Ligustrum vulgare (European Privet)

Interesting Facts

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When it blooms , this shrub is an allergy sufferers' nightmare!
Birds spread the seeds from the purple berries through their droppings.

Common Names

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Click on the language to view common names.

Common Names in Afrikaans:

Gewone Liguster

Common Names in English:

Chinese Privet, Common Privet, European Privet, Golden Privet, Prim, Privet, Wild Privet

Common Names in French:

Raisin De Chien, Troène Vulgaire

Common Names in German:

Liguster

Common Names in Italian:

Agnesillo, Innamora, Licustro, Ligustro, Olivella

Common Names in Portuguese:

Alfena, Alfenheiro

Common Names in Romanian:

Lemn Câinesc, Lemn Cîinesc

Common Names in Russian:

Birjučina, бирючина

Common Names in Spanish:

Alagustre, Alheña, Alheña

Description

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Family Oleaceae

Trees or erect or scandent shrubs . Branches and branchlets lenticellate . Leaves opposite, rarely alternate or whorled , simple , trifoliolate , or pinnately compound , without stipules; venation pinnate or palmate. Inflorescences terminal or axillary , in cymes, panicles, racemes , umbels, or fascicles. Flowers actinomorphic , bisexual , rarely unisexual or polygamous and plants monoecious, dioecious, or polygamodioecious. Calyx 4(-16) -lobed or -parted, rarely absent. Corolla 4(-16) -lobed, sometimes almost free to base , rarely absent; lobes sometimes united in pairs at base or into a very short tube . Stamens 2(-4), inserted on corolla tube or hypogynous; anthers dehiscing longitudinally; pollen 3-colpate or 3-colporate. Ovary superior, 2-loculed; ovules 2 in each locule, sometimes 1 or numerous . Style 1 or absent; stigma 2-lobed or capitate. Fruit a drupe, berry, capsule, or samara. Seeds with straight embryo, with or without endosperm; radicle curved upward or downward.

About 28 genera and over 400 species: tropical , subtropical , and temperate regions of world, but mainly in Asia. China has 10 genera and 160 species (95 endemic) and is the center of diversity for the genera Forsythia, Syringa, Osmanthus, and Ligustrum.

Many genera are important economically: Fraxinus and Forsythia (medicinal, ornamental ) ; Jasminum, Osmanthus, and Syringa (spice, ornamental) ; Olea (oil ) ; and Fraxinus (timber) .[1]

Genus Ligustrum

Shrubs or small trees , deciduous or evergreen . Leaves opposite, simple , short petiolate ; leaf blade entire. Inflorescences terminal panicles of cymes, rarely lateral . Flowers bisexual , sessile or pedicellate . Calyx campanulate , truncate or 4-toothed, persistent . Corolla white, rotate, funnelform , or salverform , 4-lobed; lobes ca. as long as or shorter than corolla tube , valvate in bud. Stamens 2, inserted at mouth of corolla tube, included or exserted; anthers yellow or sometimes purple, oblong . Ovules 2 in each locule, pendulous. Style shorter than stamens; stigma 2-cleft. Fruit a berrylike drupe with membranous or papery endocarp, rarely drupaceous or loculicidal. Seeds 1-4; endosperm fleshy ; radicle short, upward.

About 45 species: Asia, Australia, Europe; 27 species in China. Ligustrum japonicum Thunberg and L. ovalifolium Hasskarl, native to Japan and S Korea, are widely cultivated in China. No material of L. matsudae Kanehira ex Shimizu & Kao and L. seisuiense Shimizu & Kao, both described from Taiwan, has been seen.[2]

Physical Description

ID Features: White fragrant flowers. Black fruit. Opposite leaf arrangement. Glossy entire leaves. Leaves have waxy appearance. Lenticels. Light brown bark.

Habit: A medium-sized, stout, multi-branched, deciduous shrub . • Growth Form: Multiple Stem • Shape and Orientation: Erect

Flowers: White, terminal panicles. Strong odor. Blooms in mid-June. 1" to 3" long. • Bloom Period: Mid Spring • Flower Color: White • Flower Conspicuous: Yes

Seeds: Seed per Pound: 18600 • Seed Spread Rate: Slow • Seedling Vigor: Medium • Fruit: Black fruit. 0.33" drupe. Ripens in early September. Persists. • Fruit/Seed Abundance: Medium • Fruit/Seed Color: Black • Fruit/Seed Conspicuous: Yes • Cold Stratification Required: Yes

Foliage: Foliage Color: Green • Summer foliage: Simple , deciduous leaves. Opposite leaf arrangement . Lanceolate leaf shape . 1" to 2.5" long. Smooth leaf margins . Dark green leaf color. • Fall foliage: Leaves turn purplish. Not showy. • Foliage Porosity Summer: Dense • Foliage Porosity Winter: Moderate • Foliage Texture: Medium • Fall Conspicuous: No • Leaf Retention: No

Size/Age/Growth

Active Growth Period: Spring and Summer • Growth Rate: Rapid. • Mature Height (feet): 12.0 • Maximum Height at 20 Years (feet): 12 • Size: 12' to 15' tall, equal width . • Vegetative Spread Rate: None • Lifespan: Lifespan

Landscaping

Landscape Uses: Screen . Border . Hedge . Foundation planting . • Liabilities: Anthracnose twig blight . Canker . Powdery mildew . Leaf spot. Aphids, leaf miners, mites and whiteflies.

Habitat

Hardy to zone 4.

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,353 meters (0 to 7,720 feet).[3]

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Perennial • Coppice Potential: Yes • Progagated by Bulbs: No • Propagated by Bare Root: Yes • Propagated by Container: Yes • Propagated by Corms: No • Propagated by Cuttings: Yes • Propagated by Seed: Yes • Propagated by Sod: No • Propagated by Sprigs: No • Propagated by Tubers: No • Fruit/Seed Period Begin: Summer • Fruit/Seed Period End: Fall • Fruit/Seed Persistence: Yes

Growth

Culture: Transplants easily. Extremely adaptable. Full sun to partial shade. Prune after flowering.

Soil: Adapted to Medium Textured: Adapted to Medium Textured Soils • Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils: No • Anaerobic Tolerance: None • Salinity Tolerance: Low • CaCO3 Tolerance: Low • Minimum pH: 5.0 • Maximum pH: 7.5 • Fertility Requirement: Medium

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Sun to Partial Shade. • Shade Tolerance: Intermediate

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: Medium • Minimum Precipitation: 18 • Maximum Precipitation: 50 • Moisture Use: Medium

Temperature: Minimum Temperature (F): -38 • Minimum Frost Free Days: 130 • Cold Hardiness: 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b. (map)

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 Ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Infraphylum: Radiatopses () - Kenrick & Crane, 1997
        Class: Magnoliopsida () - Brongniart, 1843 - Dicotyledons
        Subclass: Lamiidae () - Takhtajan Ex Reveal, 1992
        Superorder: Oleanae () - (Lindley, 1833) Takhtajan, 1997
        Order: Oleales () - Lindley, 1833
        Family: Oleaceae () - Hoffmannsegg & Link, 1813-1820 - Olive Family
        Subfamily: Oleoideae ()
        Tribe: Oleeae ()
        Genus: Ligustrum () - Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 7. 1753. - Privet
        Specific epithet: vulgare - L.
        Botanical name: - Ligustrum vulgare

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication : Sp. pl. 1:7. 1753

Name verified on 24-May-1995 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 24-May-1995

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Ligustrum

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 304 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

More Info

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Notes

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Contributors

Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 11, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 35 providers.
Light, Kris. East Tennessee Wildflowers
USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 29, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 11, 2007:

Biologiezentrum der Oberoesterreichischen Landesmuseen, Biologiezentrum Linz
Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem, GEO Biodiversity Day
Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien, Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien
Institute of Dendrology PAS, Institute of Dendrology PAS, Flora of Sudety Mountains
Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
Museum of Natural History, Wroclaw University, Museum of Natural History, Wroclaw University, Flora of the Stołowe Mts.
NLBIF, Limnodata
Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plant Herbarium, Oslo
Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plants, Field notes, Oslo
Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
The Danish Biodiversity Information Facility, Botany registration database by Danish botanists
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Herbarium of Oskarshamn
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Lund Botanical Museum
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Plants
Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum, Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum
UK National Biodiversity Network, Environment and Heritage Service - EHS Species Datasets
UK National Biodiversity Network, Scottish Borders Biological Records Centre - SWT Scottish Borders Local Wildlife Site Survey data 1996-2000 - species information
US National Plant Germplasm System, United States National Plant Germplasm System Collection
University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium
University of Vienna, Institute for Botany - Herbarium WU, Herbarium WU

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2655513
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-32980
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13810502
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:610130-1
GRIN Nomen Number: 22101
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 32980
International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 120443-3
Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDOLE07080
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: LIVU
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 47228

Footnotes

Mei-chen Chang, Lien-ching Chiu, Zhi Wei & Peter S. Green "Oleaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 15 Page 272. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
"Ligustrum". in Flora of China Vol. 15 Page 299. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Mean = 103.660 meters (340.092 feet), Standard Deviation = 135.380 based on 12,880 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Ligustrum vulgare

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Oleaceae

Genus Ligustrum

Physical Description

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Biology

Reproduction

Growth

Taxonomy

Notes

Similar Species

Members of the genus Ligustrum

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Further Reading

Notes

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Footnotes