Linaria purpurea

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Genus Linaria

Herbs, annual or perennial . Leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled , often sessile; veins 1 or several and campylodromous . Inflorescences spicate , racemose, or rarely capitate. Calyx 5-lobed almost to base . Corolla tube tubular , base spurred; limb 2-lipped; lower lip convex , dilated toward center of upper lip, almost closed at throat , and making corolla personate , 3-lobed, densely glandular hairy ; upper lip erect, 2-lobed. Stamens 4, anterior 2 longer ; anthers anterior and posterior connivent in 2 pairs, locules parallel, divergent after dehiscence. Stigma apex often emarginate . Capsule ovoid or globose , apically dehiscing by irregular pores , valves irregular. Seeds numerous , flattened, often disclike with a broadly winged margin , rarely 3-angled and wingless or reniform and with a thickened margin.

About 100 species: northern temperate zones, mainly in Asia and Europe; ten species in China.[1]

Physical Description

Landscaping

Landscape Uses: Long season bloomer is perfect for the border or in a rock garden. Looks great in groups. • Care: Drought tolerant .

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 4,701 meters (0 to 15,423 feet).[2]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 9-24" apart.

Soil: Any well-drained garden soil. • Minimum pH: 6.1 • Maximum pH: 7.8

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b. (map)

Taxonomy

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Similar Species

Members of the genus Linaria

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 33 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

L. aeruginea (Linaria) · L. alpina (Alpen-Leinkraut) · L. alpina alpina (Alpine Toadflax) · L. angustissima (Italian Toadflax) · L. bipartita (Clovenlip Toadflax) · L. bipartita linogrisea (Cloven-Lip Toadflax) · L. dalmatica (Dalmatian Toadflax) · L. dalmatica dalmatica (Dalmatian Toadflax) · L. dalmatica macedonica (Dalmatian Toadflax) · L. dalmatica subsp. macedonica (Dalmation Toadflax) · L. genistifolia (Broom-Leaf Toadflax) · L. incarnata (Crimson Toadflax) · L. maroccana (Baby Snapdragon) · L. maroccana 'Confetti' (Baby Snapdragon) · L. maroccana 'Dwarf Fairy Bouquet Mix' (Baby Snapdragon) · L. maroccana 'Fantasy' (Dwarf Baby Snapdragon) · L. nevadensis 'Gemstones' (Linaria) · L. nevadensis 'Grenada Sol' (Linaria) · L. pelisseriana (Pelissers Toadflax) · L. pinifolia (Pineneedle Toadflax) · L. pseudolaxiflora (Maltese Toadflax) · L. purpurea (Perennial Toadflax) · L. purpurea 'Alba' (Perennial Toadflax) · L. purpurea 'Canon J. Went' (Canon J. Went Perennial Toadflax) · L. repens (Pale Toadflax) · L. reticulata (Purple-Net Toadflax) · L. reticulata 'Flamenco' (Spurred Snapdragon) · L. reticulata 'Flaming Passion' (Spurred Snapdragon) · L. sepium (Toadflax) · L. spartea (Ballast Toadflax) · L. supina (Lesser Butter and Eggs) · L. triornithophora (Three Bird Toadflax) · L. vulgaris (Butter and Eggs)

More Info

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Further Reading

• A biochemic basis for the study of problems of taxonomy, heredity, evolution, etc., with especial reference to the starches and tissues of parent-stock and hybrid-stocks and the starches and hemoglobi Washington, D.C.Carnegie institution of Washington1919 url p. 15.
• A compendium of the Cybele britannica; or British plants in their geographical relations. London, Longmans, Green, Reader & Dyer, 1870. url .
• A contribution to our knowledge of seedlings; by the Right Hon. Sir John Lubbock. London: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner, & co., ltd., 1892. url p. 308.
• A dictionary of English names of plants applied in England and among English-speaking people to cultivated and wild plants, trees, and shrubs, by William Miller; in two parts, English-Latin and Latin-English. London, J. Murray, 1884. url p. 137.
• A general history of the dichlamydeous plants, comprising complete descriptions of the different orders; together with the characters of the genera and species, and an enumeration of the cultivated varieties. .. the scientific names accentuated, t By George Don. London, J.G. and F. Rivington [etc.]1831-38. url p. 527.
• A practical guide to garden plants, containing descriptions of the hardiest and most beautiful annuals and biennials, hardy herbaceous and bulbous perennials, hardy water and bog plants, flowering and ornamental trees and shrubs, conife London;Longmans, Green, 1901. url p. 709.
• A survey and record of Woolwich and West Kent containing descriptions and records, brought up-to-date, of geology, botany, zoology, archaeology and industries of the district, with a brief photographic commentary, in commemoration of the 12th Ann General editors, C.H. Grinling, T.A. Ingram [and] B.C. Polkinghorne. Woolwich: Labour Representation Print. Co., 1909. url p. 125.
• Alien flora of Britain. London, West, Newman, 1905. url p. 144.
• Aspects of plant life; with special reference to the British flora. London, Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1921. url p. 93.
• Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden. 1 1898 Lancaster, Pa.: Published for the Garden by the New Era Printing Co., url p. 150.
• Carnegie Institution of Washington publication. Washington, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1902- url p. 15.
• Curtis's botanical magazine. 1-42 1817 London; New York [etc.]: Academic Press [etc.] url p. 57, p. 65.
• Cyclopedia of American horticulture, comprising suggestions for cultivation of horticultural plants, descriptions of the species of fruits, vegetables, flowers, and ornamental plants sold in the United States and Canada, together with ge New York [etc.]The Macmillan company, 1900-02. url p. 927.
• English botany, or, Coloured figures of British plants / edited by John T. Boswell Syme; the popular portion by Mrs. Lankester; the figures by J. Sowerby, J. de C. Sowerby, J.W. Salter, and John Edward Sowerby. London: R. Hardwicke, 1863-1886. url , .
• English botany, or, coloured figures of British plants / edited by John T. Boswell Syme; the popular portion by Mrs. Lankester; the figures by J. Sowerby, J. de C. Sowerby, J.W. Salter, and John Edward Sowerby. London: G. Bell, 1873. url p. 59.
• Flora vectensis: being a systematic description of the phænogamous or flowering plants and ferns indigenous to the Isle of Wight. London, W. Pamplin, 1856. url , .
• Flower ecology. [n.p.]Press of J. B. Hungerford[1898] url .
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• Gardening. Chicago, the Gardening Co., 1892-1925. url p. 132, p. 6.
• Griffith, W. Posthumous papers bequeathed to the honorable, the East India company, and printed by order of the government of Bengal.: Notulæ ad plantas asiaticas /by the late William Griffith; arranged by John M'Clelland. 1847 Calcutta: Bishop's college press, 1847-1854. url p. 260, p. 95.
• Hand-list of herbaceous plants cultivated in the Royal Botanic Gardens. London, Printed for H. M. Stationery Off. by Darling, 1902. url p. 685, p. 97.
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• Hardwicke's science-gossip: an illustrated medium of interchange and gossip for students and lovers of nature. London: Robert Hardwicke, 1866- url p. 159, p. 202, p. 255.
• Hardy flowers. Descriptions of upwards of thirteen hundred of the most ornamental species, with directions for their arrangement, culture, etc.. .. By W. Robinson. London, Macmillan, 1878. url p. 165.
• History of Delaware County, Pennsylvania, from the discovery of the territory included within its limit to the present time, with a notice of the geology of the county, and catalogues of its minerals, plants, quadrupeds, and birds, written un by George Smith, M.D. Philadelphia, Printed by H.B. Ashmead, 1862. url p. 424.
• History of Lancaster County: to which is prefixed a brief sketch of the early history of Pennsylvania / compiled from authentic sources by I. Daniel Rupp. Lancaster, Penn.: Gilbert Hills, 1844. url p. 498.
• How to find and name wild flowers; being a new method of observing and identifying upwards of 1, 200 species of flowering plants in the British isles; with an introduction by F.E. hulme. .. illustrated by the author, and with four autochrome plates by H. Essenhigh Corke. .. London, Cassell[1906-1930] url p. 231.
• Introduction to the plant-life of the Oxford district. London, Milford, 1922-25. url p. 59, p. 65.
• Island life: or, the phenomena and causes of insular faunas and floras, including a revision and attempted solution of the problem of geological climates / London: Macmillan, 1911. url p. 514, p. 557.
• Island life; or, the phenomena and causes of insular faunas and floras, including a revision and attempted solution of the problem of geological climates, by Alfred Russel Wallace. London, Macmillan, 1880. url p. 514, p. 557.
• Journal of Hymenoptera research. Washington, D.C.: International Society of Hymenopterists, [1992- url p. 370, p. 374.
• Journal of botany, British and foreign. 4 1866 London: Robert Hardwicke, 1863-1942. url p. 123, p. 337, p. 38, p. 89.
• Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall. Truro, Eng., Workers of Cornwall Ltd. url p. 372, p. 64.
• Journal of the proceedings of the Linnean Society. Botany. 5 1861 London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, & Roberts: ||Williams and Norgate, 1857-1864. url p. 42.
• List of rare, threatened and endemic plants in Europe (1982 edition) Council of Europe url p. 52.
• Manual of British botany: containing the flowering plants and ferns arranged according to the natural orders / by Charles Cardale Babington. London: John Van Voorst, 1856. url p. 241.
• Manual of the New Zealand flora. By T. F. Cheeseman. .. Wellington, N. Z., J. Mackay, Govt. Printer, 1906. url p. 1082.
• Marcellia. New York [etc.]Pergamon Press [etc.] url p. 13.
• Nicholson, G. The illustrated dictionary of gardening: a practical and scientific encyclopædia of horticulture for gardeners and botanists /edited by George Nicholson; assisted by J.W.H. Trail. .. and J. Garrett. .. 8 1884 London: L.U. Gill, [1884]-88. url p. 369, p. 417.
• Oxford gardens, based upon Daubeny's Popular guide to the physick garden of Oxford: with notes on the gardens of the colleges and on the University park, by R. T. Günther. Oxford: Parker & son; [etc., etc.], 1912. url p. 132.
• Paradisi in sole paradisus terrestris, by John Parkinson. Faithfully reprinted from the edition of 1629. London, Methuen & co., 1904. url p. 266.
• Plant Form OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS url p. 273, p. 331.
• Plant-breeding; being five lectures upon the amelioration of domestic plants, New York and London, Macmillan and co., 1895. url p. 238.
• Proceedings and transactions of the South London Entomological & Natural History Society. London: The Society. url p. 134, p. 87, p. 90.
• Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 4th series. San Francisco, California Academy of Sciences. url p. 332.
• Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. London, Published for the Linnean Society of London by Academic Press [etc.], 1848-1968. url p. 85.
• Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, 1841- url p. 74.
• Spicilegium florae Maroccanae / by John Ball. London: Printed by Taylor and Francis, 1878. url p. 591.
• The American florist: a weekly journal for the trade. Chicago: American Florist Company, [1885-1931] url p. 321.
• The Annals and magazine of natural history; zoology, botany, and geology being a continuation of the Annals combined with Loudon and Charlesworth's Magazine of Natural History. London, Taylor and Francis, Ltd. url p. 549, p. 549.
• The Annals of Scottish natural history. Edinburgh: David Douglas, 1892-1911. url p. 101, p. 178, p. 43.
• The Catholic yearbook: comprehending, the circle of the seasons and key to the calendar and almanac, or the natural history, religious festivals and miscellaneous customs of the whole year adapted for all succeeding years; [by Thomas Ignatius Maria Forster] London: Keating and Brown, 1833. url p. 222.
• The Cottage gardener. [London: W.S. Orr, url p. 346.
• The English flower garden and home grounds: design and arrangement shown by existing examples of gardens in Great Britain and Ireland, followed by a description of the plants, shrubs, and trees for the open-air garden and their culture / by W. Robinson. London: J. Murray, 1911. url p. 662.
• The English rock-garden, by Reginald Farrer. London, Jack, 1919. url p. 450.
• The Entomologist's record and journal of variation. s.l., s.n. url p. 108.
• The Floral world and garden guide. London, Groombridge and Sons, 1858-1880. url p. 205.
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• The Gardeners' chronicle: a weekly illustrated journal of horticulture and allied subjects. London: [Gardeners Chronicle], 1874-1955. url p. 120, p. 14, p. 140, p. 155, p. 184, p. 256, p. 280, p. 280, p. 284, p. 30, p. 378, p. 505, p. 56, p. 68, p. 692, p. 74, p. 94.
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• Tsoong Puchiu & Yang Hanbi, eds. 1979. Scrophulariaceae (1). Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 67(2): 1-431. Tsoong Puchiu, ed. 1963. Scrophulariaceae (2). Fl. Reipulb. Popularis Sin. 68: 1-449.

Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed February 28, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 7 providers.
• Merrifield Garden Center, Fairfax VA USA
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 29, 2008)
• USDA, NRCS. 2005. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal February 28, 2008:

• Biologiezentrum der Oberoesterreichischen Landesmuseen: Biologiezentrum Linz
• Bundesamt für Naturschutz / Zentralstelle für Phytodiversität Deutschland: Bundesamt fuer Naturschutz / Zentralstelle fuer Phytodiversitaet Deutschland
• Burke Museum: Vascular Plant Collection - University of Washington Herbarium (WTU)
• European Environment Agency: EUNIS
• GBIF-Spain: Jardi Botanic de Valencia: VAL
• GBIF-Spain: Real Jardin Botanico (Madrid), Vascular Plant Herbarium (MA)
• GBIF-Spain: Univ. Herbarium SALAMANCA: SALA
• GBIF-Sweden: Botany (UPS)
• GBIF-Sweden: Herbarium of Oskarshamn (OHN)
• GBIF-Sweden: Plants (GBIF-SE:Artdatabanken)
• UK National Biodiversity Network: Botanical Society of the British Isles - Vascular plant data for Scottish Vice-counties (VCs 80, 84, 103 & 104)
• UK National Biodiversity Network: Botanical Society of the British Isles - Vascular Plants Database
• UK National Biodiversity Network: Lothian Wildlife Information Centre - Lothian Wildlife Information Centre Secret Garden Survey
• USDA PLANTS: USDA PLANTS Database

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2667868
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-503477
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 2888579
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:804880-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 404687
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 503477
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDSCR11080
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: LIPU3
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 47364

Footnotes

1. "Linaria". in Flora of China Vol. 18 Page 49. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Mean = 241.860 meters (793.504 feet), Standard Deviation = 432.580 based on 82,862 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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