Liquidambar styraciflua (American Sweet Gum)

Interesting Facts

The leaves of Liquidambar styraciflua, fragrant when bruised, turn deep red to crimson in autumn. Although leaf variation is common in L. styraciflua, this deviation is randomly distributed and without any definable geographic correlation . Liquidambar styraciflua is often cultivated; a number of cultivars have been introduced in cultivation. [source]
Liquidambar styraciflua was well known as a medicinal plant by Native Americans. Cherokee, Choctaw, Houma, Koasati, and Rappahannock tribes used it in various ways, especially the gum, bark , and root , as an antidiarrheal, dermatological aid, gynecological aid, sedative , febrifuge , and for related uses (D. E. Moerman 1986). [source]
Liquidambar styraciflua produces a balsamic oleo-resin called American styrax or storax, a thick, clear, brownish yellow, semisolid or solid with a pronounced aromatic odor. It is chewed as a sweet, natural gum. The balsam is collected from the inner bark of the tree after wounding or deliberate gashing. It is used in soaps and cosmetics, as a fixative in perfumes, adhesives, lacquers, and incense, and as a flavoring in tobacco. The wood is used for cabinet making, furniture, veneer, interior finish, barrels , and wooden dishes. Medicinally the gum has been used for catarrh , coughs, dysentery, sores, and wounds of both humans and domestic animals. [source]
The largest known tree of Liquidambar styraciflua, 41.4 m in height with a trunk diameter of 2.25 m, is recorded from Craven County, North Carolina (American Forestry Association 1994). [source]

Common Names

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Common Names in English:

Alligatorwood, American Sweet Gum, American Sweetgum, American-Storax, Red Gum, Red-Gum, Redgum, Satin-Walnut, Sweet Gum, Sweet-Gum, Sweetgum

Common Names in German:

Amberbaum, Amerikanischer Storaxbaum, Guldenbaum

Description

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Genus Liquidambar

Trees , aromatic and resinous , glabrous or with simple hairs . Bark gray-brown, deeply furrowed ; liquid, and Arabic ambar, amber] twigs and branches sometimes corky-winged. Dormant buds scaly , pointed , shiny, resinous, sessile. Leaves long-petiolate. Leaf blade fragrant when crushed, (3-) 5(-7) -lobed, palmately veined, base deeply cordate to truncate , margins glandular-serrate, apex of each lobe long-acuminate. Inflorescences terminal , many-flowered heads ; staminate heads in pedunculate racemes , each head a cluster of many stamens; pistillate heads pendent, long-pedunculate, the flowers ± coalesced . Flowers unisexual , staminate and pistillate on same plant, appearing with leaves; calyx and corolla absent. Staminate flowers : anthers dehiscing longitudinally; staminodes absent. Pistillate flowers pale green to greenish yellow; staminodes 5-8; styles indurate and spiny in fruit, incurved . Capsules many, fused at base into long-pedunculate, spheric, echinate heads, 2-beaked, glabrous, septicidal . Seeds numerous , mostly aborting, 1-2 viable in each capsule, winged . x = 16.

Species 3(-4) : North America, e Asia, and Turkey.[1]

Physical Description

Species Liquidambar styraciflua

Trees , to 41 m. Leaves : stipules linear-lanceolate, 3-4 mm, early deciduous, leaving 2 stipular scars adaxially near base of petiole ; petioles (44-) 60-100(-150) mm. Leaf blade palmately lobed , main lobes sometimes again dentate-lobed, 7-19(-25) × 4.4-16 cm; surfaces glabrous , except young leaves hairy on veins and main vein-axils at base with persistent reddish brown simple hairs . Staminate flowers in pedunculate clusters , 3-6 cm; perianth absent; stamens 4-8(-10) per flower, 150-176(-300) per cluster, falling after anthesis . Pistillate flowers without perianth; hypanthium disclike, with 5-8 staminodes around cycle of disc lobes; ovary (1-) 2-locular; styles 2; stigmas introrsely curved . Capsular heads brown at maturity, globose , 2.5-4 cm diam. (including indurate styles). Seeds apically winged , 8-10 mm, marked with resin ducts ; aborted seeds brownish, 1-2 mm, unwinged, irregular, resembling sawdust. 2 n = 32. Flowering spring (Mar-May). [source]

ID Features: Distinguish from maples because leaves are alternate. Aromatic foliage. Distinct shiny fruit balls. Star shaped pith. Relatively large terminal and flower buds. Corky ridges on stems (often absent). For young trees habit is distinctly pyramidal.

Habit: A deciduous shade tree . Pyramidal when young, oblong to rounded when mature . Usually maintains a single leader . • Growth Form: Single Stem • Shape and Orientation: Erect

Flowers: Monoecious. Yellowish-green in May. Not showy. • Bloom Period: Mid Spring • Flower Color: chartreuse, yellow-green • Flower Conspicuous: Inconspicuous

Seeds: Seed per Pound: 82080 • Seed Spread Rate: Moderate • Seedling Vigor: High • Fruit: 1 to 1.5" spiny balls ; change from green to brown. Look like a mace weapon. Become noticeable in the late summer and fall . Persist in winter. • Fruit/Seed Abundance: Medium • Fruit/Seed Color: Brown • Fruit/Seed Conspicuous: Yes • Cold Stratification Required: Yes

Foliage: Maple-like, 3-7 lobed , deep green, glossy • Foliage Shape: Ovate • Foliage Color: Green • Normal foliage color: Green • Underside foliage: Green • Juvenile foliage: Green • Mature foliage: Green • New foliage: Green • Spring foliage: Green • Summer foliage: Alternate "maple-like" star shaped leaves. Leaves are 5- to 7- lobed , 4 to 8" long and wide. Margins serrate. Dark to medium glossy green. Camphor odor when crushed. • Fall foliage: Typically quite showy on most individuals. Best trees are orange, red, burgundy, and purplish. Some trees drop leaves yellow and green. • Foliage Porosity Summer: Dense • Foliage Porosity Winter: Porous • Foliage Texture: Medium • Fall Conspicuous: Yes • Leaf Retention: No

Size/Age/Growth

Active Growth Period: Spring and Summer • Growth Rate: Moderate. • Mature Height (feet): 100.0 • Maximum Height at 20 Years (feet): 45 • Size: Typically 60 to 80' tall and 40 to 60' wide; can easily exceed 100' tall. • Vegetative Spread Rate: Moderate • Lifespan: Lifespan

Landscaping

Landscape Uses: Lawn tree or shade tree for larger residences. For fall color. Street tree where ample room is provided. Parks and campuses. • Liabilities: Chlorosis on high pH soils. Lack of cold hardiness , especially young trees . Because of wide geographical range it is important to use northern seed. sources for trees in New England or the Northeast. Has a shallow root system . Spiny fruit balls can be a litter problem. • Care: Follow a regular watering schedule during the first growing season to establish a deep, extensive root system . Watering can be reduced after establishment. Feed with a general purpose fertilizer before new growth begins in spring .

Habitat

Fields , woodlands, flood plains , low hammocks , swamps , riverbanks; 0-800 m [2].

Cold hardy to zone 5.

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 1,603 meters (0 to 5,259 feet).[3]

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Perennial • Coppice Potential: Yes • Progagated by Bulbs: No • Propagated by Bare Root: Yes • Propagated by Container: Yes • Propagated by Corms: No • Propagated by Cuttings: No • Propagated by Seed: Yes • Propagated by Sod: No • Propagated by Sprigs: No • Propagated by Tubers: No • Fruit/Seed Period Begin: Summer • Fruit/Seed Period End: Fall • Fruit/Seed Persistence: No

Growth

Culture: Prefer deep, moist, bottomland soils. Best in full sun , does okay in partial shade. Transplant B&B due to fleshy , coarse root system . Use larger plants when transplanting in colder areas to avoid cold injury. to twigs .

Soil: Full, moist, slightly acidic soil. Tolerates wet soils. • Adapted to Medium Textured: Adapted to Medium Textured Soils • Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils: Yes • Anaerobic Tolerance: Low • Salinity Tolerance: None • CaCO3 Tolerance: Low • Minimum pH: 4.5 • Maximum pH: 7.0 • Fertility Requirement: Medium

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full sun • Shade Tolerance: Intolerant

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: Low • Minimum Precipitation: 40 • Maximum Precipitation: 60 • Moisture Use: High • Water Requirements: Water regularly, when top 3 in. of soil is dry.

Temperature: Minimum Temperature (F): -21°F. • Minimum Frost Free Days: 180 • Heat Zones: High: 9 (>120 to 150 days) Low:1 (< 1 days) (map) • Cold Hardiness: 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b. (map)

Taxonomy

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Kingdom: Plantae () - Plants
- Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Vascular Plants
  - Class: Magnoliopsida () - Dicotyledons
    - Order: Hamamelidales ()
      - Family: Gracillarioidea ()
        Subfamily: Epidendroideae ()
        Tribe: Malaxideae ()
        Genus: Liquidambar () - Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 999. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 434, 1754. - [Latin liquidus, fluid, liquid, and Arabic ambar, amber]
        Specific epithet: styraciflua - L.
        Botanical name: - Liquidambar styraciflua L.

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Name verified on

Place of publication : Sp. pl. 2:999. 1753

Name verified on 20-Nov-2007 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 20-Nov-2007

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Liquidambar

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 123 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

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Wochenschrift des Vereines zur Befrderung des Gartenbaues in den Kniglich Preussischen Staaten fr Grtnerei und Pflanzenkunde. Berlin, Wiegandt & Hempel [etc.] GER url p. 309, p. 45.
Zeitschrift fr wissenschaftliche Mikroskopie und fr mikroskopische Technik. Stuttgart [etc.]S. Hirzel [etc.] GER url p. 441.
Zeitschrift f�r wissenschaftliche Mikroskopie und mikroskopische Technik. Stuttgart [etc.]S. Hirzel [etc.] GER url p. 441.
Zoologischer Anzeiger. Jena, VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag. GER url p. 543.
Zoologischer Jahresbericht. Berlin, R. Friedlander. GER url p. 29, p. 546.

Bogle, A. L. 1986. The floral morphology and vascular anatomy of the Hamamelidaceae: Subfamily Liquidambaroideae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 73: 325-347.

Duncan, W. H. 1959. Leaf variation in Liquidambar styraciflua L. Castanea 24: 99-111.

Hill, A. F. 1952. Economic Botany. New York.

Holm, T. 1930. Leaf-variation in Liquidambar styraciflua L. Rhodora 32: 95-105.

Sargent, C. S. 1890-1902. The Silva of North America.... 14 vols. Boston and New York. Vol. 5, pp. 7-12.

Schery, R. W. 1952. Plants for Man. New York.

Schmitt, D. 1966. Pistillate inflorescence of sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.). Silvae Genet. 15(2): 33-35.

Wilson, P. 1905. Altingiaceae: Liquidambar. In: N. L. Britton et al., eds. 1905+. North American Flora.... 47+ vols. New York. Vol. 22, p. 189.

Notes

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Contributors

Americas Regional Workshop (Conservation & Sustainable Management of Trees, Costa Rica, November 1996) 1998. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 19, 2008.
Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed December 20, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from provider.
"Liquidambar styraciflua". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Published by Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 24, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 20, 2007:

Bundesamt für Naturschutz / Zentralstelle für Phytodiversität Deutschland, Bundesamt fuer Naturschutz / Zentralstelle fuer Phytodiversitaet Deutschland
Comisión nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad, Herbario del Instituto de Ecología, A.C., México
Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien, Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien
Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad
, Biodiversidad de Costa Rica
Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
SysTax, Herbarium Universitat Ulm
SysTax, SysTax
The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx River Bioblitz
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Herbarium of Oskarshamn
Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum, Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum
UK National Biodiversity Network, Botanical Society of the British Isles - Vascular Plants Database
USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2645760
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-19027
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13524423
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:430718-1
GRIN Nomen Number: 22379
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 19027
International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 430718-1
IUCN ID: 33966
MoBot NameID: 15100008
Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDHAM03010
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: LIST2
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 13181

Footnotes

"Liquidambar". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
"Liquidambar styraciflua". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Mean = 229.480 meters (752.887 feet), Standard Deviation = 307.850 based on 1,038 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Liquidambar styraciflua

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Genus Liquidambar

Physical Description

Species Liquidambar styraciflua

Size/Age/Growth

Landscaping

Habitat

Biology

Reproduction

Growth

Taxonomy

Notes

Similar Species

Members of the genus Liquidambar

More Info

Further Reading

Notes

Contributors

Data Sources

Identifiers

Footnotes