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Kopsia arborea

(Pin-Mala)

Common Names

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Common Names in Chinese:

Rui Mu

Common Names in English:

Pin-Mala

Description

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Family Apocynaceae

Trees , shrubs , or vines , rarely subshrubs or herbs, with latex or rarely watery juice. Leaves simple , opposite, rarely whorled or alternate, pinnately veined; stipules absent or rarely present. Inflorescences cymose , terminal or axillary , with bracteoles. Flowers bisexual , 5- [or 4]-merous, actinomorphic . Calyx 5- or rarely 4-partite, quincuncial, basal glands usually present. Corolla 5- or rarely 4-lobed, salverform , funnelform , urceolate , or rarely rotate, lobes overlapping to right or left, rarely valvate . Stamens 5 or rarely 4; filaments short; anthers mostly sagittate , free or connivent into a cone adherent to pistil head , dehiscing longitudinally, base rounded , cordate, sagittate, or prolonged into an empty spur; pollen granular ; disc ringlike or cup-shaped, 2-5-lobed, or absent. Ovaries superior, rarely half-inferior, connate or distinct , 1- or 2-locular; ovules (1 or) 2-numerous per locule. Style 1; pistil head capitate, conical , or lampshade-shaped, base stigmatic, apex 2-cleft and not stigmatic . Fruit a berry, drupe, capsule, or follicle. Seeds with or without coma; endosperm thick and often horny , scanty, sometimes absent; embryo straight or nearly so, cotyledons often large, radicle terete .

About 155 genera and 2000 species distributed primarily in the tropics and subtropics, poorly represented in the temperate regions . Of the 44 genera and 145 species present in China, one genus and 38 species are endemic, and nearly 95% of the taxa grow in the southern and southwestern portions of the country.

Fruit type is highly diversified in the family , and it is diagnostic of many genera. Genera 1-4 produce 1, 2-celled berries from a flower; genus 5 produces 2, 1-celled berries from a flower; 6 and 7 produce mostly fleshy follicles containing deeply indented seeds with ruminate endosperm; 8 has follicles and winged seeds; 9 produces follicles and seeds with 2 comas; 10-12 have follicles with globose seeds; 13-18 have drupes mostly with fleshy mesocarp; 19 has samaroid fruit; 20 has spiny capsules with seeds winged all around; and 21-44 have free or fused follicles and comose seeds. Double flowers are known only from cultivated forms of Nerium oleander, Tabernaemontana divaricata, and Wrightia religiosa.

Plants of the Apocynaceae are often poisonous and are rich in alkaloids or glycosides, especially in the seeds and latex. Some species are valuable sources of medicine, insecticides , fibers, and rubber.Bingtao Li, Antony J. M. Leeuwenberg & David J. Middleton "Apocynaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 16 Page 143. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.

Genus Kopsia

Trees or shrubs with white latex. Leaves opposite. Cymes terminal , 3- to many flowered, bracteate ; peduncle long or short; bracteoles small or large. Flowers white or rose, 5-merous. Calyx small, deeply divided , without glands . Corolla salverform , tube 2.3-5 cm, narrow, dilated at or below apex; throat without scales , pilose inside; lobes overlapping to right . Stamens inserted above middle of corolla tube; filaments very short; anthers narrowly oblong or ovate , included , free from pistil head , base rounded ; disc scales alternate with ovaries. Ovaries 2, distinct ; ovules 2 per locule. Style filiform ; pistil head thickened, with a short basal collar and apiculate apex. Drupes 1 or 2, ellipsoid , 1- or 2-seeded. Seeds oblong, testa membranous, not comose .

About 20 species: SE Asia, three in China."Kopsia". in Flora of China Vol. 16 Page 162. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.

Taxonomy

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Unambiguous Synonyms

  1. Kopsia arborea Blume, 1823

Notes

Place of publication : Catalogus 13. (Bijdr. 1030. 1826) 1823

Name verified on 17-Sep-1999 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 17-Sep-1999

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Kopsia

There are approximately 68 species in this genus:

K. aegyptiaca · K. alba · K. albiflora · K. angustipetala · K. arborea (Pin-Mala) · K. arenaria · K. borkhauseni · K. caerulea · K. caesia · K. carolinensis · K. caudata · K. caudata var. glabra · K. cochinchinensis · K. coelestis · K. dasyrachis · K. deverrei · K. elastica · K. flavida · K. fructicosa · K. fruticosa (Kopsia Merah) · K. grandiflora · K. griffithii · K. griffithii var. paucinervia · K. griffithii var. pubescens · K. hainanensis · K. interrupta · K. jasminiflora · K. lamarkii · K. lancibracteolata · K. lancifolia · K. lapidilecta · K. larutensis · K. lavandulacea · K. laxinervia · K. longiflora · K. macrophylla · K. majumdarii · K. mitrephora · K. muteli · K. nana · K. officinalis · K. panormitana · K. parallela · K. parvifolia · K. pauciflora · K. pauciflora var. mitrephora · K. pilosa · K. pitardii · K. profunda · K. pruniformis (Kopsia) · K. purpurea · K. rajanensis · K. rajangensis · K. ramosa · K. ridleyana · K. roxburghii · K. schultzii · K. scortechinii · K. singaporensis (White Kopsia) · K. singapurensis · K. sleesiana · K. stricta · K. tenuis · K. teoi · K. terengganensis · K. triangularis · K. vidalii · K. vincaeflora

Bibliography

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More Info

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Notes

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Contributors

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 15, 2007:

Identifiers

Footnotes

Last Revised: 2008-10-03