Lonicera japonica

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Ornamental shrub from Asia.

Lonicera japonica is an extremely vigorous vine which grows up through the canopy of trees , smothering and ultimately killing the host tree. It is shade and drought tolerant , though it needs full to partial sunlight to grow successfully. L. japonica is beneficial as winter forage for white tail deer and is used for this purpose by wildlife managers. Birds and cotton-tailed rabbits also eat the seeds and leaves of the vine. It provides a habitat cover of twisted vines for birds and small mammals. Landscapers use it because of its fragrant smell. It is considered a valuable medical herb in China, where it is used to treat chicken pox and to maintain human vascular homeostasis .

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Subfamily Faboideae

Mostly herbs, shrubs , or trees . Leaves pinnate or palmate to trifoliolate or apparently simple . Corolla usually, showy, zygomorphic, the petals imbricate, posterior (upper or banner ) petal outermost in bud. Stamens 10 or 9 + 1 (diadelphous ), not showy. Pollen released in monads . Seeds with u-shaped line (pleurogram) lacking. [Carr]

Physical Description

Landscaping

Landscape Uses: Barrier . Erosion control. Screen . Groundcover. Useful on banks. Difficult sites. For fragrance of flowers. • Liabilities: A rampant and weedy grower needing to be contained in some circumstances. Not evergreen in zones 6 or colder.

Habitat

L. japonica is found in a variety of habitats , including fields , forest edges and openings, disturbed woods , and floodplains . It is shade and drought tolerant , though it needs full to partial sunlight to grow successfully. L. japonica is still planted in gardens and along roadsides for landscaping purposes. It is hardy to zone 5.

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 4,653 meters (0 to 15,266 feet).[1]

Biome: disturbed areas, natural forest , urban areas

Ecology: L. japonica competes with natives for light and nutrients . It outcompetes natives by spreading rapidly and completely covering and toppling small trees and shrubs in the process . This prevents the understory and small trees from developing, causing a reduction in forest understory diversity. The newly opened understory causes L. japonica to spread rapidly and provide habitat to other invasives, such as Hedera helix (English ivy) and Pueraria montana (kudzu).

Biology

Reproduction

L. japonica reproduces vegetatively and by seed. Seeds are spread mostly by birds, which ingest the berries and excrete the seeds. L. japonica plants spread by way of aboveground runners that root at the nodes. The plants are pollinated by a variety of insects, such as bumblebees, butterflies, and especially hawkmoths, but in some areas may produce few fruits and seeds (Larson et al. 2002). Seeds require cold stratification to overcome dormancy (Hidayati et al. 2000). L. japonica produces 2 to 12 seeds per berry.

L. japonica has an extended growing season , owing to its evergreen nature.

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Easy to grow. Full sun to partial shade. Tolerant of difficult growing sites. Adaptable to most soils.

Soil: Minimum pH: 6.1 • Maximum pH: 7.8

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Sun to Partial Shade.

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b. (map)

Taxonomy

Unambiguous Synonyms

1. Caprifolium japonicum (Thunb.) Dum. Cours.
2. Lonicera japonica var. chinensis (P. W. Wats.) Baker
3. Nintooa japonica (Thunb.) Sweet

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication : J. A. Murray, Syst. veg. ed. 14:216. 1784 May-Jun (Fl. jap. 89. 1784 Aug)

Name verified on 07-Nov-1986 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 17-Jul-2007

Similar Species

Members of the genus Lonicera

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 814 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

L. acrophila · L. acuminata (Honeysuckle) · L. acuminata var. depilata · L. acuminata var. giraldii · L. acutifolia · L. adenocarpa · L. adenophora · L. aemulans · L. aff. maackii · L. affinis · L. affinis var. pseudohypoglauca · L. alba · L. alberti · L. albertii · L. albiflora (White Limestone Honeysuckle) · L. albiflora dumosa · L. albiflora var. albiflora · L. alpigena · L. alpigena glehnii · L. alpigena hellenica · L. alpigena var. watanabeana · L. alpina · L. alseuosmoides · L. altaica · L. altaica subarctica · L. altissima · L. altmannii · L. altmannii Regel & Schmalh. var. hirtipes Rehder · L. altmannii Regel & Schmalh. var. pilosiuscula Rehder · L. altmannii Regel & Schmalh. var. saravshanica Rehder · L. americana · L. 'American' · L. amhersti · L. amoena · L. androsaemifolia · L. angustata · L. angustifolia · L. anisocalyx · L. anisotricha · L. annamensis · L. 'Anna Landers' · L. apodantha · L. arborea · L. arborea Boiss. var. persica (Jaub. & Spach) Rehder · L. arizonica (Arizona Honeysuckle) · L. asperifolia · L. atrosanguinea · L. aucherii · L. aurea · L. aureo-reticulata · L. balearica · L. baltica · L. barbinervis · L. belgica · L. bella (Bell´s Honeysuckle) · L. benjamini · L. bicolor · L. biflora · L. 'Bill Cowdell' · L. boczkarnikovae · L. borbasiana · L. bornmuelleri · L. bournei · L. braceana · L. brachypoda · L. brachypoda repens · L. brachypoda DC. var. aureo-variegata Jacob-Makoy · L. bracteata · L. bracteolaris · L. brandtii · L. brevisepala · L. breweri · L. 'Bright Eyes' · L. brownei var. fuchsioides · L. brownii var. punicea · L. brownii var. youngii · L. bubalina · L. buchananii · L. buddleioides · L. buergeriana · L. bukoensis · L. bulbalina · L. bungeana · L. buschiorum · L. buxifolia · L. caerulea (Sweetberry Honeysuckle) · L. caerulea altaica · L. caerulea baltica · L. caerulea borbasiana · L. caerulea calvescens · L. caerulea f. emphyllocalyx · L. caerulea f. sphaerocarpa · L. caerulea L. forma graciliflora Dippel · L. caerulea L. 'Globosa' · L. caerulea hirsuta · L. caerulea kamtschatica · L. caerulea kamtschatica 'Amur' · L. caerulea stenantha · L. caerulea subsp. pallasii · L. caerulea var. altaica

More Info

• Search for Pictures: images.google.com
• Search for Scholarly Articles: Google Scholar
• Search using Scientific Name and Vernacular Names: All the Web | AltaVista Canada | AltaVista | Excite | Google | HotBot | Lycos
• Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books

Further Reading

• Adams, C. 1972. Flowering plants of Jamaica. (F Jam)
• An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British possessions: from Newfoundland to the parallel of the southern boundary of Virginia, and from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the 102d meridian / by Nathaniel Lord Britton and Hon. New York: C. Scribner's sons, 1913. ENG url p. 280.
• Annotated list of the ferns and flowering plants of New York state, by Homer D. House. Albany, The University of the state of New York, 1924. ENG url p. 653.
• Aphididae of Formosa By Ryoichi Takahashi. Taihoku, Formosa, The Institute, 1921- ENG url p. 18.
• Backer, C. A. & R. C. Bakhuizen van den Brink, Jr. 1963–1968. Flora of Java. (F Java)
• Botanisches Zentralblatt; referierendes Organ f�r das Gesamtgebiet der Botanik. Jena [etc.]G. Fischer [etc.] GER url p. 107, p. 197, p. 394, p. 395.
• Botany of the Bermudas / by H.B. Small. Hamilton, Bermuda: S. Nelmes, 1913. ENG url p. 27.
• Bulletin - United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.];1877-1971. ENG url p. 330.
• Bulletin de gographie botanique. Le Mans: Au sige de la Socit, 1911-1919. FRE url p. 131.
• Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 27 1900 New York: Torrey Botanical Club, 1870- ENG url p. 340, p. 421.
• Cabrera, A. L. & E. M. Zardini. 1978. Manual de la flora de los alrededores de Buenos Aires. (Man BuenAir)
• Catalog of Ohio vascular plants: arranged according to the phyletic classification: with notes on the geographical distribution in the state, based mainly on specimens in the State Herbarium, Botanical Laboratory, the Ohio State Uni by John H. Schaffner Columbus: Ohio State University, 1914. ENG url p. 224.
• Catalogus plantarum quae in horto Aksakoviano coluntur / Katalog rastenii, nakhodiashchikhsia v sadu Nikolaia Timofeevicha Aksakova v Penzenskoi gubernii / privel v poriadok E. Regel. auctore E. Regel = S.-P.-B. [i.e. Saint Petersburg]: V tipografii Ministerstva vnytrennikh giel, 1860. LAT url p. 86.
• Chinese Academy of Sciences. 1959–. Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae. (F China)
• Conant, P. et al. 1997. Appendix. Selected plant species interfering with resource management goals in North American natural areas. In J. O. Luken & J. W. Thieret, eds., Assessment and management of plant invasions. (Pl Invasion)
• Die Gartenkunst. Wrzburg [etc.]Selbstverlag der Deutschen Gesellschaft fr Gartenkunst [etc.]. GER url p. 153.
• Die Gartenwelt. Berlin: G. Schmidt, [1897- GER url p. 19.
• Don, D. Prodromus florae Nepalensis: sive Enumeratio vegetabilium quae in itinere per Nepaliam proprie dictam et regiones conterminas, ann. 1802-1803. Detexit atque legit d. d. Franciscus Hamilton, (olim Buchanan) Accedunt plantae a. d. Wallich nuperius missae /S 1825 Londini: J. Gale, 1825. LAT url p. 140.
• Duke, J. A. et al. 2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs. (CRC MedHerbs ed2)
• Duncan, W. H. & J. T. Kartesz. 1981. Vascular flora of Georgia: an annotated checklist. (L Georgia)
• Encke, F. et al. 1984. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 13. Auflage. (Zander ed13)
• Eriksson, O. et al. 1979. Flora of Macaronesia: checklist of vascular plants, ed. 2. (L Macar ed2)
• Exotic Weeds II (Japanese Honeysuckle) - Integrated Pest Management Manual DOI. National Park Service. Identification/Description; Impacts; Life Cycle; Dispersion; Controls; Special Note: References
• FWS/0BS. [Washington]Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Dept. of the Interior. ENG url p. 76, p. 95, p. 97.
• Field Museum of Natural History bulletin. Chicago, Field Museum of Natural History, [1930]-c1990. ENG url p. 24.
• Flora of Bermuda by Nathaniel Lord Britton New York, C. Scribner's sons, 1918. ENG url p. 372.
• Flora of Delaware and the Eastern Shore: an annotated list of the ferns and flowering plants of the peninsula of Delaware, Maryland and Virginia. [Wilmington]: Society of Natural History of Delaware, 1946. ENG url p. 246.
• Flora of Guatemala / Dorothy L. Nash; Cucurbitacae contributed by Jennie V.A. Dieterle. Chicago, ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, 1976. ENG url p. 276, p. 277.
• Flora of Illinois, containing keys for identification of flowering plants and ferns. Notre Dame, Ind., University of Notre Dame Press, 1963. ENG url p. 229.
• Flora of Indiana, by Charles C. Deam. Indianapolis, Wm. B. Burford printing co., contractor for state printing and binding, 1940. ENG url p. 888, p. 889.
• Flora of Peru / by J. Francis Macbride; B.E. Dahlgren, editor. Chicago, U.S.A.: Field Museum of Natural History, [1937] ENG url p. 281.
• Flora of West Virginia, by Charles Frederick Millspaugh and Lawrence William Nuttall. Chicago, 1896. ENG url p. 228.
• Flora of Yucatan, by Paul C. Standley. Chicago, Field Museum of Natural History, 1930. ENG url p. 433.
• Flora voor de Nederlandsch West-Indische eilanden, door I. Boldingh Amsterdam, Druk. van J. H. de Bussy, 1913. DUT url p. 381, p. 41, p. 423, p. 438.
• Florida wild flowers; an introduction to the flora of the Florida peninsula, by Mary Francis Baker, photographs by the author. New York, The Macmillan company, 1926. ENG url p. 248.
• Gleason, H. A. & A. Cronquist. 1963. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. (Glea Cron)
• Great Basin naturalist memoirs. [Provo, Utah]Brigham Young University, 1976-1992. ENG url p. 99.
• Hamburger Garten- und Blumenzeitung. Hamburg: R. Kittler, 1852-1890. GER url p. 69.
• Hara, H. 1983. A revision of Caprifoliaceae of Japan with reference to allied plants in other districts and the Adoxaceae. Ginkgoana 5:84–90.
• Hara, H. Flora of eastern Himalaya. v. 1:1966, v. 2:1971, v. 3:1975 (F EHimal)
• Hara, H. et al. 1978–1982. An enumeration of the flowering plants of Nepal. (L Nepal)
• Heredity and evolution in plants, by C. Stuart Gager with 113 illustrations. Philadelphia, P. Blakiston's Son & Co., 1920. ENG url p. 163.
• Horticulture. Boston, Mass.: Horticulture Pub. Co., c1904- ENG url p. 133, p. 305.
• Icones plantarum formosanarum nec non et contributiones ad floram formosanam: or, Icones of the plants of Formosa, and materials for a flora of the island, based on a study of the collections of the Botanical survey of the Government of Formosa / By B. H Taihoku: Bureau of Productive Industry, Government of Formosa, 1911-1921. ENG url p. 47, p. 74, p. 75.
• Inventory of seeds and plants imported / U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry. Washington, D.C.: G.P.O., 1914-1924. ENG url p. 39, p. 39, p. 50.
• Irish gardening. [Dublin: Pub. Office, 1906-1922] ENG url p. 169, p. 184.
• Iwatsuki, K. et al. 1993–. Flora of Japan. (F Japan)
• Japanese Honeysuckle & Asian Bittersweet - Invasive Plants of Ohio Ohio Department of Natural Resources. Natural Areas and Preserves. Identification/Description; Photographs; Introduction History; Impacts; Habitat; Distribution; Controls
• Japanese Honeysuckle - BioBullies (PDF | 740 KB) (Western Pennsylvania) Natural Biodiversity. Identification/Description; Photographs; Introduction History; Impacts; Life Cycle; Habitat; Controls
• Japanese Honeysuckle - Invasive Alien Plant Species of Virginia (PDF | 103 KB) Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation. Natural Heritage Program; Virginia Native Plant Society. Identification/Description; Illustrations; Introduction History; Impacts; Habitat; Distribution; Controls
• Japanese Honeysuckle - Invasive Exotics (PDF | 45 KB) Bowman's Hill Wildflower Preserve (Pennsylvania).Identification/Description; Illustrations; Habitat; Distribution; Dispersion; Controls
• Japanese Honeysuckle - Invasive Plant Species Fact Sheet (PDF | 730 KB) Indiana Department of Natural Resources. Invasive Plant Species Assessment Working Group.Identification/Description; Photographs; Introduction History; Habitat; Distribution; Controls
• Japanese Honeysuckle - Maine Invasive Plants Bulletin no. 2528 University of Maine. Cooperative Extension. Identification/Description; Photographs; Impacts; Habitat; Distribution; Controls
• Japanese Honeysuckle - Missouri Vegetation Management Manual Missouri Department of Conservation.Identification/Description; Illustrations; Impacts; Life Cycle; Habitat; Distribution; Controls
• Japanese Honeysuckle - Nonnative Invasive Plants of Southern Forests: A Field Guide for Identification and Control USDA. FS. Southern Research Station. Identification/Description; Photographs; Distribution; Controls
• Japanese Honeysuckle - Ohio Perennial & Biennial Weed Guide Ohio State University. Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center. Identification/Description; Photographs; Introduction History
• Japanese Honeysuckle - Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas (2002) DOI. National Park Service and Fish and Wildlife Service. Identification/Description; Photographs; Controls
• Japanese Honeysuckle - Plant Pest Control (PDF | 133 KB) Hawke's Bay Regional Council (New Zealand). Identification/Description; Photographs; Impacts; Controls
• Japanese Honeysuckle - Vegetation Management Manual Illinois Nature Preserves Commission.Identification/Description; Photographs; Impacts; Life Cycle; Habitat; Distribution; Controls
• Japanese Honeysuckle - Virginia Tech Weed Identification Guide Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science. Identification/Description; Photographs
• Japanese Honeysuckle - Weed of the Week (Jan 05, 2005; PDF | 255 KB) Identification/Description; Photographs; Introduction History; Impacts; Habitat; Distribution; ControlsUSDA. FS. Northeastern Area. Forest Health Protection.
• Japanese Honeysuckle Invasive.org. Photographs; Special Note: Resources
• Japanese Honeysuckle Plant Conservation Alliance. Alien Plant Working Group. Identification/Description; Photographs; Introduction History; Impacts; Habitat; Distribution; Controls
• Jardin botanique national de Belgique. 1967–. Flore du Congo, du Rwanda et du Burundi (Flore d'Afrique centrale). (F Afr Centr)
• Jiangsu Inst. Bot., ed. v. 1; Shan. R. H., ed. v. 2. 1977–1982. Jiangsu Zhiwuzhi (Flora of Jiangsu). (F Chiangsu)
• Just's botanischer jahresbericht. Systematisch geordnetes repertorium der botanischen literatur aller l�nder. Berlin, Gebr. Borntraeger, 1874-98; GER url p. 115, p. 142, p. 144, p. 188, p. 210, p. 275, p. 285, p. 292, p. 361, p. 401, p. 942.
• Kearney, T. H. & R. H. Peebles. 1969. Arizona flora, ed. 2. (F Ariz)
• Kitagawa, M. 1979. Neo-lineamenta florae Manshuricae. (F Manshur)
• Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934–1964. Flora SSSR. (F USSR)
• Le Monde des plantes. Le Mans: Impr. Edmond Monnoyer, 1891-1898. FRE url p. 307.
• Li, H. L. et al., eds. 1975–1979. Flora of Taiwan. (F Taiwan)
• Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third. (Hortus 3)
• Liogier, H. A. & L. F. Martorell. 1982. Flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands: a systematic synopsis. (F PR)
• Lonicera japonica (Japanese Honeysuckle, Hall's Honeysuckle) Nature Conservancy. Global Invasive Species Initiative. Identification/Description; Photographs; Impacts; Life Cycle; Habitat; Distribution; Dispersion; Controls; Special Note: Element Stewardship Abstract with excellent set of references
• Lonicera japonica (Japanese honeysuckle, Hall's honeysuckle) - Invasive Plant Atlas of New England (IPANE) University of Connecticut. Ecology and Evolutionary Biology.Taxonomy; Identification/Description; Photographs; Introduction History; Distribution; Dispersion; Controls
• Lonicera japonica (vine, climber) - ISSG Global Invasive Species Database World Conservation Union. Invasive Species Specialist Group.Taxonomy; Identification/Description; Photographs; Impacts; Life Cycle; Habitat; Distribution; Controls
• Lonicera japonica - Fire Effects Information System (FEIS) USDA. Forest Service. Rocky Mountain Research Station. Fire Sciences Laboratory. Taxonomy; Identification/Description; Photographs; Introduction History; Impacts; Life Cycle; Habitat; Distribution; Controls; Special Note: References
• Lonicera japonica - Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) USDA. ARS. National Genetic Resources Program. Taxonomy; Legal Aspects
• Lonicera japonica - Identification and Biology of Non-Native Plants in Florida's Natural Areas (PDF | 75 KB) Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council. Identification/Description; Photographs; Impacts; Life Cycle; Habitat; Distribution
• Lonicera japonica Article Citation Search - AGRICOLA Database USDA. National Agricultural Library. Research; Special Note: NAL Catalog Search (resources)
• Lonicera japonica Discover Life. Identification/Description; Photographs; Illustrations; Introduction History; Impacts; Life Cycle; Habitat; Distribution; Dispersion; Controls
• Lonicera japonica Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Taxonomy
• Lonicera japonica Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk. Identification/Description; Photographs; Life Cycle; Habitat; Distribution; Controls
• Lonicera japonica Pulling Together Initiative. Texasinvasives.org. Taxonomy; Identification/Description; Photographs; Introduction History; Impacts; Life Cycle; Habitat; Distribution; Dispersion; Controls; Special Note: References
• McGuffin, M. et al., eds. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2. (Herbs Commerce ed2)
• Munz, P. A. & D. D. Keck. 1959. A California flora. (F CalifMunz)
• Munz, P. A. 1974. A flora of southern California. (F SCalif)
• Nuova flora analitica d'Italia, contenente la descrizione delle piante vascolari indigene inselvatichite e largamente coltivate in Italia, del dott. Adriano Fiori. Firenze, Tipografia di M. Ricci, 1923-29. ITA url p. 509.
• Nuzzo, V. 1997. The Nature Conservancy Element Stewardship Abstract For Lonicera japonica The Nature Conservancy. Available from: http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/documnts/lonijap.rtf [Accessed 27 January 2003]
• Ohwi, J. 1965. Flora of Japan (Engl. ed.). (F JapanOhwi)
• Plant Profile for Lonicera japonica - PLANTS Database USDA. NRCS. National Plant Data Center. Taxonomy; Photographs; Distribution; Legal Aspects
• Plant life of Alabama: an account of the distribution, modes of association, and adaptations of the flora of Alabama, together with a systematic catalogue of the plants growing in the state / by Charles Mohr. Montgomery, Ala.: Brown Printing Co., 1901. ENG url p. 745.
• Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. [Philadelphia, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia] ENG url p. 171.
• Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. [Washington, Biological Society of Washington] ENG url p. 130, p. 284.
• Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria. Melbourne: The Society, 1889- ENG url p. 356.
• Proceedings of the United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.] ENG url p. 11, p. 12.
• Radford, A. E. et al. 1964. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas. (F Carolin)
• Rehder, A. 1949. Bibliography of cultivated trees and shrubs. (Rehder)
• Scientific survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands / New York Academy of Sciences. New York, N.Y.: The Academy, 1919- url p. 259, p. 302.
• St. John, H. 1973. List and summary of the flowering plants in the Hawaiian islands. (L Hawaii)
• Steenis, C. G. G. J. van, ed. 1948–. Flora malesiana. (F Males)
• Steward, A. N. 1958. Manual of vascular plants of the lower Yangtze valley. (F LowYangtze)
• Steyermark, J. A. 1977. Flora of Missouri. (F Missouri)
• Sylloge fungorum omnium hucusque cognitorum. Digessit P. A. Saccardo. Patavii, sumptibus auctoris, 1882-1931. LAT url p. 677.
• Symbolae Antillanae, seu, Fundamenta florae Indiae Occidentalis / edidit Ignatius Urban. Berolini: Fratres Borntraeger, 1898-1928. GER url p. 609, p. 692.
• Textbook of theoretical botany, by R. C. McLean and W. R. Ivimey-Cook. London, Longmans, Green[1951- ENG url p. 933.
• The Great Basin naturalist. Provo, Utah, M.L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University. ENG url p. 393, p. 44.
• The Journal of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture. San Juan: [Board of Commissioners of Agriculture, 1917]. ENG url p. 222, p. 237.
• The Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo, Japan = Tokyo Teikoku Daigaku kiyo. Rika. Tokyo, Japan: The University, 1898-1925. ENG url p. 107, p. 288, p. 496, p. 67.
• The Nautilus. [Melbourne, Fla., etc., American Malacologists, inc., etc.] ENG url p. 106, p. 19.
• The Ohio journal of science. [Columbus, Ohio, The Ohio State University and the Ohio Academy of Science] ENG url p. 188, p. 304, p. 305, p. 94.
• The Review of applied entomology. [Farnham Royal, Eng., etc.: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, etc.] ENG url p. 408, p. 749.
• The University of Kansas science bulletin. [Lawrence]: University of Kansas, 1902-1996. ENG url p. 177, p. 28, p. 29, p. 31, p. 33, p. 35, p. 36, p. 37, p. 39, p. 41.
• The flora of the American Virgin Islands / N.L. Britton. New York: New York Botanical Garden, 1918. ENG url p. 95.
• The florist, fruitist, and garden miscellany. London: Chapman and Hall, 1852- ENG url p. 220.
• The identification of trees & shrubs; how to recognize, without previous knowledge of botany, wild or garden trees and shrubs native to the north temperate zone, with 2, 500 diagrams made by the author. New York, Dutton[1937] ENG url p. 222.
• The study of plant communities: an introduction to plant ecology. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman, 1948. ENG url p. 379.
• Transuranic elements in the environment: a summary of environmental research on transuranium radionuclides funded by the U.S. Department of Energy through calendar year 1979 / Wayne C. Hanson, editor; prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy, Assistan [Oak Ridge, TN]: Technical Information Center/U.S. Dept. of Energy; 1980. ENG url p. 373.
• Trees and shrubs of Nantucket; Descriptions, identification keys, list of trees and shrubs [by] Mabel Agnes Rice. [Ann Arbor, Michigan., Lithoprinted by Edwards brothers, inc.]1946. ENG url p. 76.
• Tulane studies in zoology and botany. New Orleans: Tulane University, [1968- ENG url p. 128.
• Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964–1980. Flora europaea. (F Eur)
• University of Kansas publications, Museum of Natural History. Lawrence, University of Kansas. ENG url p. 132, p. 136, p. 366, p. 620, p. 661.
• Walker, E. 1976. Flora of Okinawa and the southern Ryukyu Islands. (F Okin)
• Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plant species of the world: a reference guide to environmental weeds. (Invasive Pl Spec)
• Welsh, S. L. & G. Moore. 1973. Utah Plants. (Utah Pl)
• Willis, J. H. 1970–1972. A handbook to plants in Victoria. (F VictWillis)
• Woods of northeastern Peru, by Llewelyn Williams. Chicago, 1936. ENG url p. 551.
• Zhong Guo & Hua Jing. 1993. China floral encyclopaedia. (China FlEncy)

Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 21, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 8 providers.
• Light, Kris. East Tennessee Wildflowers
• National Invasive Species Information Center, National Agricultural Library, United States Department of Agriculture. Web Site. Accessed May 3, 2008.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 24, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 21, 2007:

• Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Bishop Museum Natural History Specimen Data
• Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien, Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, The Deaver Herbarium, Northern Arizona University
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
• University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2657170
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-35283
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13278148
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:246498-3
• GRIN Nomen Number: 22588
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 35283
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 148848-1
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDCPR030G0
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: NIJA
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 11847

Footnotes

1. Mean = 212.850 meters (698.327 feet), Standard Deviation = 437.970 based on 1,320 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

©2004-2009 the BayScience Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved.