Liriodendron tulipifera

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Magnoliaceae

Trees or shrubs , deciduous or evergreen , aromatic . Pith homogeneous or diaphragmed . Leaves alternate, simple , petiolate ; stipules early or tardily deciduous, at first surrounding stem, adnate on adaxial side of petiole (free in Magnolia grandiflora ), often ochreate, leaving persistent annular scar around node. Leaf blade pinnately veined, unlobed (or evenly 2-10-lobed in Liriodendron ), margins entire. Inflorescences terminal , solitary flowers (often paired in Magnolia ashei ), pedunculate ; spathaceous bracts 2 (Magnolia ) or 1 (Liriodendron ) . Flowers: perianth hypogynous, segments imbricate; tepals deciduous, 6-18, in 3 or more whorls of 3, ± similar or outer tepals sepaloid , inner tepals petaloid ; stamens numerous , hypogynous, free, spirally arranged ; filaments very short to 1/2 length of anthers ; anthers introrse , latrorse , or extrorse , longitudinally dehiscent ; connective with distal appendage ; pistils numerous, superior, spirally arranged on elongate receptacle (torus), stalked or sessile, free or ±concrescent, 1-locular; placentation marginal , placenta 1; ovules 1-2; style 1, short and recurved (Magnolia ) or large and winglike (Liriodendron ) ; stigma 1, terminal or terminal decurrent (Magnolia ) or recurved (Liriodendron ) . Fruits conelike syncarps consisting of aggregates of coalescent , woody follicles (follicetums, as in Magnolia ) or apocarps consisting of aggregates of indehiscent samaras (samaracetums, as in Liriodendron ) . Seeds 1-2 per pistil, arillate , endosperm oily (Magnolia ), or without aril, adherent to dry endocarp ( Liriodendron ) .

Genera ca. 6(-12), species ca. 220 (2 genera, 9 species in the flora ) : mostly in Asia, the Pacific Islands, and the Western Hemisphere.

Magnoliaceae are pollinated by beetles.

Herbarium material of Magnolia is usually incomplete and inadequate for critical study. Collections should include material of the stipules, spathaceous bracts, a full complement of stamens, and all of the perianth segments to facilitate identification of Magnolia species.[1]

Genus Liriodendron

Trees , deciduous. Pith diaphragmed . Leaves distinctly alternate, not in false terminal whorl; stipules tardily deciduous on summer shoots , free . Leaf blade evenly (2-) 4-6(-10) -lobed, base rounded to shallowly cordate or truncate , apex broadly truncate or notched ; surfaces abaxially glaucous, adaxially lustrous , smooth . Flowers protogynous, appearing with the leaves; tepals (7-) 9, petaloid , tip recurved, greenish yellow with feathered orange band or blotch near base, outermost tepals sepaloid , reflexed , green; stamens on short torus, tardily deciduous, whorled ; filaments 1/3-1/2 length of extrorse anthers . Samaras deciduous, indehiscent, in elongate , spindle-shaped , dry cone. Seeds adherent to dry endocarp. x =19.

Species 2: North America, e Asia.[2]

Physical Description

Landscaping

Landscape Uses: Lawn tree . Shade tree. Needs ample space due to very large size. Pyramidal shape in youth is impressive in large groups. Does not get eaten by gypsy moth. • Liabilities: Extremely large size not for smaller sites. Intolerant of hot, dry sites. Aphids and associated sooty mold. Tulip tree scale. Flowers borne high in tree; do not consider as a prominent ornamental . feature. Leaf spot and early partial leaf drop. • Care: Follow a regular watering schedule during the first growing season to establish a deep, extensive root system . Watering can be reduced after establishment. Feed with a general purpose fertilizer before new growth begins in spring .

Habitat

Rich woodlands, bluffs , low mountains, and hills ; 0-1500 m (Ref. 51082).

Zone 5. Can be grown in zone 4 with selection of appropriate genetic material .

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 1,092 meters (0 to 3,583 feet).[3]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial • Coppice Potential: Yes • Progagated by Bulbs: No • Propagated by Bare Root: Yes • Propagated by Container: Yes • Propagated by Corms: No • Propagated by Cuttings: No • Propagated by Seed: Yes • Propagated by Sod: No • Propagated by Sprigs: No • Propagated by Tubers: No • Fruit/Seed Period Begin: Summer • Fruit/Seed Period End: Summer • Fruit/Seed Persistence: No

Growth

Culture: Has a fleshy , poorly-branched root system . Prefers a deep, moist, fertile soil. Slightly acidic soil is best, but not required. Avoid very dry, hot sites. Full sun .

Soil: Adapted to Medium Textured: Adapted to Medium Textured Soils • Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils: Yes • Anaerobic Tolerance: None • Salinity Tolerance: Low • CaCO3 Tolerance: Low • Minimum pH: 4.5 • Maximum pH: 6.5 • Fertility Requirement: High

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full sun • Shade Tolerance: Intolerant

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: Medium • Minimum Precipitation: 30 • Maximum Precipitation: 80 • Moisture Use: Medium • Water Requirements: Water regularly, when top 3 in. of soil is dry.

Temperature: Minimum Temperature (F): -18 • Minimum Frost Free Days: 150 • Heat Zones: High: 9 (>120 to 150 days) Low:2 (1 to 7 days) (map) • Cold Hardiness: 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b (map)

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Liriodendron fastigiatum Dippel • Liriodendron heterophyllum K. Koch • Liriodendron integrifolium Steud. • Liriodendron obtusilobum K. Koch • Liriodendron procerum Salisb. • Liriodendron truncatifolium Stokes • Liriodendron tulipifera var. acutiloba Michx. • Liriodendron tulipifera var. obtusiloba Michx. • Tulipifera liriodendrum Mill.

Notes

Publishing author : St .-Lag. Publication : Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon vii. (1880) 129

Similar Species

Members of the genus Liriodendron

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 6 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

L. chinense (Chinese Tulip Poplar) · L. tulipfera (Tulip Poplar) · L. tulipfera'Ardis' (Ardis Tulip Tree) · L. tulipifera (Tulip Magnolia) · L. tulipifera 'Aureomarginatum' (Tulip Poplar) · L. Tulipifera 'Mediopictum' (Tulip Tree)

More Info

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Further Reading

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Notes

Contributors

• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 15, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 18 providers.
• Light, Kris. East Tennessee Wildflowers
• "Liriodendron tulipifera". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Published by Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
• The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Dec 27, 2011.
• The United States National Arboretum, Washington DC
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 24, 2008)
• World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Release date: November 27, 2009

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 15, 2007:

• Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien, Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
• The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx River Bioblitz
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Herbarium of Oskarshamn
• US National Plant Germplasm System, United States National Plant Germplasm System Collection
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
• University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium
• Utah Valley State College
• , Utah Valley State College Herbarium

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2645062
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Kew-113859
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 5884651
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:554623-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 22382
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 18086
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 554623-1
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDMAG01010
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: LITU
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 13744

Footnotes

1. Frederick G. Meyer "Magnoliaceae". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. "Liriodendron". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. Mean = 216.890 meters (711.581 feet), Standard Deviation = 206.030 based on 1,084 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.