Lonicera japonica (Chinese Honeysuckle)

Overview

Japanese honeysuckle. <em>Lonicera japonica</em>

Ornamental shrub from Asia.

Lonicera japonica is an extremely vigorous vine which grows up through the canopy of trees , smothering and ultimately killing the host tree. It is shade and drought tolerant , though it needs full to partial sunlight to grow successfully. L. japonica is beneficial as winter forage for white tail deer and is used for this purpose by wildlife managers. Birds and cotton-tailed rabbits also eat the seeds and leaves of the vine. It provides a habitat cover of twisted vines for birds and small mammals. Landscapers use it because of its fragrant smell. It is considered a valuable medical herb in China, where it is used to treat chicken pox and to maintain human vascular homeostasis .

Interesting Facts

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Japanese honeysuckle was introduced to the U.S. in the early to mid-1800's as an ornamental plant, for erosion control, and for wildlife forage and cover . Its highly fragrant flowers provide a tiny drop of honey-flavored nectar enjoyed by children. (Ref. 314573)
The flowers of this highly invasive, imported vine have a strong , sweet aroma. Notice how the flower buds bloom white the first day. After being pollinated, the flowers turn yellow and the stamens wilt. Some plants , like this one, have pink buds. Birds spread the seeds when they eat the shiny black berries in the fall .

Common Names

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Click on the language to view common names.

Common Names in Chinese:

Jin Yin Hua, Ren Dong

Common Names in English:

Chinese Honeysuckle, Hall's Honeysuckle, Halls Honeysuckle, Japanese Honeysuckle, Madreselva

Common Names in French:

Clématite Du Japon

Common Names in German:

Japanisches Geißblatt, Japanisches Geissblatt

Common Names in Japanese:

Nindo, Sui-Kazura, Suikazura

Common Names in Portuguese:

Madressilva

Common Names in Russian:

žimolost Japonskaja, жимолост японская

Common Names in Spanish:

Madreselva

Description

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Physical Description

Species Lonicera japonica

Japanese honeysuckle is a perennial vine that climbs by twisting its stems around vertical structures, including limbs and trunks of shrubs and small trees . Leaves are oblong to oval , sometimes lobed , have short stalks , and occur in pairs along the stem. In southern and mid-Atlantic states, Japanese honeysuckle often remains evergreen – its leaves remain attached through the winter. In colder northern climates, the leaves may fall off after exposure to prolonged winter temperatures . Flowers are tubular , with five fused petals, white to pink, turning yellow with age, very fragrant, and occur in pairs along the stem at leaf junctures . Stems and leaves are sometimes covered with fine, soft hairs . Japanese honeysuckle blooms from late April through July and sometimes into October. Small black fruits are produced in autumn, each containing 2-3 oval to oblong, dark brown seeds about 1/4 inch across.[1]

L. japonica is an evergreen in its southern range and semi-evergreen in its northern range. Stems are hollow with peeling reddish-brown bark and usually 2 to 3 m long when developed. Leaves are 4 to 8 cm long and ovate in shape . L. japonica produces white to yellowish tubular flowers that are 2.5 to 5 cm long and black berries that contain 2 to 12 seeds. The seeds are 2 to 3 mm long, ovate in shape, and dark brown to black in colour . Flowers are produced during summer and “fruit mature and are dispersed during autumn in eastern United States" (Hidayati et al. 2000). The blooming period extends from April to December in Georgia (Andrews 1919), late May to October in Kentucky (Nuzzo 1997), May to June in Illinois (Mohlenbrock 1986), and June in Michigan (Nuzzo 1997).

ID Features: A twining vine or groundcover. Stems pubescent. Evergreen or semievergreen tendencies. Flowers white, fading to yellow. Flowers fragrant.

Habit: A twining , climbing vine or prostrate and trailing semi-evergreen groundcover. Tends to be a weedy and rampant grower.

Flowers: Flowers are white and fade to yellow. Bloom time is mid-June. Flowers are fragrant. Relatively showy in full bloom. • Bloom Period: April, May. • Flower Color: near white, pale yellow, white

Seeds: Fruit: Small, black fruit. Not really of any ornamental significance.

Foliage: Summer foliage: Opposite, simple leaves. Evergreen , semievergreen, or deciduous, depending on the climate. Leaf shape is ovate . Leaves are 1.25" to 3.25" long. Leaf color is a dark, lustrous green. Young leaves and stems are pubescent . • Fall foliage: Leaves turn a bronze or purple.

Size/Age/Growth

Growth Rate: Vigorous. • Size: Can spread or climb 15' to 30' feet. As groundcover, it usually doesn't get much over 2' tall.

Landscaping

Landscape Uses: Barrier . Erosion control. Screen . Groundcover. Useful on banks. Difficult sites. For fragrance of flowers. • Liabilities: A rampant and weedy grower needing to be contained in some circumstances. Not evergreen in zones 6 or colder.

Habitat

A ubiquitous invader, Japanese honeysuckle thrives in a wide variety of habitats including fields , forests , wetlands, barrens , and all types of disturbed lands.[1]

L. japonica is found in a variety of habitats, including fields, forest edges and openings, disturbed woods, and floodplains . It is shade and drought tolerant , though it needs full to partial sunlight to grow successfully. L. japonica is still planted in gardens and along roadsides for landscaping purposes. It is hardy to zone 5.

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 4,653 meters (0 to 15,266 feet).[2]

Ecology: Invasive: In North America, Japanese honeysuckle has few natural enemies which allows it to spread widely and out-compete native plant species. Its evergreen to semi-evergreen nature gives it an added advantage over native species in many areas. Shrubs and young trees can be killed by girdling when vines twist tightly around stems and trunks , cutting off the flow of water through the plant. Dense growths of honeysuckle covering vegetation can gradually kill plants by blocking sunlight from reaching their leaves. Vigorous root competition also helps Japanese honeysuckle spread and displace neighboring native vegetation.[1]

L. japonica competes with natives for light and nutrients . It outcompetes natives by spreading rapidly and completely covering and toppling small trees and shrubs in the process . This prevents the understory and small trees from developing, causing a reduction in forest understory diversity. The newly opened understory causes L. japonica to spread rapidly and provide habitat to other invasives, such as Hedera helix (English ivy) and Pueraria montana (kudzu).

Control:

Several effective methods of control are available for Japanese honeysuckle, including chemical and non-chemical, depending on the extent of the infestation and available time and labor.[1]

Manual and Mechanical. For small patches, repeated pulling of entire vines and root systems may be effective. Hand pull seedlings and young plants when the soil is moist, holding low on the stem to remove the whole plant along with its roots. Monitor frequently and remove any new plants. Cut and remove twining vines to prevent them from girdling and killing shrubs and other plants. An effective method for removal of patches of honeysuckle covering the ground is to lift up and hold a portion of the vine mass with a rake and have a chain saw operator cut the stems low to the ground. Mowing large patches of honeysuckle may be useful if repeated regularly but is most effective when combined with herbicide application (see below). Mow twice a year, first in mid-July and again in mid-September. Plants can also be grubbed out using a pulaski or similar digging tool, taking care to remove all roots and runners . Burning removes above ground vegetation but does not kill the underground rhizomes, which will continue to sprout. In certain situations, tethered goats have been used to remove honeysuckle growth, but must be monitored to prevent their escape to the wild where they would become an added ecological threat .[1]
Chemical. In moderate cold climates, Japanese honeysuckle leaves continue to photosynthesize long after most other plants have lost their leaves. This allows for application of herbicides when many native species are dormant . However, for effective control with herbicides, healthy green leaves must be present at application time and temperatures must be sufficient for plant activity. Several systemic herbicides (e.g. , glyphosate and triclopyr) move through the plant to the roots when applied to the leaves or stems and have been used effectively on Japanese honeysuckle.[1]
Following label guidelines, apply a 2.5% rate of glyphosate (e.g., Rodeo® for wetlands; Roundup® for uplands ) mixed with water and an appropriate surfactant, to foliage from spring through fall . Alternatively, apply a 2% concentration of triclopyr (e.g., Garlon 3A) plus water to foliage, thoroughly wetting the leaves but not to the point of drip-off. A coarse , low-pressure spray should be used. Repeat applications may be needed. Treatment in the fall, when many non-target plants are going dormant, is best. Also, a 25% glyphosate or triclopyr solution mixed with water can be applied to cut stem surfaces any time of year as long as the ground is not frozen.[1]
Biological. No biological control agents are currently available for Japanese honeysuckle.[1]

Biology

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Reproduction

Growth and spread of Japanese honeysuckle is through vegetative (plant growth) and sexual (seed) means. It produces long vegetative runners that develop roots where stem and leaf junctions (nodes) come in contact with moist soil. Underground stems (rhizomes) help to establish and spread the plant locally. Long distance dispersal is by birds and other wildlife that readily consume the fruits and defecate the seeds at various distances from the parent plant.[1]

L. japonica reproduces vegetatively and by seed. Seeds are spread mostly by birds, which ingest the berries and excrete the seeds. L. japonica plants spread by way of aboveground runners that root at the nodes. The plants are pollinated by a variety of insects, such as bumblebees, butterflies, and especially hawkmoths, but in some areas may produce few fruits and seeds (Larson et al. 2002). Seeds require cold stratification to overcome dormancy (Hidayati et al. 2000). L. japonica produces 2 to 12 seeds per berry.

L. japonica has an extended growing season , owing to its evergreen nature.

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Easy to grow. Full sun to partial shade. Tolerant of difficult growing sites. Adaptable to most soils.

Soil: Minimum pH: 6.1 • Maximum pH: 7.8

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Sun to Partial Shade.

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b. (map)

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Infraphylum: Radiatopses () - Kenrick & Crane, 1997
        Class: Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue () - Brongniart, 1843
        Subclass: Asteridae () - Takhtajan, 1967
        Superorder: Dipsacanae () - (Dumortier, 1829) Takhtajan, 1997
        Order: Dipsacales () - Dumortier, 1829
        Family: Caprifoliaceae () - A.L. de Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons.
        Tribe: Lonicereae ()
        Genus: Lonicera () - C. Linnaeus, 1753
        Specific epithet: japonica - Thunb. ex Murray
        Form: shi. Taihoku, Formosa, The Institute, 192
        Botanical name: - Lonicera japonica Thunb. ex Murray

Synonyms

Caprifolium japonicum (Thunb.) Dum. Cours. • Lonicera japonica var. chinensis (P. W. Wats.) Baker • Nintooa japonica (Thunb.) Sweet

Notes

Publishing author : Thunb. ex Murray Publication : Systema Vegetabilium 1784 (Jul. 1784)

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Lonicera

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 116 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

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Notes

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Contributors

Barden, L. S. and J. F. Matthews. 1980. Change in abundance of honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) and other ground flora after prescribed burning of a piedmont pine forest. Castanea 45: 257-260.
Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
Dillenberg L.R., D.F. Whigham, A.H. Teramura, I.N. Forseth. 1993. Effects of below- and aboveground competition from the vines Lonicera japonica and Parthenocissus quinquefolia on the growth of the tree host Liquadambar stryraciflua. Oecologia 93:48-54.
Fernald, M. L. 1989. Grays Manual of Botany. Biosystematics, Floristic and Phylogeny Series. Volume 2. T. R. Dudley, Editor. Dioscorides Press. Portland, OR. 1,632 pp.
Gleason H. A. and A. Cronquist. The Illustrated Companion to Gleason and Cronquist's Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. New York Botanic Garden, New York, NY. 937 pp.
Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 21, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 8 providers.
Kartesz, J. and C. Meacham Synthesis of the North American Flora.
Light, Kris. East Tennessee Wildflowers
National Invasive Species Information Center, National Agricultural Library, United States Department of Agriculture. Web Site. Accessed May 3, 2008.
Nuzzo, V. Japanese honeysuckle. Element stewardship abstract for Lonicera japonica. The Nature Conservancy. 1815 North Lynn Street, Arlington VA, 22209. http://www.imapinvasives.org/GIST/ESA/. Last updated April 15, 1997.
Regehr, D. L. and D. R. Frey. 1988. Selective control of Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica). Weed Technology 2:139-143.
Rhoads, A. F. and T. H. Block. 2002. The Plants of Pennsylvania, An Illustrated Manual. Morris Arboretum of the University of Pennsylvania. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, PA. 1060 pp.
Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
Swearingen, J. 2009. WeedUS Database of Plants Invading Natural Areas in the United States: Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica). http://www.invasive.org/weedus/subject.html?sub=3039.
The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Dec 27, 2011.
USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 24, 2008)
USDA, NRCS. 2009. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.
Virginia Native Plant Society VA NHP Japanese Honeysuckle Fact Sheet
http://www.vnps.org/invasive/invloni.htm

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 21, 2007:

Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Bishop Museum Natural History Specimen Data
Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien, Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien
Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, The Deaver Herbarium, Northern Arizona University
USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2657170
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-35283
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 4490920
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:246498-3
GRIN Nomen Number: 22588
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 35283
International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 148848-1
Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDCPR030G0
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: NIJA
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 11847

Footnotes

Plant Conservation Alliance's Alien Plant Working Group. Least Wanted http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/loja1.htm [back]
Mean = 212.850 meters (698.327 feet), Standard Deviation = 437.970 based on 1,320 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Lonicera japonica

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Physical Description

Species Lonicera japonica

Size/Age/Growth

Landscaping

Habitat

Biology

Reproduction

Growth

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Notes

Similar Species

Members of the genus Lonicera

More Info

Further Reading

Notes

Contributors

Data Sources

Identifiers

Footnotes