Lawsonia inermis

• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Common Names

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Description

Family Lythraceae

Herbs, shrubs , or trees ; young stems often quadrangular . Leaves opposite, often decussate, or whorled , rarely subalternate to alternate, simple , entire; pinnately veined, secondary veins typically joined in a series of intramarginal arches; stipules vestigial or absent. Inflorescences racemes , cymes, or panicles; flowers axillary or terminal , usually 4-, 6- or 8-merous, sometimes 3- or 5-merous, bisexual , regular or irregular. Floral tube perigynous, hemi-epigynous, or epigynous , persistent in fruit, membranous to leathery, often 6-12-ribbed; sepals valvate , equal to much shorter than floral tube, membranous to thickly leathery, persistent; epicalyx alternating with sepals or absent. Petals inserted at rim of floral tube, alternating with sepals, crinkled , clawed or not, frequently caducous , rarely absent. Stamens usually biseriate and 2 × as many as sepals, sometimes uniseriate , inserted near base of floral tube or higher, or numerous , multiseriate, with at least some inserted at floral rim just below sepals (Punica, Sonneratia, and some Duabanga) ; anthers versatile [rarely basifixed ]. Ovary superior, half-inferior, or inferior, 2-6- or multi-loculed, with many ovules per locule; style simple; stigma capitate, conic-peltate, or punctiform ; placentation axile , sometimes free central at fruit maturity. Fruit partly or completely surrounded by persistent floral tube , loculicidally dehiscent or irregularly dehiscent capsules, infrequently indehiscent, leathery, or berrylike. Seeds usually numerous, without endosperm; embryo straight, cotyledons flat or convolute.

About 31 genera and 625-650 species: widespread in tropical regions , less common in temperate regions ; ten genera and 43 species (ten endemic, four introduced ) in China.

From the morphological standpoint, the Lythraceae sensu lato (including Trapaceae) have a very generalized morphology, without a single unique, defining character, i.e. , there is no morphological synapomorphy that defines the family . At the same time, the genera are distinct . The position of the ovary in Duabanga, Punica, Sonneratia, and Trapa is variable: superior to partly inferior in Sonneratia; partly inferior in Duabanga; and partly, nearly, or completely inferior in Punica and Trapa. Several other features ally these genera to the Lythraceae sensu stricto, including opposite and simple leaves, commonly held wood anatomical characters (true for the Myrtales generally), development of a persistent floral tube, valvate sepals, 4- or 6-merous flowers, introrse and versatile anthers, axile placentation , and seeds without endosperm. Of the four genera, Trapa is the most divergent, but still sufficiently similar to the Lythraceae and Onagraceae to have been considered for membership within either family, or as a closely related family (as has been done in the present Flora ) . The inclusion of Sonneratia, Duabanga, and Punica in the Lythraceae adds some additional derived features to the definition of the family, but at the same time, brings together taxa that we know, from molecular sequence data, represent a single historical lineage . That knowledge of evolutionary relationship is lost if the genera are maintained as separate families, whereas the taxonomic utility of the Flora is not affected by their inclusion in an expanded Lythraceae.

The molecular data from four genes (three chloroplast and one nuclear ) unquestionably place not only Duabanga, Punica, and Sonneratia, but also Trapa, within the Lythraceae. Punica is well supported as a member of a clade of genera that includes Capuronia Lourteig, Galpinia N. E. Brown, and Pemphis (from East Africa and Madagascar) . Duabanga and Lagerstroemia are sister genera, and Sonneratia and Trapa, as unlikely as it may seem morphologically, are also sister genera. Duabanga, Lagerstroemia, Sonneratia, and Trapa together form one of seven clades in the family.[1]

Physical Description

Habitat

Typically found in the intertidal zone at the water's edge at a mean distance from sea level of 35 meters (116 feet).[2]

Biology

Diet

[Migration]

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 6-8' apart.

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 9b, 10a, 10b, 11. (map)

Taxonomy

Unambiguous Synonyms

1. Lavauxia triloba (Nutt.) Spach
2. Lavauxia watsonii (Britt.) Small
3. Oenothera hamata (Woot. and Standl.) Tidestrom

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000.

Place of publication : Sp. pl. 1:349. 1753

Name verified on 22-May-1995 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 22-May-1995.

Similar Species

Members of the genus Lawsonia

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 12 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

L. achronychia · L. acronychia · L. alba · L. coccinea · L. falcata · L. falcifolia · L. inenmis · L. inerma · L. inermis (Jamaica-Mignonette) · L. inermis var. alba · L. purpurea · L. spinosa

More Info

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Further Reading

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Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 25, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from provider.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 29, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 15, 2007:

• Comisión nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad, Herbario del Instituto de Ecología, A.C., México
• Herbarium of the University of Aarhus, The AAU Herbarium Database
• Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad
• , Biodiversidad de Costa Rica
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• National Herbarium of New South Wales, Plants of Papua New Guinea

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2667752
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-503345
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13760379
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:553638-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 21699
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 503345
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 141175-3
• MoBot NameID: 19200244
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: LAAL7
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 45407

Footnotes

1. Haining Qin, Shirley A. Graham & Michael G. Gilbert "Lythraceae". in Flora of China Vol. 13 Page 274, 290, 400. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Standard Deviation = 596.380 based on 179 observations. Terrestrial altitude and ocean depth information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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