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Lilium philadelphicum

(Wild Orange-Red Lily)

Overview

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Increasingly rare, exquisitely beautiful native tallgrass prairie species found mostly within the Paleozoic Plateau and north-central regions of the tallgrass prairie biome.

Interesting Facts

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Common Names

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Click on the language to view common names.

Common Names in English:

Flame Lily, Glade Lily, Huckleberry Lily, Orange-Cup Lily, Prairie Lily, Red Lily, Western Wood Lily, Wild Lily, Wild Orange Lily, Wild Orange-Red Lily, Wood Lily

Common Names in French:

Lis De Philadelphie

Description

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Family Liliaceae

Herbs perennial , with a rhizome, bulb, or corm, rarely shrubby or treelike. Leaves basal and/or cauline, alternate, opposite, or whorled , parallel or rarely reticulate veined. Inflorescence a raceme , panicle, spike, umbel, reduced panicle, or other, or flowers solitary. Flowers bisexual , rarely unisexual , actinomorphic , rarely zygomorphic; bracts present or absent; bracteoles present or absent. Perianth usually corollalike, 6-merous, rarely 4- or 8-merous, in 2 whorls; segments free (tepals) or united . Stamens 6, rarely 3, 4, or 8, inserted opposite perianth segments; filaments free or adnate to perianth, rarely connate into a corona ; anthers usually 2-loculed, basifixed or dorsifixed and versatile, introrse , latrorse , or extrorse , dehiscing usually by vertical slits. Carpels usually connate for most or all of their length , rarely only at base ; ovary superior, rarely semi-inferior, 3-loculed, rarely 2- or 4-loculed, with axile placentae, or rarely 1-loculed with a parietal placenta; ovules usually anatropous . Nectaries septal, perigonal, or absent. Fruit a capsule or berry. Seeds with abundant endosperm and small embryo.

About 250 genera and 3500 species: worldwide, especially in temperate and subtropical regions; 57 genera (three endemic, two introduced ) and 726 species (379 endemic, 11 introduced) in China.[1]

Genus Lilium

Herbs, perennial , bulbose . Bulbs whitish, rarely yellowish or purplish, often stained brown, erect and ovoid (hereafter ovoid), irregular and chunky (chunky), slanted in ground and ± elongate (subrhizomatous ), or horizontally elongate (rhizomatous ), sometimes branching if rhizomatous, rarely if not, 1.411.7 × 1.319 cm, 0.13 times taller than long, annual growth usually obscure ; scales (modified leaves) numerous , fleshy and starchy, usually densely covering rhizomes, rarely bearing leaf blades known as basal leaves or their abscission scars , often notched or segmented , longest 0.811.9 cm; roots on each bulb either contractile and concentrically wrinkled and thick (to 5 mm), or for nutrition and thinner, fibrous . Stems erect, green, sometimes purple, rarely glaucous, to 3.1 m , ± glabrous , often with adventitious stem roots above bulb. Buds usually rounded in cross section , sometimes ± triangular. Leaves numerous, usually ± evenly distributed along stem, rarely concentrated proximally, scattered or more commonly in 112(24) whorls with some scattered at stem base and apex, 320(40) leaves per whorl, sessile, drooping at tips to ascending , 1.729 × 0.25.6 cm, 1.634 times longer than wide; blade green and somewhat lighter abaxially, rarely paler, linear , lanceolate, elliptic , or obovate , sometimes oblanceolate , especially in proximal leaves, often somewhat lanceolate in distal leaves, margins entire, undulate or not, usually glabrous and smooth or occasionally slightly papillose , sometimes roughened abaxially by ± deltoid epidermal spicules, apex acute to obtuse or rarely acuminate; principal veins usually 3, usually glabrous and smooth abaxially, sometimes with ± deltoid epidermal spicules, rarely impressed adaxially. Inflorescences maturing acropetally, terminal , racemose or umbellate (in small plants ), usually open, bracteate , 125 (45) -flowered; bracts usually 12 per flower, often with one lanceolate and very wide and the other linear or filiferous . Flowers pendent, nodding , horizontal, ascending, or erect, radially or slightly bilaterally symmetric , fragrant or not; perianth campanulate , funnelform , or with sepals and petals strongly reflexed in form of a Turks-cap; sepals and petals usually differentiated, sometimes indistinctly so, recurved or reflexed, distinct , orange, red, yellow, pink, or white, usually with adaxial magenta or maroon spots concentrated in proximal 1/22/3, ± lanceolate and narrowed or rarely clawed, glabrous (pubescent strip at base in L. lancifolium), nectaries present on each but often more developed on sepals, basal, green, usually hidden but occasionally exposed and forming visible green star at adaxial base of perianth; sepals 3, occasionally ridged abaxially, 3.112 × 0.62.6 cm, apex usually acute; petals 3, ridged abaxially, with 2 adaxial longitudinal median rounded ridges, 311.2 × 0.63.4 cm, apex usually acute, often more widely than sepal apex; stamens 6, opposite sepals and petals, distinct, included to strongly exserted; filaments ± parallel to style or spreading , diverging to 31° from flower axis, color variable but usually pale green or nearly translucent ; anthers versatile, color variable, usually purplish, becoming darker, oblong , 0.32.6 cm; pollen cream, yellow, peach, tan, orange, rust, or brown, usually becoming lighter; pistil compound , 3-lobed, 3-locular, oblong, 2.110.5 cm; ovary superior, 0.83.5 cm, axile placentas 6, ovules as many as seeds, a few developing without embryos; style initially parallel to flower axis, usually elongating and curving toward periphery, usually pale green, round in cross section; stigma 3-lobed, hollow in older flowers; pedicel not articulate , 0.832 cm. Fruits erect, green maturing to brown, capsular , 3-valved, not strongly winged , ± oblong-obovate, 1.57.7 × 0.83.3 cm, 1.14.8 times longer than wide, base constricted, dehiscence loculicidal. Seeds 67330, light brown with darker ovate embryo in center, 6-ranked, flattened into 60° wedge, verrucose . x = 12.

Species ca. 100: temperate Northern Hemisphere south to mountains of Asian tropics.

Perennial herbs of unsurpassed beauty and great commercial significance, the true lilies have been celebrated since time immemorial. Lilium candidum is the Madonna lily of biblical importance; L. longiflorum is the Easter lily. In China, lilies have been cultivated, eaten, and used medicinally for at least 2000 years (S. G. Haw 1986) . Today, lilies are one of the mainstays of the worldwide horticultural bulb trade and many species are available. Usually these species lilies are susceptible to various diseases and cultural problems that render them difficult to maintain in gardens. Thousands of hybrids have been developed and about 6000 are registered, the best of which combine the delicate features of their wild relatives with disease resistance and hardiness . By and large, these hybrids predominate among the lilies grown in home gardens in North America, though the exotic L. lancifolium (tiger lily; China) is also widely grown, as to a lesser degree are several native species including L. pardalinum, L. canadense, and L. superbum. The other North American lilies rarely thrive in gardens, especially outside their native ranges , and most have suffered from excessive collecting. None should be removed from the wild.

The true lilies are distributed circumboreally, particularly in mountainous regions, and reach their southern limit in the tropical mountains of the Philippines and India. Eastern Asia and North America are the centers of highest worldwide diversity , with about 60 and 21 species respectively. The closest relatives are found in eastern Asia, where Lilium originated, in the genera Fritillaria, Nomocharis Franchet, Notholirion Wallich ex Boissier, and Cardiocrinum (Endicher) Lindley (H. D. Woodcock and W. T. Stearn 1950) ; many species now placed in these related genera have resided in Lilium at one time or another. The boundary between Lilium and Nomocharis has been particularly fluid taxonomically, and some recent molecular classifications (M. F. Fay and M. W. Chase 2000) include Nomocharis in Lilium. Of the closest relatives, only Fritillaria occurs in North America. It is distinguished from Lilium by smaller stature and shorter perianth parts (to ca. 4 cm), and by a small bulb usually consisting of a few large scales and numerous rice-grain-sized offset scales. The 21 species of Lilium that are native to North America are derived from Asian stock, but since a suitable infrageneric classification for our species has not been developed, none is presented here. Nevertheless, there are several groups of evolutionary and taxonomic significance. Lilium philadelphicum and L. catesbaei are the only two North American lilies with erect flowers, highly clawed perianth parts, and spots confined to well-defined nectar guides . These two species almost certainly represent a single introduction from Asia (K . Hayashi and S. Kawano 2000; T. Nishikawa et al. 1999), the rest of the taxa probably another (M. W. Skinner 1988) . The 12 species of the Pacific Coast fall into two groups. Species 49 are plants of usually dry ground with ± ovoid or oblique bulbs; this group is basal to those remaining, and is not monophyletic. Species 1015 are plants of moist or wet places with rhizomatous bulbs that frequently branch ; these apparently originated from within the dry-ground group (M. W. Skinner 1988) . Species 1622, the pendent-flowered eastern lilies, appear to have their closest relationship with L. pardalinum in the west, but within themselves form a coherent group of two rather well-defined alliances . Species 1619 are characterized by southern and eastern distributions, buds that are triangular in cross section, and sepals with two abaxial longitudinal ridges . Species 2022 occupy more northern distributions, and have in common roughened leaves due to spicules on the leaf margins and abaxially on the veins, usually yellowish bulbs, and red styles. If species 1619 and 2022 are considered separately, complementary allopatric or parapatric distributionsusually with hybridization in zones of contactare the norm within all of the groups except for the one that contains species 49. Most lilies are largely self-incompatible, and cross-pollination is required for seed set (J. S. Davis 1958) . The flowers are weakly protandrous: pollen is offered upon anthesis , and then over time the pistil elongates, the style generally curves toward the periphery (particularly in pendent-flowered species), and the stigma enlarges. Nectar is offered especially from the sepal nectaries to reward insect pollinators, and also hummingbirds in North America. Phylogenetic analysis (M. W. Skinner 1988) suggests that the original pendent lilies to colonize North America were butterfly-pollinated, and other pollination syndromes involving moths and hummingbirds evolved in situ via pollinator mediation. Identification of Lilium herbarium specimens is often difficult since bulbs are rarely collected and crucial features such as flower color, shape , and orientation are altered in pressed material . Leaf characters including shape, margin, and vestiture are sometimes diagnostic, and flower and anther size are frequently useful, but it is often necessary to resort to comparison of distributions during specimen identification. The keys and descriptions presented here are based on live plants, and anther measurements were taken following dehiscence. Descriptions of the flowers refer to the adaxial surface unless otherwise noted. A whorl or partial whorl consists of three or more leaves arranged cyclically on the stem, and bulb dimensions are given as height × length along the horizontal axis. Regardless of their shape, the bulbs of the North American species are actually radially asymmetrical, slowly growing, scaly rhizomes. In some (e.g. , L. kelloggii and L. rubescens), lateral growth is very slow and the bulb remains upright and more or less ovoid. In others, such as L. philadelphicum, the growing point appears to rotate around the underground stem, and the bulb remains compact but irregular. In L. washingtonianum the bulb is somewhat horizontally extended and slanted in the ground with the growing end deeper; this condition is termed subrhizomatous. In the majority of our species, however, the rhizome extends horizontally and the flowering stem moves incrementally each year; these bulbs are termed rhizomatous. Only in some of these rhizomatous lilies, for example L. pardalinum and L. superbum, do the bulbs branch often and evenly to produce two new plants. Other bulb types branch only rarely and irregularly. In the more extended bulb forms it is sometimes possible to count the partially visible annual stem scars to derive plant age, but this is usually an underestimate since the dying end of the bulb continually deteriorates. Several species of Asian or European origin are sporadically naturalized following escape from cultivation, but none strays far or is widespread or common enough to be considered a pest. Lilium bulbiferum Linnaeus (orange lily; Europe) is tall, with linear alternate leaves and 13 (20) erect, widely campanulate orange flowers; the perianth parts are recurved, clawed, and conspicuously papillose adaxially at the base. It is somewhat similar to native L. philadelphicum but for its papillose perianth and axillary bulbils, though the latter are not always present. It is occasionally found outside cultivation in temperate northeastern North America (Quebec, Ontario, and New Brunswick) and sparingly in the intermountain west in Utah (J. T. Kartesz and C. A. Meacham 1999) . Lilium candidum Linnaeus (Mediterranean) is tall (12 m), with many lanceolate, ascending leaves and pure white, campanulate flowers of modest size (perianth parts to 8 cm) that are fragrant and horizontal to ascending on the stem; it is naturalized in two counties in Pennsylvania (A. F. Rhoads and W. M. Klein 1993) . Lilium martagon Linnaeus (martagon lily; Eurasia ) shares with many of the native species both whorled leaves and Turks-cap flowers, but the latter are small (perianth parts to 3.5 cm), very numerous, and purple or sometimes white. It is weakly naturalized in Michigan near Ann Arbor , and perhaps in Quebec (H. J. Scoggan 19781979, part 2) . Several similar Asian lilies with scattered leaves and long, funnelform white flowers are reportedly naturalized in the southeastern United States; careful examination is required to identify them correctly. Lilium longiflorum Thunberg (Easter lily; Japan) is the common white lily of the florist trade; it is the most widely cultivated and commercially important lily. Plants are short (to 1 m), the leaves lanceolate and to 18 × 1.5 cm, and the pure white flower is fragrant and larger than in any of our native species; the perianth parts are 1318 cm and glabrous at the base adaxially. It has been recorded from Utah (S. L. Welsh et al. 1993) and Florida. Lilium formosanum Wallace (Formosa lily; Formosa) is tall, with numerous long (to 20 cm), linear leaves of dark, lustrous green. The 12(10) horizontal flowers are delicately fragrant, white, and usually suffused with wine-purple abaxially; the perianth parts are 1320 cm long and basally papillose adaxially. The Formosa lily is evidently infrequently naturalized and has been reported from Louisiana and Florida, although most if not all of these recordslike the two records of L. regale E. H. Wilson from Alabama (R. Kral 1981) represent the next species. Lilium philippinense Baker (Philippine lily; Philippines) is similar to L. formosanum but with a thinner, longer floral tube . The delicately fragrant flower is white, occasionally streaked with green and red basally, and is the largest in the genus; the perianth parts are 1825 cm and basally papillose. It is reported from one location in Kentucky (E. T. Browne Jr. and R. Athey 1992) and is becoming well established in parts of Florida, especially near Tallahassee. Native Americans relied on the bulbs of many species of Lilium for food and medicine, and preparation varied widely (D. E. Moerman 1986) . From L. canadense bulbs the Cherokee made flour and then bread for use during famine. In British Columbia, the Thompson Indians mixed L. columbianum bulbs with salmon roe and this was boiled and eaten as a favorite dish . In Saskatchewan, the Cree dried the bulb scales of L. philadelphicum as a snack. Otherwise, the bulbs were steamed, dried into cakes for winter use, baked in an earth oven, or made into soup . Lilies were equally versatile as medicine, and the mashed bulbs were variously employed in the treatment of spider bites , cuts and bruises, fever, coughs, consumption , stomach ailments, and rheumatism. Contemporary medical use seems to be largely limited to L. lancifolium, the bulbs of which are used to treat a variety of internal discomforts, including those associated with menstruation and menopause.[2]

Physical Description

Species Lilium philadelphicum

Bulbs chunky, 1.6-2.9 × 2.2-4.7 cm, 0.6-1.1 times taller than long, 2(-4) years™ growth visible; scales 1-2-segmented, longest 1.2-2.2 cm; stem roots present or absent. Stems to 1.2 m , glaucous. Buds rounded in cross section . Leaves scattered , or mostly scattered with at least 1 distal whorl, or in 1-5 whorls or partial whorls, 3-11 leaves per whorl, ± horizontal and drooping at tips , or ascending in sun, 2.9-10.2 × 0.3-2.3 cm, 3.5-18 times longer than wide; blade narrowly elliptic , sometimes linear , elliptic, or oblanceolate , margins not undulate , apex acute or barely acuminate; veins and margins ± smooth abaxially. Inflorescences umbellate , 1-3(-6) -flowered. Flowers erect , not fragrant; perianth widely campanulate ; sepals and petals somewhat recurved 1/4-2/5 along length from base , red-orange or red-magenta, sometimes pale orange, pure red, or rarely yellow, distinctly clawed, apex often widely acute, rarely obtuse , nectar guides above claws yellow to orange and spotted maroon, more pronounced on sepals; sepals not ridged abaxially, 4.9-8.2 × 1.6-2.6 cm; petals 4.5-7.7 × 2-3.2 cm; stamens strongly exserted; filaments ± parallel to style, barely spreading , diverging 0°-8° from axis, ± same color as sepals and petals; anthers dull maroon, 0.5-1.2 cm; pollen variously colored dark orange, brown, brown-yellow, or yellow; pistil 5-8 cm; ovary 1.3-3.2 cm; style ± same color as sepals and petals; pedicel 2.5-10.5 cm. Capsules 2.2-7.7 × 1-1.8 cm, 3-4.8 times longer than wide. Seeds not counted. 2n = 24. Flowering late spring--summer (late May--Aug), earliest in s Appalachians, latest in n Rocky Mountains. [source]

Lilium philadelphicum is highly variable in stature, leaf size and arrangement , flower color, and fruit length, and it is this variation that has accounted for the proliferation of names ”only a few of which are cited above”applied to this taxon . Of these, only one remains in general use. Variety andinum has come to include usually western plants of smaller stature that have long capsules (4-8 cm vs. 2.5-3.5 cm in var. philadelphicum) and are characterized by scattered leaves usually topped by a single whorl (E. T. Wherry 1946). The typical habitat for these plants is the low grassy vegetation found in tall- and midgrass prairies and mountain meadows. The usually accepted break between this entity and var. philadelphicum runs north to south along the eastern border of Ohio (E. L. Braun 1967), and thus northeastern and Appalachian plants are normally assigned to the nominate variety. These are more often plants of open woods or thickets, though they do occur in low vegetation, including Appalachian balds and eastern prairies. Field studies show that these specimens tend to be large, with a mean stem height of 81 cm, compared to 48 cm in western plants. Leaf arrangement consists of 2-5 whorls of 3 or more leaves (averaging 3.8 whorls) as opposed to the more western plants typically assigned to var. andinum, which display 0-5 whorls, averaging 1.3 whorls per plant. Leaves are also longer and wider in these eastern and Appalachian plants and average 6.9 cm long (3.8-10.2 cm) by 1.3 cm wide (0.7-2.3 cm), compared with 5.1 cm long (2.9-7.7 cm) by 0.6 cm wide (0.3-1.4 cm) in plants sampled from western Ohio and Colorado. Other individuals disrupt this pattern . Plants from Nantucket, Massachusetts (presumably of low heath or grassland), fall within the range of variation of mountain plants from Colorado. These dwarf individuals have small flowers and short (ca. 4 cm), very narrow (ca. 0.4 cm) leaves, albeit mostly in whorls. Equally significant are massive plants of moist woods in Colorado with fully whorled , long (to 9.2 cm), and rather wide leaves (to 1.3 cm). Other Colorado plants are vegetatively indistinguishable from certain Connecticut material . Somewhat surprisingly, given its relatively modest stature, the wood lily has the longest capsules of any Lilium in North America. The largest-fruited individuals seen come from the Appalachians, not from populations otherwise assignable to the purportedly long-fruited var. andinum. Fruit lengths average larger in these robust Kentucky plants (mean 6.2 cm, range 5.1-7.7) than in western Ohio plants (mean 4.3 cm, range 3-5.8). Plants from Vermont that are clearly assignable to var. philadelphicum on the basis of leaf size and arrangement have capsules of comparable size to those in western Ohio (mean 4.1 cm, range 3.1-5.3). Therefore, it appears that local environment governs vegetative and fruit morphology to a great degree in Lilium philadelphicum, and in many cases overwhelms the presumed effect of genotype and the broad geographical patterns. Western plants from typically eastern habitats (moist woodlands) resemble eastern plants, and eastern plants from typically more western habitats (low prairie or heath) resemble western plants. The characters invoked to support the var. andinum”especially capsule length”vary continuously and somewhat independently. The status of var. andinum is unsettled and it is not accorded formal recognition here. Lilium philadelphicum is pollinated by large swallowtail butterflies, in the west by the pale swallowtail (Papilio eurymedon Lucas, family Papilionidae) and western tiger swallowtail (P. rutulus Lucas), in the east by the eastern tiger swallowtail (P. glaucus Linnaeus; E. M. Barrows 1979) and undoubtedly most of the other species resident in its wide range. [source]

Habit: Forb/herb

Flowers: Bloom Period: April, May, June, July, August. • Flower Color: red-orange

Size/Age/Growth

Size: 12-18" tall.

Habitat

Tallgrass prairies, open woods , thickets, roadsides, powerlines, e balds , barrens , dunes, and heathlands, w mountain meadows; 0--2700 m [3].

Well-drained slope of native tallgrass prairie at wwodland edge . Full sun , mesic soil.

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,848 meters (0 to 9,344 feet).[4]

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 9-12" apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 6.1 • Maximum pH: 7.8

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b. (map)

Taxonomy

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Unambiguous Synonyms

  1. Lilium andinum Nuttall
  2. Lilium montanum A. Nelson
  3. Lilium philadelphicum var. andinum (Nuttall) Ker Gawler
  4. Lilium philadelphicum var. montanum (A. Nelson) Wherry
  5. Lilium umbellatum Pursh

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication : Sp. pl. ed. 2, 1:435. 1762

Name verified on 27-Feb-2003 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 21-Jul-2006

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Lilium

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 2231 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

L. 'Dazzle' · L. 'Abba' · L. abchasicum · L. abeanum · L. 'Acapulco' (Oriental Lily) · L. 'Accent' (Asiatic Lily) · L. 'Achilles' · L. 'Acuraugs' · L. 'Adelina' (Asiatic Lily) · L. 'Admiration' · L. 'Adonis' · L. aduncum · L. 'Advantage' · L. affine · L. 'African Queen' (Trumpet Lily) · L. African Queen Group · L. 'Afterglow' · L. 'Agne' · L. 'Agrippa' (L.a. Hybrid Lily) · L. akkusianum · L. 'Aktiva' · L. 'Alabaster Rose' · L. 'Aladdin's Glow' (L.a. Hybrid Lily) · L. 'Aladdin's Sun' (Longiflorum-Asiatic) · L. 'Aladdin' · L. 'Aladdin Dazzle' (L.a. Hybrid Lily) · L. 'Alaska' · L. albanicum · L. 'Albanie' · L. 'Albany' · L. 'Alberta Sunrise' · L. albiflorum · L. album · L. 'Alchemy' (Oriental-Trumpet Lily) · L. 'Alessia' · L. alexandrae · L. 'Alexis' · L. 'Alfred Weinreich' · L. 'Algarve' (L. A. Hybrid Lily) · L. 'Alicia' · L. 'Alisun' · L. 'Allegretto' (Oriental-Trumpet Lily) · L. 'Alliance' · L. 'Allright' · L. 'Alma Ata' (Oriental Lily) · L. 'Alpenglow' · L. alpinum · L. 'Altari' (Oriental-Trumpet Lily) · L. alternans · L. altissimum · L. amabile (Lily) · L. amabile 'Luteum' (Lily) · L. amabile var. flavum · L. amabile var. immaculatum · L. 'Amarone' (Lily) · L. 'Amaro' · L. 'Amazing' (Oriental Lily) · L. 'Ambato' · L. 'Amber Ace' · L. 'Amber Gold' · L. 'Amber Star' · L. 'Ambon' · L. 'Ambos Mundos' · L. 'Ambrosia' · L. 'American Bandstand' (Oriental-Trumpet Lily) · L. 'American Debutante' (Oriental-Trumpet Lily) · L. 'American Dream' (Orienpet Lily) · L. 'American Flame' · L. 'American Heritage' (Orienpet Lily) · L. 'American Original' (Oriental-Trumpet Lily) · L. 'American Sentinel' (Oriental-Trumpet Lily) · L. 'American Showgirl' · L. 'American Spirit' (Orienpet Lily) · L. 'American Way' (Oriental-Trumpet Lily) · L. 'American West' (Oriental-Trumpet Lily) · L. 'America' (Asiatic Lily) · L. America = 'Holean' · L. 'Amethyst Temple' (Trumpet Lily) · L. amoenum (Species Lily) · L. 'Anaconda' (Trumpet Lily) · L. 'Anastasia' (Oriental-Trumpet Lily) · L. 'Andalusie' · L. andinum · L. 'Angela North' (Asiatic Lily) · L. 'Angelique' · L. 'Anglia' · L. angustifolium · L. anhuiense · L. 'Anita Gail' · L. 'Annabelle' · L. 'Anne' · L. 'Anne Boleyn' · L. 'Antarctica' (Asiatic Lily) · L. 'Anton Geesink' · L. 'Apart' · L. 'Apeldoorn' (Asiatic Lily) · L. apertum · L. 'Aphrodite' (Asiatic Lily) · L. 'Apollo' · L. 'Apricot'

More Info

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Further Reading

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  • Wang Fa-tsuan & Tang Tsin, eds. 1978; 1980. Liliaceae. Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 1--280; 14: 1--308.
  • Adams, R. M. and W. J. Dress. 1982. Nodding Lilium species of eastern North America (Liliaceae). Baileya 21: 165188.
  • Elwes, H. J. 1880. A Monograph of the Genus Lilium. London.
  • Hayashi, K. and S. Kawano. 2000. Molecular systematics of Lilium and allied genera (Liliaceae): Phylogenetic relationships among Lilium and related genera based on rbcL and matK gene sequence data. Pl. Spec. Biol. 15: 7393.
  • Nishikawa, T. et al. 1999. A molecular phylogeny of Lilium in the internal transcribed spacer region of nuclear ribosomal DNA. J. Molec. Evol. 49: 238249.
  • Skinner, M. W. 1988. Comparative Pollination Ecology and Floral Evolution in Pacific Coast Lilium. Ph.D. dissertation. Harvard University. Stewart, R. N. 1947. The morphology of somatic chromosomes in Lilium. Amer. J. Bot. 34: 927.
  • Synge, P. M. 1980. Lilies: A Revision of Elwes Monograph of the Genus Lilium and Its Supplements. New York.
  • Tamura, M. N. 1998c. Liliaceae. In: K. Kubitzki et al., eds. 1990+. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. 4+ vols. Berlin etc. Vol. 3, pp. 343353.
  • Woodcock, H. D. and W. T. Stearn. 1950. Lilies of the World: Their Cultivation and Classification. London.

    • Notes

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    Contributors

    Data Sources

    Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 25, 2007:

    Identifiers

    Footnotes

    1. Xinqi Chen, Prof. Song-Yun Liang, Jie-mei Xu, David E. Boufford, Michael G. Gilbert, Rudolf V. Kamelin, Shoichi Kawano, Tetsuo Koyama, Elena V. Mordak, Junko Noguchi, Victor G. Soukup, Hiroshi Takahashi, Kamilla G. Tamanian, Minoru N. Tamura & Nicholas J. Turland "Liliaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 24 Page 73. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
    2. Mark W. Skinner "Lilium". in Flora of North America Vol. 26 Page 15, 53, 58, 172, 173, 174, 180, 188, 193, 1. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
    3. "Lilium philadelphicum". in Flora of North America Vol. 26 Page 180. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
    4. Mean = 386.830 meters (1,269.127 feet), Standard Deviation = 416.510 based on 429 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
    Last Revised: 7/1/2009