Nielsen IC & Rico ML, 1994 (from ILDIS).
• Nielsen IC and Rico ML, 1994 (from ILDIS World Database of Legumes).
• Ocean Biogeographic Information System. Accessed March 01, 2006. www.iobis.org
• Ohashi H & Tateishi Y, 1996 (from ILDIS).
• Opler, Paul A., Harry Pavulaan, Ray E. Stanford, Michael Pogue, coordinators. Butterflies and Moths of North America. Bozeman, MT: Mountain Prairie Information Node. March 26, 2007.
• Orthoptera Species File Online, 2.5, 2006.
• Parhost World Database of FleasNov 2, 2005.
• Pasquet RS, 2001-06 (from ILDIS).
• Phyllachorales 2006.
• Pippen, Jeffrey S. Jeff's Nature Page. Accessed December 8, 2007.
• Podlech D, 1996 (from ILDIS).
• Polhill RM, 1993 (from ILDIS).
• Rhytismatales database 2006.
• Ross JH, 2001-01 (from ILDIS).
• Schrire BD, 1994-10 (from ILDIS).
• Sokoloff DD, 2001-03 (from ILDIS).
• Species Fungorum 2006.
• Stirton CH, 2001-06 (from ILDIS).
• The Global Lepidoptera Names Index2, 12.2, 2005.
• The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Jan 19, 2007.
• The Virtual Field Herbarium.
• Thomson, Christian (from Diptera).
• UConn Plant Database of Trees, Shrubs, and Vines. Accessed May 19, 2006.
• USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Plant Characteristics Database. Accessed April 17, 2006.
• USDA, NRCS. 2005. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.
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• van der Maesen, LJG, 2001-03 (from ILDIS).

Data Sources:

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal February 02, 2008:

• Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Bishop Museum Natural History Specimen Data
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database

Identifiers:

• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 30551
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13746401
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:816615-1
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDSOL0G0H0
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: LYCAS2
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 48605

Footnotes:

1. Zhi-Yun Zhang, Anmin Lu & William G. D'Arcy "Solanaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 17 Page 300. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
2. "Lycium". in Flora of China Vol. 17 Page 301. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.