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• Physical Description
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Taxonomy

Physical Description

Family Scrophulariaceae:

Herbs, sometimes shrubs, rarely trees; mostly autotrophic, less often hemiparasitic or parasitic. Stipules absent. Leaves alternate, opposite, whorled, or basally opposite and apically alternate, simple or sometimes pinnately dissected. Inflorescences racemes, spikes, or thyrsoid panicles, determinate or indeterminate, or flowers solitary. Flowers perfect, usually zygomorphic, rarely actinomorphic. Calyx often persistent, (2-) 4- or 5-lobed or -parted, variously connate. Corolla sympetalous; limb (3 or) 4- or 5-lobed, often 2-lipped. Stamens mostly 4, didynamous, sometimes 1 or 2 staminodes present, less often 2 or 5 stamens; anther locules 1 or 2, equal or subequal, free or confluent. Nectary often present at base of ovary, ringlike, cupular, or reduced to a gland. Ovary superior, 2-loculed, rarely apically 1-loculed; ovules numerous, rarely 2 per locule, on axile placentas, anatropous or hemitropous. Style simple; stigma capitate, 2-lobed, or 2-lamellate. Fruit a capsule, septicidal, loculicidal, or septifragal, sometimes opening by pores or irregularly dehiscent, rarely a berry. Seeds minute or rarely conspicuous, sometimes winged; testa often reticulate; hilum lateral or ventral; endosperm fleshy or absent; embryo straight or curved.

About 220 genera and 4500 species: cosmopolitan; 61 genera (seven endemic) and 681 species (415 endemic) throughout China but with a greater concentration in SW China.^[1]

Genus Linaria:

Herbs, annual or perennial. Leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled, often sessile; veins 1 or several and campylodromous. Inflorescences spicate, racemose, or rarely capitate. Calyx 5-lobed almost to base. Corolla tube tubular, base spurred; limb 2-lipped; lower lip convex, dilated toward center of upper lip, almost closed at throat, and making corolla personate, 3-lobed, densely glandular hairy; upper lip erect, 2-lobed. Stamens 4, anterior 2 longer; anthers anterior and posterior connivent in 2 pairs, locules parallel, divergent after dehiscence. Stigma apex often emarginate. Capsule ovoid or globose, apically dehiscing by irregular pores, valves irregular. Seeds numerous, flattened, often disclike with a broadly winged margin, rarely 3-angled and wingless or reniform and with a thickened margin.

About 100 species: northern temperate zones, mainly in Asia and Europe; ten species in China.^[2]

Similar Species

Members of the genus Linaria:

There are approximately 1,021 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them: L. aequitriloba fragilis · L. aeruginea cardonica · L. aeruginea pruinosa · L. alpina benearnensis · L. alpina faucicola · L. alpina guarensis · L. alpina propinqua · L. amethystea ignescens · L. anticaria cuartanensis · L. anticaria rossmassleri · L. biebersteinii maeotica · L. biebersteinii ruthenica · L. biebersteinii strictissima · L. bipunctata glutinosa · L. bordiana kralikiana · L. caesia polygalifolia · L. clementei reverchonii · L. depauperata hegelmaieri · L. depauperata ilergabona · L. filicaulis faucicola · L. flava oligantha · L. flava sardoa · L. genistifolia angustata · L. genistifolia artvinensis · L. genistifolia confertiflora · L. genistifolia linifolia · L. genistifolia polyclada · L. genistifolia praealta · L. genistifolia sofiana · L. glauca olcadium · L. heterophylla gigantea · L. heterophylla stricta · L. kurdica araratica · L. kurdica aucheri · L. kurdica eriocalyx · L. kurdica pycnophylla · L. kurdica sintenisii · L. laxiflora calcarlongum · L. macropoda degenii · L. multicaulis aetnensis · L. multicaulis aurasiaca · L. munbyana pygmaea · L. oblongifolia aragonensis · L. odora dulcis · L. oligantha valentina · L. pedunculata lutea · L. polygalifolia aguillonensis · L. polygalifolia lamarckii · L. propinqua odoratissima · L. pyramidalis kopetdaghensis · L. pyramidalis lenkoranica · L. reflexa agglutinans · L. reflexa brevicalcarata · L. reflexa decipiens · L. reflexa doumetii · L. reflexa drummondiae · L. reflexa lubbockii · L. rubrifolia formenterae · L. satureioides angustealata · L. saxatilis glabrescens · L. serpyllifolia robusta · L. spartea virgatula · L. supina aeruginea · L. supina ajmasiana · L. supina depauperata · L. supina duriaeana · L. supina maritima · L. supina melanantha · L. supina nevadensis · L. supina tristis · L. thymifolia aguillonensis · L. verticillata anticaria · L. verticillata cuartanensis · L. verticillata lilacina · L. viscosa crassifolia · L. viscosa salzmannii · L. viscosa spicata · L. vulgaris acutiloba · L. vulgaris arenosa · L. vulgaris sinensis · L. 'Anstey' · L. 'Blue Dreams' · L. 'Blue Pygmy' · L. 'Globosa Alba' · L. 'Natalie' · L. 'Parham Variety' · L. 'Sue' · L. 'Toni Aldiss' · L. 'Winifrid's Delight' · L. 'Yalin' · L. 1345 · L. acerbiana · L. acutangula · L. acutifolia · L. acutiloba · L. adzharica · L. aegyptiaca · L. aegyptiaca battandieri · L. aegyptica · L. aequitriloba

Bibliography

• Tsoong Puchiu & Yang Hanbi, eds. 1979. Scrophulariaceae (1). Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 67(2): 1-431. Tsoong Puchiu, ed. 1963. Scrophulariaceae (2). Fl. Reipulb. Popularis Sin. 68: 1-449.

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Notes

Contributors:

• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2006. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed April 21, 2007.

Identifiers:

• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 1830705

Footnotes:

1. Deyuan Hong, Hanbi Yang, Cun-li Jin, Manfred A. Fischer, Noel H. Holmgren & Robert R. Mill "Scrophulariaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 18 Page 1. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
2. "Linaria". in Flora of China Vol. 18 Page 49. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.